A new idea of using bio fuels

4. FUELS
• Fuels are any materials that store potential energy in forms that
can be practicably released and used as heat energy.
• Fuels are required for a variety of
purposes, but are utilized chiefly for..

5. Transportation
• Globally, transportation accounts
for 25% of energy demand and
nearly 62% of oil consumed.

6. Power Generation
• The generation of electricity is the
single largest use of fuel in the
world.
• More than 60 % of power
generated comes from fossil fuels.

7. Fossil Fuels will soon be Exhausted

8. • If we had replenish fuel sources, what direction should we go in?
• Electric cars
• Solar power
• Wind power
OR

9. Bio fuel
An Alternative Fuel

10. Introduction
• Biofuel is the fuel which is produced from organic products and wastes.
• The common commercially used biofuels are bioethanol, biodiesel and bio
methane.
• Bioethanol is made from sugar, algae, wheat and sugar beet
• Bio-ethanol can be produced from waste organic material, sewage,
agriculture waste and domestic wastes and our innovation from Bamboo.

11. • In 1890s Rudolf Diesel was a first person who made biodiesel from
vegetable oil.
• In 1970s and 1980s environmental protection agency EPA situated in
America suggested that fuel should be free from sulphur dioxide, carbon
monoxide and nitrogen oxides.
• In 1998 EPA allowed the production of biofuel on commercial level which
was the alternative source of the petrol.
• In 2010 the production of biofuels reaches up to 105 billion liters
worldwide.
• In 2011, European countries were the largest that made biodiesel almost
about 53%. The international Energy Agency set a goal to reduce the usage
of petroleum and coal and will be switched on to biofuels till 2050.
History

12. Bio fuel feed stock
Corn Sugar Cane
Jatropha AlgaeAnimal Fats
Agricultural Waste

13. Bio fuel feed stock
Bamboo

14. Classification of Biofuels
 Also called conventional biofuels. It includes sugar, starch, or vegetable oil
known as advanced biofuels and can be manufactured from different types of biomass.
The biomass contains lignocellulosic material like wood, straw and waste plastic

15. Classification of Biofuels
Extract cellulose from Bamboo and by
the process of reverse photosynthesis fuel
is obtained.
Extract from algae mostly marine algae.

17. Reverse Photosynthesis
• A given amount of biomass – straw or wood, for instance – is combined with an
enzyme called lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase, found in certain fungi and bacteria.
• When chlorophyll is added and the entire mixture is exposed to sunlight, sugar
molecules in the biomass naturally break down into smaller constituents. The resulting
biochemical can then be more easily converted into fuel .
• The key is using the very energy of sunlight itself to drive the chemical processes. By
leveraging the power of the sun, reactions that would otherwise take 24 hours or longer
can be achieved in just 10 minutes.

18. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase enzyme
• Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper ion-containing
enzymes that degrade crystalline polysaccharides, such as cellulose or chitin,
through an oxidative mechanism. To the best of our knowledge, there are no
assay methods for the direct characterization of LPMOs that degrade
substrates without coupled enzymes. As such, in this study, a coupled
enzyme-free assay method for LPMOs was developed, which is based on
measuring the consumption of ascorbic acid used as an external electron
donor for LPMOs.

19. • Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper-enzymes that
catalyze oxidative cleavage of glycosidic bonds. These enzymes are secreted
by many microorganisms to initiate infection and degradation processes. In
particular, the concept of fungal degradation of lignocellulose has been
revised in the light of this recent finding. LPMOs require a source of
electrons for activity, and both enzymatic and plant-derived sources have
been identified. Importantly, light-induced electron delivery from light-
harvesting pigments can efficiently drive LPMO activity. The possible
implications of LPMOs in plant–symbiont and –pathogen interactions are
discussed in the context of the very powerful oxidative capacity of these
enzymes.

20. • Copper-dependent oxidative enzymes named lytic polysaccharide
monooxygenases (LPMOs) are important for the degradation of recalcitrant
polysaccharides such as cellulose.
• LPMOs are produced by bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
• Many microbes that interact with plants have evolved several copies of
LPMO-encoding genes.
• LPMOs require a source of electrons for catalysis, and electrons can –upon
exposure to light– be efficiently delivered by light-harvesting pigments.

21. Chlorophyll extraction
• The purpose of this study is to establish a simple and reliable method for bamboo
chlorophyll extraction. Chlorophylls in moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens)
epidermis were extracted with acetone, DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide) and
DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) using three methods, including ultrasonics,
centrifugation and grinding. Ultraviolet-visible spectrometry was then used to
evaluate the efficiency of these extraction methods. It was also used to quantitatively
analyze the extracted chlorophylls. The results revealed that the extraction efficiency
of epidermis chlorophylls is related to the size of bamboo culm meal, solvent types,
and the method of extraction and filtration. A fast and reliable extraction method
was developed.

22. • It extracts chlorophylls from bamboo culm meal (<0.7 mm) using an
acetone bath in ultrasonics for 3 min and followed by centrifugal filtration.
This extraction procedure has been proven to be easy to use and also
highly reproducible. Chlorophylls in acetone showed the best stability,
followed by DMF and then DMSO. In a dark environment kept at 4°C,
chlorophylls can be preserved for up to 8 days in DMF and 30 days in
acetone. On the other hand, acetone extracts higher content of
chlorophylls. In 80% acetone, DMF and DMSO extracts, the total
chlorophylls contents are 4.80, 4.18, and 3.78 mg per gram of epidermis
meal, respectively.

