Hybrid seed prodroduction~Maize.pptx

HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
1

HYBRID SEED
PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Submitting To_
Dr.J.I.Nanavati Sir
3
Assistant Professor
S.M.C.P.A, AAU ,Anand
Demonstrating by _
o Raj Anirudrasinh H.
o Patat Mayank P.
o Dabhi Meet K.
o Solanki Devang M.
o Patel Jay S.
 Reg.no-4011120028-R.no:24
 Reg.no-4011120020-R.no:17
 Reg.no-4011120006-R.no:04
 Reg.no-4011120035-R.no:28
 Reg.no-4011120022-R.no:19
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Date of submission :- 03-05-2023.

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
CONTENTS
4
• Detasseling
• Types of hybrids
• Source of CMS in HSP of
maize
• Soil Requirement
• Season of sowing
• Seed parameters
• Seed planting ratio
• Staggered plantation
• Agronomical cultural
practices
• Isolation distance
• Field standards
• Field inspection
• Harvesting
• Post-harvest management
• Seed certification
• Xenia & Metaxenia
• Hybrid Varieties
• Seed standard
• Research station
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
• Introduction
• Evolution
• Economic Importance
• Classification
• Morphological features
• Life cycle
• Advantage of Hybrid maize
• Prerequisites for Hybrid seed
production in maize
• Characteristics of good
parents
• Source of seed
• Registration of plot

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
MAIZE :
• Botanical Name - Zea Mays L.
• Family - Poaceae
• Chromosome no. - 2n=20
• Centre or origin - Central America (Mexico)
• Mode of pollination - Cross Pollination
• Out Crossing % - 95%
Introduction
5
Queen Of Cereals

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
It has two close relatives :
1. Gama grass Tripsacum ;
(2n =36;72)
&
2. Teosinte ;
(2n =20)
 Teosinte is the closest relative of maize and crosses readily
with it.
Wild Progenitors
6

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
7
Morphological
characters Teosinte & Maize ::
Teosinte Maize

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Economic Importance
Starch - 72%
Proteins - 10%
Oil - 4.8%
Fibre - 8.5%
Sugar - 3.0%
Ash – 1.7%
Cooking
Soap making
companies
In pharmaceutical
industries as diluents
Cosmetics
To make alcohol
Stem used for paper
manufacturing
Green fodder for
animals
85% as Human feed
(Maize flour, popcorn,
etc.)
8
Nutritional
composition Oil Starch Seeds For edible
use
Maize is the 3rd most important cereal crop in India after rice and wheat.
Gujarat accounts for 80% production in total of 9% of country’s production.

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
a) Dent corn (Zea mays var identata sturt):-
- most common type grown in USA.
- Dent formation on the top of the kernel having yellow or white
colour.
b) Flint corn (Zea mays var indurate sturt):-
- Widely grown and cultivated in India.
- Kernel is rounded on the top with multitude of colours.
c) Popcorn (Zea mays var verta sturt):-
- Size of kernels is small but the endosperm is hard.
-When they are heated, the pressure build up within the kernel
suddenly results in an explosion and the grain is turn out. Grains
are used for human consumption
Classification of Maize Types
9

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
d) Flour corn (Zea mays var anylacea sturt):-
- Soft endosperm.
- Kernels are soft and though all coloured corns are grown but white
& blue are the most common.
e) Sweet corn (Zea mays var Saceharata sturt):-
- Sugar and starch makes the major component of the endosperm
that results in sweetish taste.
- Cobs are picked up green for canning and table purpose.
f) Pod corn (Zea mays var tunicate kulesh):-
- Each kernel is enclosed in pod.
g) Waxy corn (Zea mays var ceratina Kulesh):-
- Endosperm of the kernel when cut or broken gives a waxy
appearance.
- Amylopectin present instead of amylose. 10

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Morphological Features
11
Maize is a C4 Annual Plant
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
 Maize is monoecious plant.
 Male inflorescence called tassel.
 Female inflorescence known as silk.
 Generally protandrous (Tassels mature before silk)
 Each floret contains three anthers and each plant
produces about 3-5 million pollen grains.

