1. Bills of Exchange (including Accommodation Bill) Unit - 3
Bill of Exchange
Definition of Bills of Exchange;
A bill of exchange is defined under Section 5 of the
Negotiable Instrument Act 1881, “ as an instrument in
writing containing an unconditional order, signed by the
maker directing a certain person to pay a certain sum of
money only to, or to the order of a certain person or to the
bearer of the instrument”. When such an order is accepted by
the buyer is becomes a valid bill of exchange. Before
acceptance, the bill is called a draft.
Feature of bills of exchange:
i. It must be in writing;
ii. It must be signed by the maker or drawer;
iii. It must be an unconditional order and not a request;
iv. The amount of the bill must be certain;
v. The amount must be paid within a specified period or
on demand;
vi. The payment must be made in legal tender money in
India;
vii. The drawer, drawee and the payee must be definite;
viii. It must be accepted by the drawee;
ix. A bill of exchange must be properly stamped as per
Stamps Act;
x. The bill may be payable on demand or after the expiry
of definite period.
Parties to a Bill of Exchange
There are three parties to a bill of exchange:
1. Drawer: The person who draws the bill is called drawer.
The drawer is the creditor or the seller of the goods. Ram
Prasad is the drawer.
2. Drawee: The person on whom the bill is drawn is called
drawee. The drawee is the debtor or the buyer of the
goods. Vinodh Sahani is the drawee.
3. Payee: The person to whom the sum stated in the bill is
payable is called payee. Either the drawer or any other
person may be the payee. Ram Prasad is the payee.
Specimen of a bill of Exchange
STAMP
Rs. 15,000 Place: Rayagada
Date: 12-11-2009
Three months after date pay to me or order, the sum of
rupees Fifteen thousand only, for value received.
To
Mr. Vinoth Sahani S/d Ram Prasad
B. C. Road, JayKayPur.
Definition of Promissory notes
A promissory note is defined under Section 4 of the
Negotiable Instrument Act 1881, as “as instrument in writing,
not being a bank note or a currency note, containing an
unconditional undertaking signed by the maker, to pay a certain
sum of money only to or to the order of, a certain person or to
the bearer of the instrument.”
Features of Promissory Notes
A promissory note has the following characteristics/features:
i. It must be in writing.
ii. It must contain a promise to pay. A mere
acknowledgement of debt is not a promise to pay.
iii. The promise to pay must be unconditional.
iv. It must be signed by the maker.
v. The maker and the payee must be definite persons.
vi. The sum payable must be definite.
vii. A promissory note must be properly stamped.
viii.It cannot be payable to the bearer.
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ix. It may be payable on demand or after a certain period of
time.
x. The payment must be made in legal tender money.
Parties to a Promissory Note
There are two parties to a promissory note:
1. Maker: The person who writes the Promissory note is
called maker. He undertakes to pay the amount specified
in the instrument on the due date. He is also known as
promisor. The maker is the debtor or buyer of goods.
2. Payee: The person who will receive the payment is
called payee. He is the creditor or seller of goods.
Specimen of a Promissory Note
STAMP
Rs. 10,000 Place: Visakhapatnam
Date: 4-8-2009
Three month after date I promise to pay Mahesh or order
the sum of rupees ten thousand only, for value received.
To
Mr. Mahesh, S/d Mr. Nani
Rayagada.
Distinction between Bill of exchange and
Promissory Note
Bill of Exchange Promissory Note
i. In bill of exchange
there is an order to pay
ii. There are three parties
namely, drawer, drawee and
payee.
iii. The maker is liable
only when drawee fails to pay.
iv. Acceptance is
necessary to make the bill of
exchange valid.
v. In case of demand bill
no stamp is necessary whereas
stamps are affixed in other
bills.
vi. The creditor or seller
draws the instrument.
vii. If the bill of exchange
is dishonoured it must be
noted by notary public.
viii.In case of inland bill
only one copy is drawn
whereas in case of foreign bill,
three copies are drawn.
ix. Drawer of the bill of
exchange can be the payee of
the bill.
x. A bill of exchange can
be accepted conditionally.
xi. A bill of exchange can
be drawn ‘payable to bearer’
but not ‘payable to bearer on
demand’
i. In promissory note
there is a promise to pay.
ii. There are two parties
namely maker and payee.
