all points choose is perfect . read for knowledge and what will be future if we have space elevator in real because this is science friction concept which really possible by discover carbon nano tube and now what is carbon nano tube read it in report thank you

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1.What is space elevator?
A Space Elevator? Even though the space elevator has made several appearances in
science fiction, few people are familiar with the concept. In the most basic description
the space elevator is a cable with one end attached to the Earth and the other end roughly
60,000 miles out in space (see figure). Standing on the Earth at the base of this
“beanstalk” it would look unusual but simple, a cable attached to the ground and going
straight up out of sight. Now even the youngest of you reading this manuscript will know
that a rope cannot simply hang in mid-air, it will fall. This is true in all of our everyday
situations; however, a 60,000-mile long cable sticking up into space is not an everyday
occurrence. This particular cable will hang in space, stationary and tight. The difference
between why a 10-ft piece of rope will fall and a 60,000-mile long cable will not has to
do with the fact that the Earth is spinning. The cable for the space elevator is long
enough that the spinning of the Earth will sling it outward, keeping it tight. The 10 ft.
length of rope is too short to really feel this effect. To illustrate what I mean, let me give
an example. If you take a string with a ball on the end and quickly swing it around your
head the string sticks straight out and the ball doesn’t fall. Now imagine that string is
60,000 miles long and your hand holding the string is the Earth. The two situations, the
ball swinging around your head and the space elevator swinging around the Earth, are
really quite similar. Okay, great, so we now have a cable pointing straight up into space,
so what. The so what part is that it is possible to climb this cable from Earth to space,
quickly, easily, and inexpensively. Travel to space and the other planets will become
simple if not routine. That all sounds straightforward doesn’t it? The 60,000 mile part
may give some of you pause but trust me man has built much more massive and more
complicated structures than what we will be discussing. This one is just in a particularly
unique shape and location. With that said I hope you will also trust me and believe that
building and using a space elevator is not nearly as simple as I have explained so far. I
have left out a few details, thus the rest of this manuscript. I should also state right at the

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offset that this manuscript is an extension of a paper I put together that will be published
1. Space Elevator
Any time now in Acta Astronautica[Edwards, 2000]. The concept is the same but this
study has modified many of the details found in the Acta Astronautica paper The concept

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of a space elevator first came from an inventive Russian at the dawn of the space age but
the appearances of the space elevator I enjoy most came in several science fiction books.
However, I would consider this method as too expensive and too difficult to be a viable
option outside of science fiction. The capture and movement of an asteroid, though not
impossible, would be extremely challenging. In addition, the operations that would be
required at very high Earth orbit (mining and cable fabrication) are also beyond what I
would consider economically feasible at this time. I may be wrong on both of these
but…well, allow me to continue. Outside of science fiction there was some work done on
the space elevator during the first decades of the space age . But even in the past few
years the space elevator concept has often been discarded out-of-hand as inconceivable or
at least inconceivable for the next century. The reason for the general pessimism was that
no material in existence was strong enough to build the cable. We have a serious canyon
and the string is longer but the concept is the same. First, a satellite is sent up and it
deploys a small “string” back down to Earth. To this string we attach a climber which
ascends it to orbit. While the climber is ascending the “string” it is attaching a second
string alongside the first to make it stronger. This process is repeated with progressively
larger climbers until the “string” has been thickened to a cable, our space elevator. That’s
a pretty simple breakdown of what we are considering, allow me to add a few more
details. In considering the deployment of a space elevator we can break the problem into
three largely independent stages: 1) Deploy a minimal cable, 2) Increase this minimal
cable to a useful capability, and 3) Utilize the cable for accessing space. The initial
“string” we deploy from orbit is actually a ribbon about 1 micron (0.00004 inches) thick,
tapering from 5 cm (2 inches) at the Earth to 11.5 cm (4.5 inches) wide near the middle
and has a total length of 55,000 miles (91,000 km). This ribbon cable and a couple large
upper stage rockets will be loaded on to a handful of shuttles (7) and placed in low-Earth
orbit. Once assembled in orbit the upper stage rockets will be used to take the cable up to
geosynchronous orbitB&D where it will be deployed. As the spacecraft deploys the cable
downward the spacecraft will be moved outward to a higher orbit to keep it stationary
above a point on Earth (a bit of physics we will explain later).