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Wind borne nature of pollen and protandry leads to leads to
cross pollination but , there may also be reported 5% self
pollination.
Anthesis : Pollen shedding begins 1-3 days before silk
emerge from the cob.
Fertilization : Within 12-18 hours after silk emergence.
Pollen viability
Silk receptive : 8-10 days.
Tassel anthesis: 6.00 am to 8.00 am <— Pollination occurs..
Duration of
Flowering : 2-14 days.
12
Male flowers releasing
pollen
& pollination will occur
through wind

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Tassel :
13
Husk :
: Cob
: Silk
Maize
seed :

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
14
-6 -2 0 10 40-42 55-56
Days
Life Cycle

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
15
65-100
Days

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Hybrid
16
Hybrids are the first-generation crosses between genetically unrelated or
dissimilar parents which may be purelines, inbreds, varieties or population.
Crossing
Male parent Female parent
F1
Hybrid

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
oHighly acceptable – farmers > Higher yield.
oC4 plant – better adaptation – climate change.
oTolerant – biotic and abiotic stress ; water stress (due to better root
system).
oDecrease need of irrigation water.
oGermination – Quick and High in percentage.
oFaster growth.
Advantages of Hybrid Maize
17

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
 Parents : Good compatible, uniform and productive.
 Site of selection : - Fertile and Quality land.
- Assured Irrigation facilities.
- Avoid site where preceding crop was maize.
 Proper isolation distance.
 Knowledge of recommended package of practices.
 Technically experienced manpower.
 Stress free climatic condition.
Prerequisites for hybrid seed
production in Maize
18

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Characteristics of good seed parent
19
Female parent Male parent
• Productive
• Strong
• Low cob placement
• Shorter anthesis
• Nutrient responsive
• Erect leaves
• Resistant/tolerant to biotic and
abiotic stress
• Strong root system
• Lax tassel, long main branch with
few secondary branches
• Long duration of pollen shedding
• Taller than female parent
• Attractive grain color
• Strong resistant to lodging with
better root system
• High yield potential
• Resistant/tolerant to biotic and
abiotic stresses

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
(Used as parents seed)
o Proper class of seed need to be obtained from approved
source according to stages of seed multiplication.
o In case of foundation seed, breeder seed with yellow
coloured tag is to be used for sowing while for
certified seed production, foundation seed with white tag is to be used.
o Major source : State department of Agri. , National Seed Corporation,
State Seed Corporation, Private sectors (under technical
control of qualified Plant breeders).
 Genetic purity (Foundation seed) : 99.5 %.
Source of seed
20

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Parental seed
21

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
 Application —> Prescribed form as “Form A”
District Seed Certification Officer
 Also – Agreement bond on stamp paper of Rs.100/- duly notarised.
 Registration fee —> Certified stage (Hybrids) : Rs.160/- per acre seed plot
area
Registration of plot
22

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
 Manual emasculation by DETASSELING.
Removal of Male Inflorescence from the monoecious plant
• Time of Detasseling : Before the shedding of pollen (shedding of
pollen takes 1-2 days after emergence)
Crossing Technique
23
Detasseling is a Manual creation of male sterility

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Method of Detasseling
24
Manually by
Hand
Manually by
Machine

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
25
Detasseling by Hand :
• Hold the stem
from the boot leaf
stage and pull it
out in a single pull.
• Grasp entire tassel
: to remove all
pollen parts.
• Do not remove
leaves : Reduce
yield and quality
of seeds

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
: Precautions to be
adopted during
Detasseling
Detasseled field
26
 No part should be left on the plant as it
causes Contamination.
 Should be uniform in one direction.
 Should be done daily in morning.
 Do not break top leaves :
1 leaf course : 1.5% yield reduction.
2 leaf course : 5.9% yield reduction.
3 leaf course : 14 % yield reduction.
 After pulling out the tassel drop it
there itself and bury in the soil.
 Do not practice, improper, immature, &
incomplete detasseling.

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Types of Hybrids
27
Conventional Hybrids
Non-Conventional Hybrids
Types of hybrid No of parents
Single cross 2
Double cross 4
Three way cross 3 Types of hybrid No of parents
Top cross 2
Double top cross 3
Varietal cross 2 varieties (V × V)

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
o Crosses between two unrelated inbred lines.
Single-cross hybrids
28

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
o Crosses between two certified single crosses.
Double-cross hybrids
29
DOUBLE-CROSS HYBRID
Single-cross
Hybrid
Single-cross
Hybrid

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
o Crosses between inbred as a male and a certified single cross hybrid.
Three way-cross hybrids
30
THREE WAY – CROSS HYBRID
Single-cross Hybrid
(Female parent)
Inbred line
(Male parent)

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Top cross hybrids
31
(Inbred line) A X B (OPV)
TOP CROSS HYBRID
o Crosses between inbred line and certified open pollinated variety.

