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421-672 Management of Technological Enterprises Managing Knowledge in Technological Enterprises (Tutorial 1): Knowledge engineering in the engineering organisation William P. (Bill) Hall (PhD) Evolutionary Biology of Species and Organizations http://www.orgs-evolution-knowledge.net Documentation and KM Systems Analyst (retired) Tenix Group Head Office, Williamstown, Vic. (retired July 2007) National Fellow Australian Centre for Science, Innovation and Society Melbourne University Uni Office: ICT 5.59, 111 Barry St., Carlton Phone: +61 3  8344 1530 (Mon, Tue, Thurs only) Email:  [email_address] TUTORIAL: 20 March 2009
Why is knowledge important to the enterprise? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
KM systems in the high-tech enterprise ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],People Process Infrastructure Organizational knowledge Leave one of the legs off, and the stool will fall over
Organisational knowledge management imperatives ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Adequate performance on all issues depends on the quality of authoring, management and transfer of technical knowledge from supplier to operators
Major quality issues in delivering product operational and  support  knowledge ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Objective knowledge development lifecycle for a large project • 20 - 50 year lifecycle Project A Design Study Review, edit, signoff Negotiate Review, negotiate, amend Project A Prime Contract RFT and Bid Review, edit, signoff Project A Bid Documents RFQs Bids Negotiations Project A Subcontracts Review, negotiate,  amend Project A Procedures, Design Docs Review, edit, signoff Project A Support Documents Project B Design Study Review, edit, signoff Project B Design Study Review, edit, signoff Project B Design Study Review, edit, signoff Operational experience
Implementing OODA system of systems in the organisation PROCESS  PEOPLE CULTURE & PARADIGMS INFRASTRUCTURE “ CORPORATE MEMORY” INPUT ANALYSIS  SYNTHESIS PEOPLE PEOPLE GENETIC HERITAGE DATA CONTENT LINKS RELATIONS ANNOTA- TIONS OBSERVE DECIDE, ACT DOCS RECORDS ©  William P. Hall
"Living knowledge“ : source of organisational knowledge Vines, R., Hall, W.P., Naismith L. 2007.  Exploring the foundations of organisational knowledge: An emergent synthesis grounded in thinking related to evolutionary biology . actKM Conference, Australian National University, Canberra, 23-24 October 2007.
Organisational disciplines creating & using knowledge ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Systems and applications infrastructure recording and transmitting knowledge ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
People issues ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Limits to knowledge and organisation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Process issues (all involve people) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Infrastructure issues ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Learning from our mistakes ,[object Object]
Why do engineers need to manage knowledge? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Sections from Westgate Bridge at Monash Uni's department of Civil Engineering, Clayton
Why do engineers need to manage knowledge? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Challenger disaster ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Challenger Disaster ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Challenger Disaster ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Challenger Disaster ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Challenger: crucial management decisions ,[object Object],When Joe Kilminster of MTI was asked by Larry Mulloy of NASA for his launch decision. Jue responded the he did not recommend launching based upon the engineering position just presented. Then Larry Mulloy asked George Hardy of NASA for his launch decision. George responded that he was appalled at Thiokol's recommendation but said he would not launch over the contractor's objection. Then Larry Mulloy spent some time giving his views and interpretation of the data that was presented with his conclusion that the data presented was inconclusive. … NASA'S very nature since early space flight was to force contractors and themselves to prove that it was safe to fly. The statement by Larry MulIoy about our data being inconclusive should have been enough all by itself to stop the launch according to NASA'S own rules, but we all know that was not the case. Just as Larry Mulloy gave his conclusion, Joe Kilminster asked for a five-minute, off-line caucus to re-evaluate the data and as soon as the mute button was pushed, our General Manager, Jerry Mason, said in a soft voice, "We have to make a management decision.“… Erosion in an exhaust nozzle O-ring comparable to the field joint O-rings