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2. NEED OF SPACE ELEVATOR
2.1. Why would we want to build a space elevator?
Our society has changed dramatically in the last few decades from the first transistor to
the internet, DVD’s and supercomputer laptops, from propeller airplanes to men on the
moon, from hybrid plants to mapping human DNA. Often great advances in our society
take a single, seemingly small step as a catalyst to start a cascade of progress. And just as
often the cascade of progress is barely imagined when that first small step is taken. The
space elevator could be a catalytic step in our history. We can speculate on many of the
things that will result from construction of a space elevator but the reality of it will
probably be much more. At the moment we can at best speculate on the near-term returns
of a space elevator. To make a good estimate of the returns we can expect we need to
know where we are now, how the situation will change if we have an operational space
elevator and what new possibilities this change will cultivate. First, where we are now:
• Getting to space is very expensive: millions for the launch of a small payload to low
Earth orbit, $400 million in launch costs to get a satellite to geosynchronous orbit and
possibly trillions for a manned Mars exploration program.
• Operating in space is risky. There are few situations where repair of broken hardware is
possible and believe me launch shocks do break hardware.
• Because of the limited, expensive access to space and the risk involved in space
operations the satellites placed in space are also expensive and complex
• It is difficult to bring things back down from space. The only real exception to this is
the space shuttle.
• Neither the government nor the public accepts failure well in the space program.
That’s the current situation. The next thing we need to know is how the situation will
change if we have an operational space elevator. The space elevator will be able to:

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• Place heavy and fragile payloads in any Earth orbit (with a circularizing rocket) or send
them to other planets.
• Deliver payloads with minimal vibration.
• Bring heavy and fragile payloads down from space.
• Deliver payloads to space at a small fraction of current costs.
• Send a payload into space or receive a payload from space every few days.
• Be used to quickly produce additional cables or increase its own capacity.
• Survive problems and failures and be repaired.
Having an operating space elevator would dramatically change our ‘reality’ picture of
space operations as we described above. With this new set of parameters for space
operations and the same economic reality we live in, we could reasonably expect the
following in roughly chronological order:
• Inexpensive delivery of satellites to space at 50% to possibly 99% reduction in cost
depending on the satellite and orbit. This would allow for more companies and countries
to access space and benefit from that access.
• Recovery and repair of malfunctioning spacecraft’s. Telecommunications companies
could fix minor problems on large satellites instead of replacing the entire spacecraft.
• Large-scale commercial manufacturing in microgravity space. Higher quality materials
and crystals could be manufactured allowing for improvements in everything from
medicine to computer chips.
• Inexpensive global satellite systems. Global telephone and television systems would
become much easier and less expensive to set-up. Local calls could be to anyplace but
maybe Mars (at least initially).
• Sensitive global monitoring of the Earth and its environment with much larger and more
powerful satellites. Extensive observing systems could be implemented to truly
understand what we are doing to our environment.

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.3. SPACE ELEVATOR DEVELOPMENT
3.1. Major Elements are
3.1.1. Ribbon Tether-
A space elevator tether must be made of a material that can withstand both its
environment and operational stresses. A feasibility condition is identified which
establishes goals for the tether material. Materials currently being tested in the laboratory
have surpassed that level and promise a tether that can withstand the environmental and
operational stresses necessary
 Will be made of 22,000 mile long carbon nanotube strands because it is currently
the only option which has the proper strength and is light enough
 Will need to be wider at geosynchronous altitude where it will experience the
most stress and taper down as it approaches earth
 It is a light, flexible, ultra strong metal that robots can grip with their climbing
treads.
 It act as a guide rail for the climber
 It is a long ribbon of carbon nanotubes that would be wound into a spool that
would be launched into the orbit.
 When the spacecraft carrying the spool reaches a certain altitude, perhaps Low
Earth Orbit, it would begin unspooling, lowering the ribbon back to Earth.
 At the same time, the spool would continue moving to a higher altitude. When the
ribbon is lowered into Earth's atmosphere, it would be caught and then lowered
and anchored to a mobile platform in the ocean.
 The cable must be made of a material with a large tensile strength/density ratio

