1. PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY
THEORIES OFTHEORIES OF
PERSONALITYPERSONALITY

2. Personality can be defined as aPersonality can be defined as a
dynamic and organized set ofdynamic and organized set of
characteristics possessed by a personcharacteristics possessed by a person
that uniquely influences his or herthat uniquely influences his or her
cognitions, motivations, and behaviorscognitions, motivations, and behaviors
in various situations. The wordin various situations. The word
"personality" originates from the Latin"personality" originates from the Latin
persona, which means mask.persona, which means mask.

3. Theories of PersonalityTheories of Personality
1. Psychoanalytic Theory
2. Trait Theories
3. Behavioral and
Social-Cognitive Theories
4. Humanistic Theories

4. Psychodynamic (Psychoanalytic) Theories:
Focus on the inner workings of personality, especially internal
conflicts and struggles
Trait Theories: Attempt to learn what traits make up personality
and how they relate to actual behavior
Behavioral and Social-Cognitive Theories:
Attribute differences in personality to behavior learned through
interaction with external physical and social environment
Humanistic Theories: Focus on private, subjective experience
and personal growth
Types of PersonalityTypes of Personality
TheoriesTheories

5. Part 1:Part 1:
Psychoanalytic PerspectivePsychoanalytic Perspective
of Personalityof Personality
andand
SIGMUND FREUDSIGMUND FREUD

6. Sigmund Freud
(May 6,1856 –
September 23, 1939)
Austrian neurologist,
founding father of
psychoanalysis

7. Role of ConsciousnessRole of Consciousness
• Unconscious:Unconscious:
The unconscious is understood to be the largeThe unconscious is understood to be the large
part of the mind, which is hidden from view.part of the mind, which is hidden from view.
• Pre-conscious:Pre-conscious:
The pre-conscious is represented by theThe pre-conscious is represented by the
waterline - but it is the zone in which there arewaterline - but it is the zone in which there are
fleeting glimpses of the unconscious, "flickering"fleeting glimpses of the unconscious, "flickering"
across the screen of consciousness. across the screen of consciousness.
• Conscious:Conscious:
The relatively small part which sticks of theThe relatively small part which sticks of the
water is seen as equivalent to the small amountwater is seen as equivalent to the small amount
of conscious awareness that the humanof conscious awareness that the human
experiences. experiences.

9. Model Of PersonalityModel Of Personality
Elements Of Personality (according toElements Of Personality (according to
Freud):Freud):
• The IdThe Id
• The EgoThe Ego
• The SuperegoThe Superego

10. Freud’s TopographicalFreud’s Topographical
Model of PersonalityModel of Personality

11. IDID
• Primary component of personalityPrimary component of personality
• Pleasure principlePleasure principle
• Strives for immediate satisfaction ofStrives for immediate satisfaction of
all desires, needs, wantsall desires, needs, wants
• Example: if an infant feels hungry,Example: if an infant feels hungry,
he will cry till his want is satisfied.he will cry till his want is satisfied.
• ID fails result in tension and anxietyID fails result in tension and anxiety

12. EGOEGO
• Responsible for dealing with realityResponsible for dealing with reality
• Reality principle weighs the cost ofReality principle weighs the cost of
doing or abandoning somethingdoing or abandoning something
• Discharges tension by finding theDischarges tension by finding the
object in the real world created byobject in the real world created by
Id.Id.