Challenger: crucial management decisions At the end of the discussion, Mason turned to Bob Lund, Vice President of Engineering at MTI, and told him to take off his engineering hat and to put on his management hat. The vote poll was taken by only the four senior executives present since the engineers were excluded from both the final discussion with management and the vote poll …. What is everyone's professional responsibility and ethical conduct code which should be practiced in the work place? The following advice was given by Mr. Adolph J. Ackerman in June, 1967, in an article published by the IEEE. I firmly believe that his advice is timeless and applies to all generations in engineering. Mr. Ackerman said, 'Engineers have a responsibility that goes far beyond the building of machines and systems. We cannot leave it to the technical illiterates, or even to literate and overloaded technical administrators to decide what is safe and for the public good. We must tell what we know, first through normal administrative channels, but when these fail, through whatever avenues we can find. Many claim that it is disloyal to protest. Sometimes the penalty disapproval, loss of status, even vilification--can be severe. Today we need more critical pronouncements and published declarations by engineers in high professional responsibilities. In some instances, such criticism must be severe if we are properly to serve mankind and preserve our freedom. Hence it is of the utmost importance that we maintain our freedom of communication in the engineering profession and to the public. The decades ahead are bound to be a critical and difficult period and there will be occasions for sharp dissent and strong words if we are to meet our responsibilities."
Challenger: summary of organisational issues ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
EPMO: engineering project management org ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
EPMO: Follow-on project ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
EPMO Background ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
EPMO Background – cont. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
EPMO failed to transfer organisational knowledge ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
EPMO: The importance of people and culture ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
HMAS Westralia fire ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
HMAS Westralia fire – summary of findings ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
HMAS Westralia fire – summary of findings ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Why do engineers need to manage knowledge? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Sections from Westgate Bridge at Monash Uni's department of Civil Engineering, Clayton ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Why do engineers need to manage knowledge? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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421 672 Management Of Technological Enterprises(2008 Tutorial 1)

  • 1. 421-672 Management of Technological Enterprises Managing Knowledge in Technological Enterprises (Tutorial 1): Knowledge engineering in the engineering organisation William P. (Bill) Hall (PhD) Evolutionary Biology of Species and Organizations http://www.orgs-evolution-knowledge.net Documentation and KM Systems Analyst (retired) Tenix Group Head Office, Williamstown, Vic. (retired July 2007) National Fellow Australian Centre for Science, Innovation and Society Melbourne University Uni Office: ICT 5.59, 111 Barry St., Carlton Phone: +61 3 8344 1530 (Mon, Tue, Thurs only) Email: [email_address] TUTORIAL: 20 March 2009
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  • 6. Objective knowledge development lifecycle for a large project • 20 - 50 year lifecycle Project A Design Study Review, edit, signoff Negotiate Review, negotiate, amend Project A Prime Contract RFT and Bid Review, edit, signoff Project A Bid Documents RFQs Bids Negotiations Project A Subcontracts Review, negotiate, amend Project A Procedures, Design Docs Review, edit, signoff Project A Support Documents Project B Design Study Review, edit, signoff Project B Design Study Review, edit, signoff Project B Design Study Review, edit, signoff Operational experience
  • 7. Implementing OODA system of systems in the organisation PROCESS PEOPLE CULTURE & PARADIGMS INFRASTRUCTURE “ CORPORATE MEMORY” INPUT ANALYSIS SYNTHESIS PEOPLE PEOPLE GENETIC HERITAGE DATA CONTENT LINKS RELATIONS ANNOTA- TIONS OBSERVE DECIDE, ACT DOCS RECORDS © William P. Hall
  • 8. "Living knowledge“ : source of organisational knowledge Vines, R., Hall, W.P., Naismith L. 2007. Exploring the foundations of organisational knowledge: An emergent synthesis grounded in thinking related to evolutionary biology . actKM Conference, Australian National University, Canberra, 23-24 October 2007.