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
2 Carbon Nanotube Structure
3.1.2. The Anchor (End Station Infrastructure of base)-
Anchor station is a mobile, oceangoing platform identical to ones used in oil drilling
anchor is located in eastern equatorial pacific, weather and mobility are primary factors
a) The space anchor will consist of the spent launch vehicle

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b) The Earth anchor will consist of a mobile sea platform 1500 miles from the
Galapagos islands
c) Anchor station is a mobile, ocean-going platform identical to ones used in oil
drilling
d) Anchor is located in eastern equatorial pacific
e) Weather and mobility are primary factors
3. Anchor
3.1.3. Spacecraft and Climber-
 Climbers built with current satellite technology
 Drive system built with DC electric motors
 Photovoltaic array (GaAs or Si) receives power from Earth
 7-ton climbers carry 13-ton payloads
 Climbers ascend at 200 km/hr.
 8 day trip from Earth to geosynchronous altitude

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 It will be powered by lasers and solar power
 It is estimated that the climb will take about 5 days
Initial ~200 climbers used to build Nano-ribbon
4. Basic Diagrams Climber
 Later used as launch vehicles for payloads from 20,000- 1,000,000 kg, at
velocities up to 200km/hr.
 Climbers powered by electron laser & photovoltaic cells, with power
requirements of 1.4-120MW
 Climbers built with current satellite technology
 Drive system built with DC electric motors
 Photovoltaic array (GaAs or Si) receives power from Earth
 7-ton climbers carry 13-ton payloads
 Climbers ascend at 200 km/hr.
 8 day trip from Earth to geosynchronous altitude
 Initial 200 climbers used to build ribbon

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5. Space Craft and Climber
3.1.4. Power System-
 Power is sent to deployment spacecraft and climbers by laser
 Solid-state disk laser produces kWs of power and being developed for MWatts
Various methods proposed to get the energy to the climber are:
 Transfer the energy to the climber through wireless energy transfer while it is
climbing.
 Transfer the energy to the climber through some material structure
 Store the energy in the climber before it starts – requires an extremely
high specific energy such as nuclear energy.
 Solar power – power compared to the weight of panels limits the speed of climb.
Wireless energy system involves:
 The lifter will be powered by a free-electron laser system located on or near the
anchor station
 It requires physical installations at the transmitting and receiving points, and
nothing in between.

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6. Power System
3.1.5. Counter Weight (End Station Infrastructure of Apex Anchor)
• Captured asteroid, Space station above geostationary orbit Capture an asteroid
and bring into Earth orbit
• Mine the asteroid for carbon and extrude 10m diameter cable
• Asteroid becomes counterweight
7. Counter Weight

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4. CABLE DESIGN AND PRODUCTION
4.1.For cable design we use carbon nanotube (CNTs)
In 1991 the first carbon nanotubes were made .These structures
have promise of being the strongest material yet discovered. This strength combined
with the low density of the material makes it critically important when considering
the design of a space elevator. The tensile strength of carbon nanotubes has been
theorized and simulated to be 130 GPaB&D compared to steel at <5 GPa and Kevlar
at 3.6 GPa. The density of the carbon nanotubes (1300 kg/m3) is also lower than
either steel (7900 kg/m3) or Kevlar (1440 kg/m3). The critical importance of these
properties is seen in that the taper ratio of the cable is extremely dependent on the
strength to weight ratio of the material used. A taper in the cable is required to
provide the necessary support strength
4.1.1. What is a Carbon Nanotube?
Can be thought of as a sheet of graphite (a hexagonal lattice of
carbon) rolled into a cylinder.
4.1.2. Why Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)?
Young's modulus is over 1 Tera Pascal and Strength 100x that of
steel at 1/6 the weight (estimated tensile strength is 200 Giga Pascal) .There are some
properties of carbon nanotubes which proves that why carbon nanotube is used to build
Ribbon tether