13. SUPER EGOSUPER EGO
• Holds of our internalized moralHolds of our internalized moral
standards that we acquire fromstandards that we acquire from
parents, society.parents, society.
• Has two parts:Has two parts:
1. The ego Ideal1. The ego Ideal
Good BehaviorsGood Behaviors
2. The Conscience2. The Conscience
Bad BehaviorsBad Behaviors

15. Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms
• A defense mechanism is a tacticA defense mechanism is a tactic
developed by the ego to protectdeveloped by the ego to protect
against anxiety.against anxiety.
• Defense mechanisms are thought toDefense mechanisms are thought to
safeguard the mind against feelingssafeguard the mind against feelings
and thoughts that are too difficultand thoughts that are too difficult
for the conscious mind to cope with.for the conscious mind to cope with.
A list of defense mechanisms follows on the next slide

16. • Repression:Repression:
The removal of threatening thoughts from awarenessThe removal of threatening thoughts from awareness
• ProjectionProjection
The attribution of unacceptable impulses to othersThe attribution of unacceptable impulses to others
• DenialDenial
The refusal to recognize a threatening situation orThe refusal to recognize a threatening situation or
thoughtthought
• RationalizationRationalization
Giving a reasonable explanation for an eventGiving a reasonable explanation for an event
• RegressionRegression
The return to a less mature, anxiety reducing behaviorThe return to a less mature, anxiety reducing behavior
• Reaction formationReaction formation
The expression of the opposite of disturbing ideasThe expression of the opposite of disturbing ideas
• DisplacementDisplacement
Substituting a less threatening object for impulsesSubstituting a less threatening object for impulses
• SublimationSublimation
The channeling of impulses to socially acceptable outletsThe channeling of impulses to socially acceptable outlets

17. • Freud's theory of personality developmentFreud's theory of personality development
centered on the effects of the sexual pleasurecentered on the effects of the sexual pleasure
drive on the individual psyche.drive on the individual psyche.
• He believed human beings posses the instinctualHe believed human beings posses the instinctual
libido (sexual energy) that develops in 5 stages:libido (sexual energy) that develops in 5 stages:
1. Oral1. Oral
2. Anal2. Anal
3. Phallic3. Phallic
4. Latent4. Latent
5. Genital5. Genital
• At each stage of developmental process, heAt each stage of developmental process, he
claimed, a single body part is particularlyclaimed, a single body part is particularly
sensitive to sexual, erotic stimulation. These hesensitive to sexual, erotic stimulation. These he
called thecalled the erogenous zones.erogenous zones.
Psychosexual DevelopmentPsychosexual Development

18. • Describes how personality develops during
childhood
• Personality is established by the age of five.
• Early experiences play a large role in personality
development.
Healthy personality - results when psychosexual
stages are completed successfully.
Fixation
- persistent focus on an earlier psychosexual stage
- occurs if certain issues are not resolved at the
appropriate age.
Background of PsychosexualBackground of Psychosexual
DevelopmentDevelopment

19. Oral Stage (Birth to 1 Year)
Erogenous Zone: Mouth
- rooting and sucking reflex is important.
- gratifying activities such as tasting and sucking.
Primary conflict: the weaning process-the
child must become less dependent upon
caretakers.

20. Oral fixation can result in
problems with drinking,
eating, smoking, or nail biting
• Too much gratification, the child DOES NOT learn
that he or she DOES NOT control the environment,
and thereby forming an immature personality.
• Too little gratification, the infant might become
passive upon learning that gratification is not
forthcoming.

21. The Anal Stage (1 to 3 years)
Erogenous Zone: Bowel and Bladder Control
Primary focus of the libido was
on controlling bladder and
bowel movements.
Major conflict: toilet training -
the child has to learn to control
his or her bodily needs.

22. • Developing this control
leads to a sense of
accomplishment and
independence.
• If parents are too lenient,
anal-expulsive
personality could develop:
messy, wasteful or
destructive personality.
• If parents are too strict or
begin toilet training too
early, anal-retentive
personality could develop:
stringent, orderly, rigid and
obsessive.

23. The Phallic Stage (3 to 6 Years)
Erogenous Zone: Genitals
Primary focus of the libido is on the
genitals.
Children begin to discover the differences
between males and females.
Oedipus complex - Boys begin to view
their fathers as a rival for their mother’s
affections
Electra complex has been used to
described a similar set of feelings
experienced by young girls.