23. Bioethanol
 Bioethanol is produced by the fermentation of carbohydrate rich
source which includes sugar cane, sugar beet, corn etc.
 It is colorless and clear liquid
 One of the widely used alternative automotive fuel in the world.

24. Mechanism
• The two ways of producing ethanol from cellulose are:
• Cellulolysis processes which consist of hydrolysis on pretreated
lignocellulosic materials, using enzymes to break complex cellulose into
simple sugars such as glucose, followed by fermentation and distillation.
• Gasification that transforms the lignocellulosic raw material into
gaseous carbon monoxide and hydrogen. These gases can be converted to
ethanol by fermentation or chemical catalysis.
• As is normal for pure ethanol production, these methods include distillation.

25. • Lower emissions Green gas hence less polluting.
• Renewable and will Last Long for use.
• Biodegradable again less polluting.
• Safer than fossil fuels.

26. Vision
• The policy aims at mainstreaming of bio fuels and therefore, envision a
central role for it in the energy and transportation sectors of the
country in the coming decades.
• The policy will bring about accelerated development and promotion of
the cultivation, production and use of bio fuel to increasingly
substitute petrol and diesel for the transport and be used in stationary
and other applications, while contributing to energy security, climate
change mitigation, apart from creating new employment opportunities
and leading to environmentally sustainable development.

27. Goals
• The goal of the policy is to ensure that a minimum level of bio fuels
become readily available in the market to meet the demand at any
given time.
• An indicative target of 20% blending of bio fuels, both for petrol and
diesel, by 2017 is proposed. Blending levels prescribed in regard to
diesel are tend to be recommendatory in the near-term. The blending
level of bio ethanol has already been made mandatory, effective from
October, 2008, and will continue to be mandatory leading up to the
indicative target.

28. Definition and Scope
• ‘bio fuel’ are liquid or gaseous in fuels produced from biomass resources and used
in place of, or in addition to petrol or other fossil fuels for transport, stationary,
portable and other applications.
• ‘Biomass’ resources are the biodegradable fraction of industries as well as the
residue from agriculture, forestry and related industries as well as the bio degradable
fraction of the industrial and municipal wastes.
• bio ethanol’ : ethanol produced from Bamboo is cheaper in compare to other
processes such as from sugar containing materials, like sugar cane, sugar beet, sweet
sorghum,etc.

29. Strategy and Approach
• The focus for development of biofuels in India will be to utilize waste and
degraded forest and non-forest lands only for cultivation .
• In India, bio-ethanol is produced mainly from maize, molasses a by-product
of the sugar industry. Now the issue of fuel is not relevant in the India only
because of production of bioethanol.

30. Research & Development and Demonstration
• Research and Development will focus on plantations, biofuel processing and production
technologies, as well as on maximizing efficiencies of different end-use applications and
utilization of by-products.
• Biofuel feed-stock production based on sustainable biomass with active involvement of
local communities through non-edible oilseed bearing plantations on wastelands to include
inter-alia production and development of quality planting materials like bamboos and giving
all the wasted non edible material for R&D work.
• Advanced conversion technologies for 4thgeneration biofuels and emerging technologies for
second generation biofuels including conversion of ligno-cellulosic materials to ethanol
such as crop residues, forest wastes and algae, biomass-to-liquid (BTL) fuels, bio-refineries,
etc.

31. QUALITY STANDARDS
• The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) would review and update the existing
standards, as well as develop new standards in a time-bound manner for
devices and systems for various end-use applications for which standards
have not yet been prepared, at par with international standards.
• Guidelines for product performance and reliability would also be developed
and institutionalized in consultation with all relevant stakeholders. Standards
would be strictly enforced and proper checks would be carried out by a
designated agency on the quality of the biofuel being supplied.

32. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
• International scientific and technical cooperation in the area of biofuel production,
conversion and utilization will be established in accordance with national priorities and
socio-economic development strategies and goals.
• Modalities of such cooperation may include joint research and technology development,
field studies, pilot scale plants and demonstration projects with active involvement of
research institutions and industry on either side.
• Technology induction/ transfer would be facilitated, where necessary, with time bound goals
for indigenization and local manufacturing.
• Appropriate bilateral and multi-lateral cooperation programmes for sharing of technologies
and funding would be developed, and participation in international partnerships, where
necessary, will also be explored.

33. IMPORT AND EXPORT OF BIOFUELS
• Import of biofuels would only be permitted to the extent necessary, and will be
decided by the National Biofuel Coordination Committee proposed under this
Policy.
• Duties and taxes would be levied on the imports so as to ensure that indigenously
produced biofuels are not costlier than the imported biofuels.
• Import of Free Fatty Acid (FFA) oils will not be permitted for production of
biofuels.
• Export of biofuels would only be permitted after meeting the domestic
requirements and would be decided by the National Biofuel Coordination
Committee.

37. Any Queries ?????