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Properties of single wall nanotubes:-
1. Tensile strength is 45 billion Pascal
2. Resilience can be bend at large angle and re-straightened without damage
3. Temperature stability of carbon nanotube is stable upto 2800 degree in
vacuum,750 degrees in air
Properties of metal wire:-
1. Tensile strength is high strength steel alloys break at 2 billion
2. Resilience of metal wire and carbon fibers fracture at grain boundaries
3. Temperature stability of metal wire in microchips melt at 600 to 1000 degrees
Celsius

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5. HISTORY
1960: Artsutanov, a Russian scientist first suggests the concept in a journal
1966-1975: In 1966, Isaacs, Vine, Bradner and Bachus, reinvented the concept, naming it
a "Sky-Hook," and published their analysis in the journal Science calculating specifics of
what would be required
1979: Author Clarke, in Fountains of Paradise describes the concept
1999: NASA holds first workshop on space elevators after the discovery of carbon
nanotubes.
2001: Bradley Edwards receives NAIC funding for Phase I space elevator mock-up
2005: Lift Port Group announced that it will be building a carbon nanotube
manufacturing plant in Millville, New Jersey,
2011: Google was revealed to be working on plans for a space elevator at its
secretive Google X Lab.
2006: Lift Port Group announced that they had tested a mile of "space-elevator tether"
made of carbon-fiber composite strings and fiberglass tape measuring 5 cm (2 in) wide
and 1 mm (approx. 13 sheets of paper) thick, lifted with balloons
2012: Obayashi Corporation announced that by 2050 it could build a space elevator using
carbon nanotube technology
• It originated with the famous Russian scientist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (known
for pioneering rocketry ideas) who thought of a ”Celestial Castle” in
geosynchronous Earth orbit attached to a tower on the ground.
• Later a Leningrad engineer by the name of Yuri Artsutanov wrote some of the
first modern ideas about space elevators in 1960 in the Soviet newspaper Pravda.
But this paper was the offifical newspaper of the communist party and thus was of
course not read by anyone, so the idea did not gain wider recognition.

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• The popularization of the idea started, though, with the 1975 paper by Pearson,
who not only did the basic strength calculation but also considered several
complications and how it might be built [Pearson, Acta Astronautica 2 (1975)
785-799]. Inspired by this in 1978 Arthur C. Clarke popularized it to a wider
audience in his 1978 science fiction novel, “Fountains of Paradise”.
• If realized, it would allow for putting up a passenger with baggage to space for
something like 200 USD - so it really would revolutionize space travel
• During the 3rd annual Space Elevator Conference in Washington, D.C. George
Whiteside’s (Whiteside’s, 2004) stated:
• “Until you build an infrastructure, you are not serious.”
8. Space Station

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6. CHALLENGES
The major challenges faced for bringing this concept in reality are:-
Atmospheric issues
Lightening, clouds, winds. Historic data maps shows lightening occurs a land masses ,les
s on mountains and least along equator,
further experimental cables don't attract lightening ,winds aren't a factor since it is capabl
e of withstanding wind spend of 71m/hr
and hurricanes not a problem since they form and travel outside the equatorial region.
Impact or Collision
Big issues requiring more study .Debris is monitored using radar. Stud between Debris an
d meteors indicate space debris to be
more hazardous .It must be noted number of impacts on ribbon, not as important as degra
dation cost due to impact.
Health issues
Fiber health focuses on three things, dose, dimension and durability .The bigger ones can'
t be integrated and smaller ones appear to dissolve quickly
• Will require a strong material such as carbon nanotubes which we don’t currently
possess the ability to form into a long enough tether
• Will the public be convinced it is a good idea
• Continuation of tether technology development to gain experience in the
deployment and control of such long structures in space.
• The introduction of lightweight, composite structural materials to the general
construction industry for the development of taller towers and buildings
• The development of high-speed, electromagnetic [maglev] propulsion for mass-
Transportation systems, launch systems, launch assist systems and high-velocity
launch rails. These are, basically, higher speed versions of the trams now used at
airports to carry passengers between terminals.