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
o Crosses between certified single cross and a certified open pollinated variety.
Double top cross hybrids
32
DOUBLE TOP CROSS HYBRID
Single-cross Hybrid
(Female parent)
OPV
(Male parent)

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Sources of the Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in
hybrid maize production
33
1. CMS-T (Texas Cytoplasm) : Suppresses the production of viable pollen grains.
: First described in the line Golden June in Texas.
2. CMS-S : S-cytoplasm of maize was developed in USDA (Jones ,1957).
: Semi stable to male sterility.
So, CMS-S gene is not much effective to adaptable for hybrid maize production.
3. CMS-C : One of the three major types of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in maize.
: Highly adaptable for hybrid maize production because of more stable and
resistance to disease.

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
o Loamy sand to clay loam.
o Having good organic matter content.
o High water holding capacity.
o Neutral pH.
-- are considered good for high productivity.
Soil Requirements
34

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
o Maize can be grown in all seasons - Kharif (monsoon), post monsoon, Rabi
(winter) and spring.
o Optimum time :
For kharif - Last week of June to first fortnight of July.
[to avoid flowering during heavy rains]
For Rabi - First week of November.
[to avoid low temperature during flowering]
Season of sowing
35

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
o Depending on seed size of male and female seed :
-Female : 7-10 kg/ha.
-Male : 3-4 kg/ha.
Seed Rate
36
Seed treatment (Pre-sowing)
Disease/Pest Fungicide/Pesticide Rate of application (g/kg seed)
Turcicum leaf blight, Maydis
leaf blight
Bavistin + Captan in 1:1 ratio 2.0
Seed borne pathogens Bavistin (Carbendazim) 2.0
Shootfly
Chlorpyriphos
Imidacloprid
4.0 ml
4.0
 Seeds are treated with Azospirillum @50gm/kg of seed to fix atmospheric N.

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
o Generallly, Raised bed planting (ridge and furrow) – best method of planting.
- Hand sowing or by seed drill.
Seed sowing method
37
 Spacing
o Female : 60 cm 20 cm to 75 cm 30 cm depending on the area.
o Male : 45 cm 30 cm.
- this spacing helps in easy movement in field for roguing, detasseling etc.

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
o Actual ratio that is planted depends on a number of factors :
- Pollen production of the male.
- Height of the male tassel relative to the female silk.
- Size of the female plant.
Planting ratio for diff. types of hybrids :
a) Single cross : 4:2 Other ratios : 1:2:1:2:1
b) Double cross : 6:2 1:3:1:3:1 M:F:M:F…
c) 3 way cross : 6:2 1:4:1:4:1
• Border rows : a. Inbreds & single cross - 4 rows
b. others - 3 rows
Seed Planting ratio
38

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
39
Planting Ratio:
1 : 3 : 1
1 : 4 : 1: 4 :1

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
o To bring MALE : FEMALE Synchrony.
o Normally both the parents flowered at same time but in some hybrids 7 days
staggering is required for synchronization of flowering.
It (synchrony) can also be attained by :
- Irrigation along with fertilizer application.
- Application of FYM in either male or female to induce earliness and vigour.
- Manipulation in the plan distance by spaced and narrow planting.
Staggered Plantation
40

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
N:P:K (kg/ha) : 200:100:100
- Basal : 100:100:50
- 1st top dressing : 50:0:0
(20th days – vegetative phase).
- 2nd top dressing : 50:0:50
(boot leaf stage at 45 days).
Foliar : DAP 2% at 50% flowering.
In Zn deficient soil : ZnSo4 @25 kg/ha.
Nutrient management
41

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
o Avoid overflow during 1st irrigation.
o In general, the irrigation should be applied in
furrows up to 2/3rd height of the ridges/beds.
o Irrigation – once in 15-20 days.
o Critical stages :
- Premordial initiation stage - Milking stage
- Vegetative stage - Maturation stage
- Flowering stage
If irrigation is withheld in these stages – poor seed set & reduced seed size.
Irrigation Management
42