24. The Latent Period (6 to Puberty)
Erogenous Zone: Sexual Feelings Are Inactive
• Libido interests are suppressed.
• Begins when children enter into
school.
• Sexual energy is directed into
other areas such as intellectual
pursuits and social interactions.
• Important in the development of
social and communication skills
and self-confidence.

25. The Genital Stage (Puberty to Death)
Erogenous Zone: Maturing Sexual Interests

26. Evaluating Freud’s Psychosexual Stage Theory
• The theory is focused almost entirely on male
development with little mention of female psychosexual
development.
• His theories are difficult to test scientifically. Concepts
such as the libido are impossible to measure, and
therefore cannot be tested. The research that has been
conducted tends to discredit Freud's theory.
• Future predictions are too vague. How can we know that a
current behavior was caused specifically by a childhood
experience?
• Freud's theory is based upon case studies and not
empirical research. Also, Freud based his theory on the
recollections of his adult patients, not on actual
observation and study of children.

27. Part 2:Part 2:
Trait TheoriesTrait Theories

28. • Dialogue between the conscious and
unconscious aspects of the psyche
enriches a person
• Without this dialogue, the
unconscious processes can
weaken or even jeopardize
the personality
• Jung came up with the idea of
Individuation.
Carl Jung (1875 – 1960): “father of Typology”
Swiss psychiatrist who was at first a Freudian disciple
Carl JungCarl Jung

29. • Jung also believed that there was a deeper
and more significant layer of the unconscious,
which he called the collective unconscious,
with what he identified as archetypes
• Archetypes, he believed were innate,
unconscious, and generally universal
• Jung's collective unconscious has been
described as a "storehouse of latent memory
traces inherited from man's ancestral past, a
past that includes not only the racial history
of man as a separate species but his pre-
human or animal ancestry as well.“
Collective UnconsciousCollective Unconscious

30. • The term for personal development that
involves establishing a connection between
the ego and self
• Ego - centre of consciousness
• Self - centre of total psyche (includes
conscious and unconscious)
• According to Jung, there is constant
interaction between the two. They are not
separate but part of the same system.
• Individuation is the process of developing
wholeness by integrating all the various parts
of the psyche.
IndividuationIndividuation

31. • Introvert – more comfortable with the inner
world of thoughts and feelings
• Extravert – feels more at home with the
world of objects and other people
• There is no pure introvert or extrovert
Jung claimed they are two processes that
alternate.
• Jung found that people can be characterized
as either primarily inward-oriented or
primarily outward-oriented.
• Thus each individual tends to favor one or
the other attitude
Introversion andIntroversion and
ExtraversionExtraversion

32. • The are 4 fundamental psychological
functions according to Jung:
1) Thinking
2) Feeling
3) Sensation
4) Intuition
• Generally, one of the functions is more
conscious, developed or dominant
The functions: ThinkingThe functions: Thinking
Feeling, Sensation, IntuitionFeeling, Sensation, Intuition

33. • Developed by Katherine Briggs (1875-1968)
and her daughter Isabel Myers (1897-1980)
in 1940s
• Uses 4 dimensions with 16 personality types
• Common uses are for career assessment, by
military & sport clubs for team building
• Approximately 1 to 3 million people are
administered by MBTI each year. Most widely
used personality indicator in the world

34. • Behavior is individual and predictable
• Preferences are inborn and well
established by adulthood
• We use both poles at different times,
but not with equal confidence
• All of the types are equally valuable
AssumptionsAssumptions
Of Type TheoriesOf Type Theories

35. Extravert : action oriented
Sensing : pragmatic
Thinking : logical
Judging : planful
• Extraversion -------------- Introversion
• Sensing -------------- iNtuition
• Thinking -------------- Feeling
• Judging -------------- Perception
Preference ScalesPreference Scales
| Introvert : contemplative
| Intuititve : visionary
| Feeling : compassionate
| Perceiving : adaptable

