1.
+ "[R]ace must be seen as a social construction
predicated upon the recognition of difference and
signifying the simultaneous distinguishing and
positioning of groups vis-à-vis one another. More
than this, race is a highly contested representation
of relations of power between social categories by
which individuals are identified and identify
themselves” (Higginbotham 253).

2.
+ “Racism is the subjugation of a cultural group by another for
the purpose of gaining economic advantage, of mastering and
having power over that group—the result being harm done,
consciously or unconsciously, to its members. We need to
defy ethnocentrism, the attitude that one culture is superior
to all others. Ethnocentrism condones racism. Racism is
theory, it is an ideology, it is a violence perpetuated against
colored ethnic cultures” (Anzaldúa, “Bridge, Drawbridge,
Sandbar, or Island” 150).

3.
 “The mark of racist expression or belief, then, is not
simply the claim of inferiority of the racially
different. It is more broadly that racial difference
warrants exclusion…Racism, in short, is about
exclusion through depreciation, intrinsic or
instrumental, timeless or time-bound” (Goldberg 5).

4.
+ Color-blindness can be a new kind of racism
that David Goldberg calls, “born again racism.”
+ It’s a post-civil right movement phenomenon
and exacerbated in a neoliberal time.

5.
+ “Born again racism is racism without race,
racism gone private, racism without the
categories to name it as such. It is racism
shorn of the charge, a racism that cannot be
named because nothing abounds with which
to name it. It is a racism purged of historical
roots, of its groundedness, a racism whose
history is lost” (Goldberg 23).

6.
+ “Born again racism, then, is a racism
acknowledged, where acknowledged at all, as
individualized faith, of the socially dislocated
heart, rather than as institutionalized
inequality” (Goldberg 23).
+ Example of “Separate but Equal”