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
o Pre-emergence application :
Application of Atrazine – control growth of Major Weeds :
weeds upto 20-25 days.
o Hand weeding :
After 17-18 DAS (days after sowing).
o Post-emergence application :
- Under heavy weed infestation;
Paraquat can be used as protected
spray.
Weed Management
43
:::::::::
Cyanodon dactylon :
: Chloris barbata
Parthenium hysterophorus :

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
o Remove unwanted and off plants.
o Should be done periodically based on :
- Position of cob
- Colour of silk
- Arrangements of seeds
in cob, leaves etc.
o Shedding tassels are to be removed in roguing . It refers to the tassels in
female parents rows.
o During inspection the shedding tassels are taken into count for acceptance or
rejection of production plot.
Roguing
44

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
• Earthing up and form new ridges so
that the plants come directly on the
top of the ridges.
• It should be done before tasseling
stage to save crop from lodging.
Earthing up
45

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Insect-Pest Management
46
Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda
Management:
Spotted Stem borer, Chilo partellus Shoot fly, Atherigona soccata
Major Pests :
• Install pheromone traps (FAW lure) @
4/acre.
• Spray NSKE or Azadiractin 1500 ppm
@1 lit/acre.
• Chemical :
- Emamectin benzoate5%
SG (80g/acre) @ 0.4g/litre
is recommended.
• Deep summer ploughing.
• Two releases of Trichogramma chilonis
(Egg Parasitoids) 8 cards/ha.
• Chemical :
- Spray Rogor 0.3% - 1 lit/per ha. on
20th day.
• Removal and destruction of dead
hearts.
• Seed treatment : Imidacloprid 600FS
@6ml/kg seed.
• Chemical :
- Monocrotophos 0.03%.

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Disease Management
47
Maydis leaf blight (MLB), Biopolaris maydis
Management:
Curvularia leaf spot, Curvularia lunata Downy Mildew , Pernosclespora sorghi
Major Disease :
• Destroy infected crop residue from the
field.
• Foliar spray of Mancozeb @ 2.5 g/ L of
water after about 30-35 days after
sowing.
• Seed Treatment with 20 g Trichoderma
chalk formulation + Mancozeb 63% or
Thiram 40 F.S. @ 6 g/kg seed.
• Foliar spray :
- Carbendazim 12%+ Mancozeb 62%
or Zineb 75% @ 2 g/lit of solution.
• Treat seeds with Metalaxyl + Mancozeb
(WS) @ 3.0 g/kg seeds.
• Chemical :
- Mancozeb @1 kg/ha.
 Common Management : Destruction of crop debris.
Use of resistant/tolerant hybrids

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Isolation Distance
48
Foundation
stage
(m)
Certified
stage
(m)
o Same kernal colour 400 200
o Field of single cross/inbreads not confiring to varietal purity 400 200
o Single cross with same parent confiring to varietal purity 5 5
o Single cross with other male parent not confiring to varietal
purity
400 200

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Field standard (%)
49
Field standard
Foundation
stage
Certified
stage
o Off types 0.2 0.5
o Shedding tassel 0.5 1.0
o Inseparable other crop - -
o Objectional weed - -
o Designated diseases - -

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
 Number of inspection : Four
: One – before flowering
: Three – during flowering
Inspection by : Seed certification officers.
Field inspection
50

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Cob sheath turn straw yellow colour.
Harvest when the moisture content falls to 20-25 %.
Harvesting
51
Symptoms of Maturation :
o Male lines are harvested first then
female lines are harvested to avoid
mixture.
o Female line : Hybrid seed
Male line : Grain.
 Seed yield : 2.5 - 3.6 t/ha

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Post-Harvest Management
52
Remove ill filled,
diseased cobs and cobs
Shelled either
mechanically or
manually at 15-18 %
moisture content.
Mechanically : Cob
sheller.
Manually : Rbbing with
stones
Seeds are dried to 12%
moisture content.
Grade the seeds using
18/64” (7.28 mm)
sieve.
De-husking Cob Sorting Shelling Drying Grading
The husks are removed
manually.