36. Extraversion vs Introversion

37. Sensing vs Intuitive

38. Thinking vs Feeling

39. Judging vs Perceiving

40. ISTJ - The Duty Fulfillers
ISFJ - The Nurturers
INFJ - The Protectors
INTJ - The Scientists
ISTP - The Mechanics
ISFP - The Artists
INFP - The Idealists
INTP - The Thinkers
ESTP - The Doers
ESFP - The Performers
ENFP - The Inspirers
ENTP - The Visionaries
ESTJ - The Guardians
ESFJ - The Caregivers
ENFJ - The Givers
ENTJ - The Executives
For more see: http://www.personalitypage.com/html/portraits.html
And online tests at: http://similarminds.com/personality_tests.html
MBTI TypesMBTI Types

41. Eysenck’sEysenck’s
Three Factor TheoryThree Factor Theory
Hans Eysenck (1916-1997) was English psychologist who
believed that there are three fundamental factors in
personality:
• Introversion versus Extroversion
• Emotionally Stable versus
Unstable (neurotic)
• Impulse Control versus Psychotic

42. Eysenck’s Theory andEysenck’s Theory and
Basic TemperamentsBasic Temperaments

43. Cattell: Source &Cattell: Source &
Surface TraitsSurface Traits

44. Cattell: The Big FiveCattell: The Big Five
Cattell believed that five factors were most important:

45. Openness
Openness to experience measures the individual’s
ability to be open to any kind of new experience

46. Neuroticism
Neuroticism also known as Emotional Stability
refers to the ability of an individual to control
his/her emotions at the time of crisis

47. Conscientiousness
Conscientiousness refers to the extent to which
individuals show consistent & reliable behavior

48. Agreeableness
Agreebleness refers to an individual’s behavior
towards others while interacting with them

49. The Big Five
Emotional Stability
Extraversion
Openness
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
• Calm/Anxious
• Secure/Insecure
• Sociable/Retiring
• Fun Loving/Sober
• Imaginative/Practical
• Independent/Conforming
• Soft-Hearted/Ruthless
• Trusting/Suspicious
• Organized/Disorganized
• Careful/Careless

50. Part 3:Part 3:
Behavioral andBehavioral and
Social-CognitiveSocial-Cognitive
Personality TheoriesPersonality Theories

51. Behavioral and Social-Behavioral and Social-
Cognitive ApproachesCognitive Approaches

Behavioral theories suggest that personality is aBehavioral theories suggest that personality is a
result of interaction between the individual andresult of interaction between the individual and
the environmentthe environment

Behavioral theorists study observable andBehavioral theorists study observable and
measurable behaviors, rejecting theories thatmeasurable behaviors, rejecting theories that
take internal thoughts and feelings into accounttake internal thoughts and feelings into account

Social-Cognitive approach considers one's socialSocial-Cognitive approach considers one's social
environment as a main reason for behavior. Theyenvironment as a main reason for behavior. They
focus on socialization, expectations and mentalfocus on socialization, expectations and mental
processesprocesses

52. B. F. Skinner'sB. F. Skinner's
Theory of BehaviorTheory of Behavior
• B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) was an American behaviorist andB.F. Skinner (1904-1990) was an American behaviorist and
philosopher who invented operant conditioningphilosopher who invented operant conditioning
• Skinner's theory of personality is based onSkinner's theory of personality is based on operantoperant
conditioningconditioning, which is a type of learning where behavior is, which is a type of learning where behavior is
controlled by consequences that involvecontrolled by consequences that involve reinforcementreinforcement
andand punishmentpunishment
• Reinforcement increases certain behaviors and punishmentReinforcement increases certain behaviors and punishment
decrease or ends themdecrease or ends them
• Skinner thought personality develops as a result of learningSkinner thought personality develops as a result of learning
through these and other experiencesthrough these and other experiences

55. Part 4:Part 4:
Humanistic TheoriesHumanistic Theories

56. Humanism: Approach that focuses on human
experience, problems, potentials, and ideals
Human Nature: Traits, qualities, potentials, and
behavior patterns most characteristic of humans
Free Choice: Ability to choose that is NOT controlled
by genetics, learning, or unconscious forces
Subjective Experience: Private perceptions of reality
HumanismHumanism