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  • 23. Challenger: crucial management decisions At the end of the discussion, Mason turned to Bob Lund, Vice President of Engineering at MTI, and told him to take off his engineering hat and to put on his management hat. The vote poll was taken by only the four senior executives present since the engineers were excluded from both the final discussion with management and the vote poll …. What is everyone's professional responsibility and ethical conduct code which should be practiced in the work place? The following advice was given by Mr. Adolph J. Ackerman in June, 1967, in an article published by the IEEE. I firmly believe that his advice is timeless and applies to all generations in engineering. Mr. Ackerman said, 'Engineers have a responsibility that goes far beyond the building of machines and systems. We cannot leave it to the technical illiterates, or even to literate and overloaded technical administrators to decide what is safe and for the public good. We must tell what we know, first through normal administrative channels, but when these fail, through whatever avenues we can find. Many claim that it is disloyal to protest. Sometimes the penalty disapproval, loss of status, even vilification--can be severe. Today we need more critical pronouncements and published declarations by engineers in high professional responsibilities. In some instances, such criticism must be severe if we are properly to serve mankind and preserve our freedom. Hence it is of the utmost importance that we maintain our freedom of communication in the engineering profession and to the public. The decades ahead are bound to be a critical and difficult period and there will be occasions for sharp dissent and strong words if we are to meet our responsibilities."
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Editor's Notes

  1. What does the fleet operator seek ? Meet capability requirements With minimal procurement delay That do the job when needed - supplier technical data/documentation must provide client with knowledge they need to operate product. Can easily be kept operational in the face of wear and damage Minimum downtimes Operational knowledge and H&S issues Technical data/documentation must be sufficient, correct and available to enable safe operation and maintenance by personnel. A significant contributor to the fire on board the HMAS Westralia was the failure of key decision makers to follow existing documented engineering/configuration change procedures in the replacement of fuel lines . Why? Can better systems give people access to knowledge they need to avoid such disasters. A significant contributor to the Longford gas plant disaster was Esso's failure to provide appropriate documentation & training to cover the dangers of working with frozen vessels. Why? Can better systems give people access to knowledge they need to avoid such disasters. Problems locating and using manuals (which may or may not be up to date) sitting on someone's dusty bookshelf at some distance where decisions are being made. Life-cycle cost Fleets cannot operate without adequate documentation and technical data, but these costs don't provide the capability. Must be reduced to a minimum
  2. What are the overriding goals for the delivery of operational knowledge to fleet managers and operators? Correct and consistent - use same words to describe the same actions wherever they occur. Applicable and Effective Availability of the documentation - this is an important issue. (It didn't exist for Longford.) Explicitly documented knowledge is useless if it sits on a shelf and isn't readily accessed when and where decisions need to be made. (Westralia?? Sensible procedural documentation existed . Why wasn't it followed?) Usable - discoverable, understandable and relevant to the end user (e.g., an operator or maintainer) and manageable in whatever kind of knowledge management environment the fleet operator uses. (Library shelves full of paper manuals is one form of knowledge management - a bad one) Capturing, managing and delivering knowledge is a cost and risk burden Minimise cycle times - new information and changes must be deployed to the end-users when and where they need it Maximise quality - knowledge capture, production processes must deliver a high quality product or the product won't be used or will cause more problems than it solves. Minimise costs - data/documentation is a cost against the needed capability to be minimised wherever possible - but not at the expense of increasing risk. "Faster, better, cheaper" - but not at the risk of catastrophe. Up front saving is worthless if the project fails - e.g., the Mars Lander.
  3. Explicit knowledge for a long lived project is expressed in its documentation. Project documentation is developed through a number of phases, and at least for defence engineering projects the same information and knowledge is often contained in many different documents, in both similar contexts and in different contexts. A major issue is to manage this redundant content consistently over the life-cycle in relation to changing product configurations and to reflect project experience. The remainder of the presentation discusses architectures and tools we have implemented in Tenix to do these things.