iii. The maker has the
primary and absolute liability.
iv. Promissory note is
signed by the person liable to
pay, hence no acceptance is
required.
v. In case of promissory
note stamps are to be affixed
in all cases.
vi. The debtor or buyer
draws the instrument.
vii. In case of promissory
note, no noting is required.
viii.Only one copy of
promissory note is drawn.
ix. Maker cannot be the
payee of the promissory note.
x. A promissory note can
never the conditional.
xi. A promissory note
cannot be drawn ‘payable to
bearer’
Types of bills of exchange
Bills of exchange may be classified in different ways as
follows:
On the basis of Drawal
1. Inland Bill: When a bill is drawn and payable in India or
drawn on any person resident in India although payable
outside India, it is called inland bill. In this case the
drawer and the drawee belong to same country.
2. Bills of Exchange (including Accommodation Bill) Unit - 3
2. Foreign Bill: When a bill is drawn in one country and
payable in another country, it is called foreign bill,. In
this case the drawer and the drawee belong to two
different countries.
On the basis of Consideration
1. Trade Bill: When a bill is drawn in connection with a
genuine trade transaction such as sale of goods or
services, it is called trade bill.
2. Accommodation Bill: When a bill is drawn to help a
friend in his financial difficulty or for mutual benefit. It
is called accommodation bill. In this case the drawee
accepts the bill which is not supported by consideration.
Distinction between Trade Bill and Accommodation Bill
Trade Bill Accommodation Bill
1. Such bills are drawn for the
balance due in genuine
trade transaction.
2. The proceeds of discounted
bill is used by the drawer.
3. These bills are profit of
debt.
4. These bills are drawn for
consideration.
5. Legal action can be taken
by drawer against drawee
for the non-payment of bill
amount.
1. Such bills are drawn to help
a friend or for mutual
benefit.
2. The proceeds of discounted
bill is used by the drawer or
the drawee and drawer both.
3. These bills are not the proof
of debt.
4. These bills are drawn for no
consideration.
5. Legal action cannot be taken
by the drawer against
drawee for the non-payment
of bill amount.
On the basis of Time of Payment
1. Demand Bills: When a bill is payable on demand or at
sight (on presentation or on acceptance) it is called
demand bill.
2. Time Bill: When a bill is payable after the expiry of
certain period or on a specified date it is called time bill.
Such time bills may be further classified into:-
· After date bills: In case of after date bill, the
date of maturity of the bill is calculated from the
date of drawal.
· After sight bills: In case of after sight bill, the
date of maturity is calculated from the date of
acceptance of the bill.
Important Terms:
1. Terms of Bill: The time, after which the bill
becomes nominally, due is known as terms of bill. It is
also known as tenure of the bill.
2. Nominal Due Date: It is the date on which the
term of the bill expires.
3. Days of Grace: Three (3) days are allowed to the
drawee after the nominal due date to make payment of
bill amount. These three days are called ‘Days of Grace’.
4. Legal Due date or Date of Maturity: Date of
maturity is the date on which the payment of instrument
(bill of exchange of promissory note) falls due. If the
instrument is payable at a specified period after date, the
date of maturity is calculated from the date of its
drawing. But in case of after sight bills, maturity date is
calculated from the date of accepting the bill.
5. Hundis: Hundis are negotiable instruments written in
vernacular (Hindustani) language. They are usually
similar to bill of exchange. But sometimes they are in the
form of Promissory notes. Hundis are very popular in
India because they were in use by the Indian merchants
from the very old days.
6. Holder: A holder is a person who is entitled to the
possession of an instrument in his own name and
receives the amount from the parties associated. If a
person finds a negotiable instrument from the road or is
simply a thief, he cannot be called a holder because he is
not the legal owner of the instrument.
7. Holder in due course: A holder in due course is
a person who becomes possessor of the negotiable
instrument in good faith for valuable consideration
before the date of maturity. The holder in due course
enjoys certain privileges. The holder in due course gets a
better title than that of the transferor. Suppose, A’
transfers an instrument to ‘B’ which ‘A’ has obtained by
theft. If ‘B’ has obtained the instrument in good faith and
for consideration, B as a holder in due course can receive
payment on such instrument. The defective title of A
shall have no impact on the right of B to receive
payment.