58. Hierarchy of NeedsHierarchy of Needs

59. • Efficient perceptions of reality
• Comfortable acceptance of self, others, and nature
• Spontaneity
• Task Centering
• Autonomy
• Continued freshness of appreciation
• Fellowship with humanity
• Profound interpersonal relationships
• Comfort with solitude
• Non-hostile sense of humor
• Peak experiences
Characteristics ofCharacteristics of
Self-Actualized PeopleSelf-Actualized People

61. LinksLinks
For more information see:For more information see:
●
William Revelle's site with overview of several theories andWilliam Revelle's site with overview of several theories and
approaches, scholarly arcticles, big5 traits:approaches, scholarly arcticles, big5 traits:
http://www.personality-project.org/readings-theory.htmlhttp://www.personality-project.org/readings-theory.html
●
G. Scott Action's site on personality theories, focus on behavioralG. Scott Action's site on personality theories, focus on behavioral
and social-cognitive approaches:and social-cognitive approaches: http://www.personalityresearch.orghttp://www.personalityresearch.org
●
Psychodynamic (Psychoanalytic) perspective:Psychodynamic (Psychoanalytic) perspective:
http://nobaproject.com/modules/the-psychodynamic-perspectivehttp://nobaproject.com/modules/the-psychodynamic-perspective
●
Free Big-5, Jung tests similar to MBTI and other typologies:Free Big-5, Jung tests similar to MBTI and other typologies:
http://similarminds.com/personality_tests.htmlhttp://similarminds.com/personality_tests.html andand
http://www.celebritytypes.com/personality-tests.phphttp://www.celebritytypes.com/personality-tests.php
A good site to learn more about MBTI types:A good site to learn more about MBTI types:
http://www.personalitypage.comhttp://www.personalitypage.com
●
Humanistic approach to personality:Humanistic approach to personality:
http://www.simplypsychology.org/humanistic.htmlhttp://www.simplypsychology.org/humanistic.html

62. CreditsCredits
• This version and putting it all together, text changes and photos:This version and putting it all together, text changes and photos:
William Leibzon <william@leibzon.org>William Leibzon <william@leibzon.org>
• Original base, about 50% of the slides: Shahaz ali Sukhera. University of Lahore,Original base, about 50% of the slides: Shahaz ali Sukhera. University of Lahore,
Pakistan – http://www.slideshare.net/zainsukhera9/persopnality-theories-29044082Pakistan – http://www.slideshare.net/zainsukhera9/persopnality-theories-29044082
• Freud's Psychosexual Development slides: Joy Marie Blasco -Freud's Psychosexual Development slides: Joy Marie Blasco -
http://www.slideshare.net/1enchantress/sigmund-freuds-psychosexual-theory-of-http://www.slideshare.net/1enchantress/sigmund-freuds-psychosexual-theory-of-
developmentdevelopment
• Carl Jung's slides: Seemi Jamil - http://www.slideshare.net/SeemiJamil/carl-jung-Carl Jung's slides: Seemi Jamil - http://www.slideshare.net/SeemiJamil/carl-jung-
79848787984878
• Meyer-Briggs Typology slides: Payel Ghosh -Meyer-Briggs Typology slides: Payel Ghosh -
http://www.slideshare.net/payelghosh399/myers-briggs-type-indicator-21456552http://www.slideshare.net/payelghosh399/myers-briggs-type-indicator-21456552
and Paul Krikau – http://slideshare.net/paulkrikau/myersbriggs-basic-presentationand Paul Krikau – http://slideshare.net/paulkrikau/myersbriggs-basic-presentation
• Big-5 slides: SankuD - http://www.slideshare.net/SankuD/big-5-model-pptBig-5 slides: SankuD - http://www.slideshare.net/SankuD/big-5-model-ppt