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
• At 8% moisture content – Captan or Thiram 75% WP @ 70 gm/100kg
with 0.5 litre of water.
• Treated seeds can be stored for 1 year in cloth bag.
Seed Treatment (post-harvest):
53
Storage :
• Gunny bags : Short term storage.
• HDPE or polylined gunny bag : Long term storage.
• Moisture containers : To store for more than 1 year.
(Storage at low temperature)
 Godown : Kept clean as the possibility of secondary infestation with
Trifolium (red flour weevil) is much in these crop.

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Phases of seed certification
• Receipt and scrutiny of application
• Verification of seed source
• Field inspection
• Post harvest supervision of seed crops
• Seed sampling and testing
• Labelling, tagging, sealing and grant of certificate
Seed Certification
54
Certified seed :
o Certified seed is the most commonly encountered certified seed and is the large-
volume class sold to farmers for producing a commercial crop of the variety.
o It is the progeny of Foundation seed stock.
o Under certain circumstances the progeny of Certified seed can be recertified as
long as the genetic identity, varietal purity and other standards are maintained.

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
• Xenia is effect of pollen on seeds and fruit of the
fertilized plant. eg: on seed colour.
• Most familiar examples of xenia is the different
colours that can be produced in Maize by
assortment of alleles via individual pollen grains.
Metaxenia is the effect on the maternal tissues of
fruit.
Xenia and
Metaxenia
55

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
• 1st varieties – Released – 1961 - when 4 hybrids;
: Ganga 1
: Ganga 101
: Ranjeet
: Deccan
were released for cultivation.
• 1st single cross hybrid : “Paras”(JH 1121) – 1995 – By PAU.
(Technique given by :
East and G.H.Shull – 1910)
Maize hybrids
56
Double cross hybrids
(Technique given by : D.F Jones - 1920)
Makki Safed
Tuxpeno
F
M
Father of Maize

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
• Based on maturity duration :
i. Full season maturity : 105-110 days. Ganga-5, Ganga-9, Deccan 103.
ii. Medium maturity : 95-100 days. Composites varieties.
iii. Early maturity : 89-90 days.
iv. Very Early maturity : 75-80 days. Diara, Diara-3, D765.
Varieties classification
57
• Based on use/purpose :
i. Forage maize : African Tall, Jawahar, Moti composite, Ganga-5.
ii. Popcorn : Gujarat Anand Popcorn Hybrid 21.
iii. Sweet corn : Gujarat Anand Sweetcorn Hybrid 11, Madhuri.

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
• Latest Variety Released : Baby Corn GAYMH-1 (IGI-1101 IGI-1103)
Year of release : 2020 Name of centre : Main Maize Research station,Godhra.
Hybrid Varieties
Released by Anand Agricuture University,Anand
58
VARIETY NAME YEAR
o Gujarat Anand Sweet Corn Hybrid-11 (Madhuram) 2019
o Gujarat Anand Pop Corn Hybrid-21 (Mahashweta) 2019
o Gujarat Anand Yellow Maize Hybrid-3 2018
o Gujarat Anand Yellow Maize Hybrid 1 2013
o Gujarat Anand White Maize Hybrid 2 2012
o HQPM-1 2011
o Gujarat Maize 6 2002
o Narmada Moti 2002

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Synthetic and composite variety-
difference
59
Synthetic variety Composite variety
No. Of inbred lines are (less 6-8) No of lines are more (even upto 20)
GCA (general combining ability) of parental
lines is tested
No testing for GCA
Performance can be predicted Cannot be predicted
Seed replacement after 4-5 years After 3-4 years

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
Seed Standard
60
Parameters Foundation
stage
Certified
stage
 Physical Purity (%) (min) 98 98
 Inert matter (%) (max) 2 2
 Other crop seed (max) 5 kg-1 10 kg-1
 ODV seeds (max) 5 kg-1 10 kg-1
 Germination % 80 90
 Moisture content (%) (max)
A. Moisture pervious 12 12
B. Moisture vapour proof 8 8

TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE
• CIMMYT : International Maize and Wheat
Improvement Center, Mexico
USA.
• India : Indian Institute of Maize
Research (IIMR), New Delhi.
• Gujarat : Main Maize Research station,
Godhara, AAU.
Research Station
61

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