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“The development of transportation, utility and facility infrastructures to support
9. Environmental Effect

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7. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
7.1. ADVANTAGES:-
1. Low operations costs -US$250/kg to LEO, GEO, Moon, Mars, Venus or the asteroid
belts
2. No payload envelope restrictions
3. No launch vibrations
4. Safe access to space -no explosive propellants or dangerous launch or re-entry forces
5.Easily expandable to large systems or multiple systems
6. Easily implemented at many solar system locations
7.2. DISADVANTAGES:-
1. The entire structure is massive.
2. High cost and require much time for construction.
3. Still there is challenge to build long nanotube because That the single tubes are
relatively short
4. Small mistake can be harmful to the human during developing space elevator
5. it will required man power and it should require more skill to work space orbit or
survive in space orbit

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8. FEATURE SCOPE:-
 Solar power satellites - economical, clean power for use on Earth
 Solar System Exploration - colonization and full development of the moon, Mars
and Earth orbit
 Telecommunications - enables extremely high performance systems
 As of 2004, carbon nanotubes are more expensive than gold. Future supply
increase will lower this price
 Technology to “spin” Van der Waal bonded Nano-yarn has begun.
 Edwards completed Phase II planning in 2004, with funding from NASA’s
institute for advanced concepts
 However, many properties of nanotubes still remain to be tested, frictional,
collisional, etc.
 Third Space Elevator Conference is held to discuss advances on the concept
 Fully operational elevator could be built within 15 years.
10. Solar Power satellite

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9. CONCLUSION
The space elevator is a revolutionary Earth-to-space transportation system that will
enable space exploration. Development of the space elevator requires an investment in
materials and engineering but is achievable in the near future with a reasonable
investment and development plan. The future of space travel. Would set us on the path
towards expanding our space exploration to places might never reach relying solely on
rockets. Philip Ragan, co-author of the book "Leaving the Planet by Space Elevator",
states that "The first country to deploy a space elevator will have a 95 percent cost
advantage and could potentially control all space activities." The space elevator has
tremendous potential for improving access to Earth orbit, space and the other planets.
This will help to build strong science which will increase technology growth in all
nations. Due to lack of viable material and lack of support space elevator is still in
working .Aim is to create space elevator as a “free” system

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REFERENCES
1. Artsutanov, Y. “Into the Cosmos by Electric Rocket”, Komsomolskaya Pravda,
31 July 1960. (The contents are described in English by Lvov in Science, 158,
946-947, 1967.)
2. Artsutanov, Y. “Into the Cosmos without Rockets”, Znanije-Sila 7, 25, 1969.
3. Pearson, J. “The Orbital Tower: A Spacecraft Launcher Using the Earth's
Rotational Energy”, Acta Astronautica 2, 785-799, 1975.
4. Edwards, B. C.; Westling, E. A. “The Space Elevator: A Revolutionary Earth-
to-Space Transportation System”, ISBN 0972604502, published by the authors,
January 2003s
5. Mason, L. S. “A Solar Dynamic Power Option for Space Solar Power”,
Technical Memorandum NASA/TM— 1999-209380 SAE 99–01–2601, 1999
6. Wyrsch, N. & 8 co-authors (2006) “Ultra-Light Amorphous Silicon Cell for
Space Applications," Presented at 4th World Conference and Exhibition on
Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion, March 2006, Waikoloa, Hawaii [