8. Dishonour of Bill: if the drawee fails to meet the
bill on the date of maturity, the bill is said to be
dishonoured. When an endorsed bill is dishonoured, the
endorsee can recover the bill amount from the
draer/endorser. Similarly when a discounted bill is
dishonoured the banker has the right to recover the bill
amount from the drawer.
9. Notary Public, Noting and Noting
Charges: When a bill is dishonoured, it is preferable
to certify the dishonour by an officer called Notary
Public. He is the officer appointed by the Government to
give enquiry report on bill disputes. The party at whose
end the bill is dishonoured (drawer or Banker or
Endorsee) has to inform Notary Public about the matter.
The Notary Public investigates the matter and gives a
note regarding fact of dishonour, the date of dishonour,
the reason of dishonour, etc. on the back of the bill. This
is called Noting. If necessary, a separate paper called
‘allonge’ may be attached for that. For the noting on the
bill, the Notary Public charges some fee. Such fee is
called Noting Charges. Noting charges is paid initially
by the party at whose end the bill is dishonoured. But the
ultimate payer is the drawee. Noting charges is the
expense for the drawee.
10. Retirement of Bill: The drawer welcomes the
desire of the drawee to meet the bill before its maturity.
When the drawee desires to pay the amount before the
due date, the drawer allows him some discount for early
payment. Such discount is called rebate. This rebate is
equal to the interest on bill value for the unexpired
period of the bill at a given rate. The rebate is a loss to
the drawer and gain to the drawee. This process of
withdrawal of bill is called retirement of bill.
11. Renewal of Bill: Sometimes the drawee may have
financial difficulty in making payment of bill amount on
the due date. In this case, he may request the drawer to
give him some more time for the payment of dues. If the
drawer agrees with the proposal of drawee, the old bill is
cancelled / dishonoured and a new bill is drawn for the
extended period. This process is called Renewal of bill.
At the time of renewal, the drawer charges
interest for the extended period. This interest may be
paid by the drawee immediately in cash or it remains
due. If interest is paid in cash, the new bill is drawn for
the amount of old bill. If interest remains due the new
bill is drawn for the amount of old bill plus interest. In
some cases the drawee pays a part of amount due at the
time of renewal. Such part payment is taken into
consideration while calculating the interest and amount
of new bill.
12. Insolvency of drawee: Insolvency means the
inability to meet the liabilities. A person is called
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3. Bills of Exchange (including Accommodation Bill) Unit - 3
insolvent if his liabilities exceed his assets. When the
drawee becomes insolvent and unable to meet his
liabilities including the bill amount, his properties are
sold and the sale proceeds is equitably distributed among
the creditors including the drawer. The unpaid portion of
dues is a loss (named as Bad Debts) for the drawer and it
is a gain (named as deficiency) for the drawee.
Practical Problems:
Trade Bill Honoured:
1. On 1-1-2009, Ram sold goods to Gopal for Rs. 8,000 for
which Ram drew on Gopal a bill for 4 months after date. It
was duly accepted by Gopal. Ram retained the bill till the
due date. The bill was duly honoured by Gopal at maturity.
Pass journal entries in the books of Ram and Gopal.
2. On 1-3-2009, Ram sold to Raghu goods of the value of Rs.
50,000 for which Ram drew a bill on Raghu for 2 months;
Raghu accepted the bill on 15-6-2009. On the due date, the
bill was honoured. Pass journal entries in the books of Ram
and Raghu.
3. Viswanath draws on Jagannath a bill of exchange for 2
months for Rs. 25,000 which Jagannath accepts on 1-4-
2009. the bill is discounted on 1-5-2009 for Rs. 24,900
Jagannath meets the bill on the due date. Pass journal
entries in the books of Viswanath and Jagannath.
4. Manoj owes to Saroj Rs. 10,000 for which be gives to Saroj,
a bill of exchange dated 10-3-2009 payable 3 months after
date. Saroj discounts the bill immediately at a discount of
Rs. 125. The bill is duly honoured on the due date. Pass
journal entries in the books of Manoj and Saroj.
5. On 1-1-2006 Kasinath draws a bill on Dwarikanath for Rs.
40,000 for 3 months Dwarikanath accepts the bill and
returns it to Kasinath. Pass journal entries in the books of
Kasinath in each of the following circumstances.
i. Kasinath retains the bill till the due date.
ii. Kasinath discounts the bill for Rs. 39,750.
iii. Kasinath endorses the bill in favour of Badrinath.
iv. Kasinath sends the bill to the banker for collection.
Assume that the bill dishonoured on the due date.
6. Naresh sells goods to Mahesh of the value of Rs. 15,000 on
1-3-2009. Mahesh accepts a bill dated 4-3-2009 payable 3
months after date. Naresh endorses the bill to Yogesh on
10-3-2009. The bill is duly met when due. Pass journal
entries in the books of naresh, Mahesh and Yogesh.
7. On 1-2-2009, Jayant sells to Susant goods valued at Rs.
30,000 and draws upon the latter two bills for Rs. 20,000
and Rs. 10,000, both payable 3 months after date. The bills
are duly accepted. The first bill is discounted on 10-2-2009
for Rs. 19905 and the second is endorsed to Hemant on 12-
2-2009. both the bills are honoured on the due date. Pass
journal entries in the books of Jayant, Susant and Hemant.
8. On 1-3-2009, Susma sold goods to Nilima for Rs. 10,000
and drew upon her a three months bill for the amount due.
Nilima accepted the bill. On 1-3-2009, Susma purchased
from Mamta goods worth Rs. 15,000 and endorsed Nilima’s
acceptance to Mamta along with a cheque for Rs. 4,750, Rs.
250 to be taken as discount. On the due date, the bill was
duly honoured. Pass journal entries in the books of all the
parties.
9. Sardha receives Madhav’s acceptance for Rs. 22,000 on 1-
3-2009 payable 3 months after date. It is sent to the bank for
collection. The bill is met by Madhav on the due date. Pass
journal entries in the books of both the parties.
10. Akash draws a bill on sun for Rs. 14,500. Sun accepts and
returns it to Akash. Akash endorses the bill in favour of
Moon, thereafter, endorses the bill in favour of Star. Star
discounts the bill for Rs. 13,900. Pass journal entries in the
books of all the parties, assuming that the bill is honoured at
maturity.
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Bill Dishonoured
11. X sells goods to Y for Rs. 1,000 and draws a bill on Y on 1-
1-2009 for 4 months. On 4-1-2009, the bill is discounted by
X @ 10% p.a. At maturity, the bill is dishonoured Pass
journal entries in the books of X and y.
12. Geeta draws a bill on Bhagwat on 1-3-2009 for Rs. 18,000
for 3 months. Bhagwat accepts the bill and returns that to
Geeta. Geeta discounts the bill immediately @ 9% p.a. At
maturity, the bill is dishonoured and noting charges paid by
the banker Rs. 225. Pass journal entries in the books of
Geeta and Bhagwat.
13. A draws on a bill for Rs. 60,000 on 1-4-2009. The bill is
accepted by B payable 3 months after date. Show what
entries would be passed in the books of A under each of the
following circumstances:
i. If he retains the bill till the due date;
ii. If he discounts the same with the banker for Rs. 58950;
iii. If he endorse the same to his creditor C;
iv. If he sends the same to his banker for collection.
Assume that the bill is dishonoured at maturity.
14. A draws a bill B for Rs. 28,000. The bill is accepted by B.
Show what entries would be passed in the books of A under
each of the following circumstances
i. If he retains the bill till due date and then realizes it.
ii. If he discounts the same with his bankers for Rs. 27840;
iii. If he endorses the same to his creditor C;
iv. If he sends the same to his bankers for collection.
You assume:
· That the bill is met on the due date;
· That the bill is dishonoured on due date, no noting
charges being incurred.
15. X draws a bill on Y for Rs. 9,500. Y accepts and returns it
to X. X endorses the bill in favour of Z. Z, thereafter,
endorses the bill in favour of K. K discounts the bill for Rs.
9,550. At maturity, the bill is dishonoured and banker
paying for the noting charges Rs. 80. Pass journal entries in
the books of all the parties.
16. On 1-4-2009, Ganga draws on Yamuna a bill for Rs. 4,000
payable 2 months after date. Yamuna duly accepts the bill.
Ganga endorses the bill on 4-4-2009 to Saraswati, who
further endorses it over to Nagavali on 15-4-2009. Nagavali
discounts it with the banker on 18-4-2009 for Rs. 3,950.
The bill is dishonoured on the due date, the noting charges
paid by banker Rs. 70. Pass journal entries in the books of
all the parties.
17. On 1-4-2009, Yellow sold goods to Green for Rs. 50,000 on
credit. As per agreement between the parties. Yellow sold
goods to Green on 10-4-2009 for the amount due plus
interest @ 10% p.a., for 2 months. Green accepted the bill
on the same date. Yellow, thereafter, endorsed the bill in
favour of Brown on 1-5-2009. At maturity, the bill was
dishonoured and noting charges paid by Brown Rs. 100.
Pass journal entries in the books of Yellow, Green and
Brown.
Retirement of Bill
18. On 1st March, 2009 A sells goods to b valued at Rs. 8,500
and draws a Bill for 5 months for the same months for the
same. B accepts it and returned it to A. On 4th May, B
retires his acceptance under the rebate at 6% p.a. Give
Journal entries in the books of A and B.
19. On 1st February, 2009, Ram sells goods to Ramesh valued at
Rs. 1,500 and draws a bill for 4 months for the same.
Ramesh accepts it and returned it to Ram. Ram discounted
the bill @ 8% p.a. On 4th March, Ramesh retires his
acceptance under the rebate at 8% p.a. Give Journal entries
in the books of Ram and Ramesh.
20. On 1st January, 2009, X sells goods to y valued at Rs. 5,000
and draws a bill for 3 months for the same. Y accepts it and
returned it to X. X endorsed the bill to Z for the settlement
4. Bills of Exchange (including Accommodation Bill) Unit - 3
of dues. On 4th February, Y retires his acceptance under the
rebate at 7% p.a. Give journal entries in the books of X &
Y.
Renewal of the Bill
21. Brown sold goods to Smith on 1-1-2009 for Rs. 2000 and
drew a 4 months bill of exchange which Smith accepted. On
the due date, Smith requested that the bill be renewed for a
further period of 2 months with interest @ 12% p.a. Brown
agreed to this. Pass journal entries in the books of Brown
and Smith.
22. On 1-1-2009, Lotus sold to Lily goods of the value of Rs. 1,
00,000 and drew upon him a bill for 4 months for the
amount due. Lily accepted the bill. On the due date, Lily
expressed his inability to meet the bill and offered to pay
Rs. 30,000 in cash and to accept a new bill for the balance
plus interest @ 10 p.a., for 2 months. Lotus agreed to the
proposal. At maturity, the bill was duly honoured by Lily.
Pass journal entries in the books of Lotus and Lily.
23. For goods supplies, A draws a bill on B for Rs. 80,000 on 1-
3-2009 for 3 months. B accepts the bill and A discounts it
with the banker, paying Rs. 2000 as discounting charges.
On the due date, the banker presents the bill for payment to
B who is unable to meet it. B, then, meets the bill himself
after paying Rs. 500 for noting charges and B accepts
another bill for Rs. 81,750 due one month from the date of
maturity of the first bill. The second bill is duly met by B.
Pass journal entries in the books of A.
24. On 1st January, 2009, A sells goods to B on credit to the
value of Rs. 20,000 and draws a bill on him at three months
after date for the same amount B accepts the bill and returns
it to A on the same date. On 4th January, 2009. A discounts
the bill with his bank at 8% p.a. The acceptance is
dishonoured on the due date, the noting charges paid by
Bank being Rs. 150. On 5th April, 2009, B paid Rs. 5,000 in
cash and accepts a new bill for two months for the amount
due to A together with interest at 10% p.a. Give journal
entries to record the above transactions in the books of both
A & B.
25. On 1-1-2009, Chiranjivi sold goods to Anuska for Rs. 1,
00,000 and draws a bill on him for the same amount for 4
months. Anuska requests Chiranjivi to cancel the bill.
Instead, he wants to pay Rs. 30,000 immediately as part
payment and to accept a fresh bill for the balance plus
interest for a further period of 3 months from the due date of
the original bill. Chiranjivi agrees to the proposal. The new
bill is dishonoured on the due date. The rate of interest is
13% p.a. Pass journal entries in the books of Chiranjivi.
26. Bhism sold goods to Arjun for Rs. 5000 and draws a bill on
Arjun for the same amount. Before the due date. Arjun
requests Bhism to cancel the bill and a draws a fresh bill on
him. Bhism agrees to the proposal. Arjun pays Rs. 1000 in
cash and accepts a fresh bill for Rs. 4300 for a further
period of time. The new bill is dishonoured and Bhism pays
Rs. 50 as noting charges. Thereafter, Arjun becomes
insolvent and a dividend of 50 paise in the rupee is received
from her estate Pass journal entries in the books of
Lopamudra.
27. A bought goods from B on 15-1-2009 for Rs. 45,000 for
which he accepted a bill for 5 months drawn on him for Rs.
40,000 and paid Rs. 5000 by cheque. On 21-1-2009 B
discounted the bill @ 12% p.a. A, being unable to meet the
bill at maturity, requested B to accept Rs. 20,000 in cash
and to draw another bill for 2 months for the balance sum
plus interest at 15% p.a. and B agreed. But before the
maturity of the second bill. A became insolvent and a
dividend of 75 paise in the rupee was realized from his
estate on 30-11-2009. Pass the necessary Journal entries in
the books of B.
Accommodation Bill
28. For mutual accommodation Abdul accepts a bill for Rs.
32000 for 4 months draws on him on 1st January, 2009 by
Babul, Babul discounts the bill on the same date for R.
31500 and sends 50% of the proceeds to Abdul. Before the
bill becomes due Babul remits the balance to Abdul
wherewith the latter meets the bill on due date. You are
required to give the journal entries in the books of Abdul
and Babul to record the above transactions.
29. Rohit and Mohit for their mutual accommodation draw on
each other on 1st March 2009, at three months for Rs.
17000. They discounted their respective bills after
acceptance on the same date at 12%. On due date they
honour their bill by payment. Give the journal entries in the
books of both the parties to record the above transaction.
30. Grass draws a bill for Rs. 6,000 and Blade accepts the same
for mutual accommodation of both in the ratio 2:1. Grass
discounts the same for Rs. 5,640 and remits 1/3rd of the
proceeds to Blade. Before due date Lade draws another bill
for Rs. 8,400 on Grass is order to provide funds to meet the
bill. The second bill is discounted for Rs. 8160 by Blade
and a sum of Rs. 1,440 is remitted, to Grass after meeting
the first bill. The second bill is duly met. Show the account
in the books of both Grass and Blade.
31. On 1st January, 2009, Rose drew a bill on Lily for Rs.
50,000 and Lily drew a bill on Rose for similar amount,
both the bills being due after 4 months. Both the bills were
discounted at the bank at 12%. On maturity, Lily met his
bills. But Rose notified Lily of his inability to meet the bill
and Rose therefore, accepted a bill drawn on him by lily at
three months after date from the due date. Pass journal
entries in the books of both the parties.
32. A draws a bill for Rs. 13,500 on B on 2nd January, 2009 for
three months. A get it discounted with bank for Rs. 13,230
and remits one third of the amount to B. on the due date, A
fails to remit the amount due to B but the accepts a bill for
Rs. 18,900 for three months which B discounts for Rs.
18495 and remits Rs. 3,330 to A. before the maturity of the
renewed bill, A becomes insolvent and only 60% was
realized from his estate on July, 10th. Pass journal entries in
the books of A.
33. Mitu for the mutual accommodation of himself and Tutu to
the extent of 2/3 rd and 1/3rd respectively, draws on the
latter a bill for Rs. 15,000 payable after one month. The bill
being accepted by Tutu. Before the due date. Tutu in order
to provide funds to meet the first bill draws another bill for
Rs. 21,000 on Mitu. The second bill is discounted by Tutu
for Rs. 20,400 with the help of which he meets the first bill
and remits Rs. 3,600 to Mitu. Before the due date, Mitu
becomes bankrupt and tutu receives first and final dividend
of 75 paise in the rupee. Pass the necessary journal entries
in the books of Mitu and Tutu.
34. Durga for mutual accommodation draws a bill for Rs.
21,000 on Devi. Durga discounts the bill for Rs. 20,475 and
remits Rs. 6,825 to Devi. On the due date Durga is unable
to remit his dues to Devi to enable her to meet the bill. She,
however, accepts a bill for Rs. 26,250 which Devi discounts
for Rs. 24,675. Devi sends Rs. 1,235 to Durga. Durga
becomes insolvent and a dividend of 50 paisa in the rupee is
received from her estate. Pass journal entries and show the
account of Devi in the books of Durga.
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