Presented by Brooke Scherer at the Annual Conference of the Visual Resources Association, April 18th - April 21st, 2012, in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Session: THE VISUAL CULTURE OF THE VISUALLY UNCULTURED
Marita Sturken, Associate Professor at the Annenberg School of Communication at the University of Southern California and Lisa Cartwright state the following in their book Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture: “Over the course of the last two centuries, Western culture has come to be dominated by visual rather than oral or textual media. Even the bastion of the printed word, the newspaper, has turned to images— and color images by the end of the twentieth century— to draw in its readers and add to the meaning of its stories. Images have never been merely illustrations, they carry important content.”
We all seem to agree that our culture has moved from oral in tradition to a visual one. Since the digital revolution that introduced the personal computer in the 1980's our interaction with images has increased dramatically. Music videos, video games, computer graphics, computer games, and now social media contribute to increase an emphasis in the visual in our culture. Let's not forget the smart phones, the tablets and the incessant need to be connected and see something. However, it seems that our immersion in a visual culture has left us less prepared to engage in a critical visual discourse. How do we engage in critical discourse of the visual messages we receive? How do we analyze and contextualize these messages? In this session we will define context, content, methods, and examples of how a visual culture indeed shape our beliefs and ideologies.
ORGANIZER: Alma Hoffmann, Indiana Purdue Fort Wayne University
MODERATOR: Erika Church, University of Utah
PRESENTERS:
• Alma Hoffmann, Indiana Purdue Fort Wayne University
• Brooke Scherer, University of Tampa
• Renee Meyer Ernst, St. Ambrose University
2. the PROBLEM {thinking locally, acting globally}
BROOKE SCHERER I THE UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA I BSCHERER@UT.EDU
3. the PROBLEM {thinking locally, acting globally}
BROOKE SCHERER I THE UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA I BSCHERER@UT.EDU
4. the PROBLEM {thinking locally, acting globally}
If this picture offends you, we
apologize. If it doesn’t, perhaps
we should explain. Because,
although this picture looks
innocent enough, to the Asian
market, it represents death.
InterTrend Communications, California
BROOKE SCHERER I THE UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA I BSCHERER@UT.EDU
5. the MATRIX {breaking down elements, forming foundations }
SYM
CLR
CB
IC
EC
DIM
SYM
WUA
MAS
SYM
FEM
HPD
COL
SUA
STO
LPD
LTO
IND
X
sym = symbol / clr = color / cb = consumer behavior / ic = image construction / ec = environmental context / dim = dimension / ind = individualistic / col = collectivistic / mas = masculine / fem = feminine /
lpd = low power distance / hpd = high power distance / wua = weak uncertainty avoidance / sua = strong uncertainty avoidance / sto = short-term orientation / lto = long-term orientation
BROOKE SCHERER I THE UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA I BSCHERER@UT.EDU
6. the MATRIX {breaking down elements, forming foundations }
SYM
CLR
CB
IC
EC
DIM
SYM
WUA
MAS
SYM
FEM
HPD
COL
SUA
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LPD
LTO
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sym = symbol / clr = color / cb = consumer behavior / ic = image construction / ec = environmental context / dim = dimension / ind = individualistic / col = collectivistic / mas = masculine / fem = feminine /
lpd = low power distance / hpd = high power distance / wua = weak uncertainty avoidance / sua = strong uncertainty avoidance / sto = short-term orientation / lto = long-term orientation
BROOKE SCHERER I THE UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA I BSCHERER@UT.EDU
7. the MATRIX {breaking down elements, forming foundations }
SYM
CLR
CB
IC
EC
DIM
SYM
WUA
MAS
SYM
FEM
HPD
COL
SUA
STO
LPD
LTO
IND
X
sym = symbol / clr = color / cb = consumer behavior / ic = image construction / ec = environmental context / dim = dimension / ind = individualistic / col = collectivistic / mas = masculine / fem = feminine /
lpd = low power distance / hpd = high power distance / wua = weak uncertainty avoidance / sua = strong uncertainty avoidance / sto = short-term orientation / lto = long-term orientation
BROOKE SCHERER I THE UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA I BSCHERER@UT.EDU
8. the MATRIX {breaking down elements, forming foundations }
SYM
CLR
CB
IC
EC
DIM
SYM
WUA
MAS
SYM
FEM
HPD
COL
SUA
STO
LPD
LTO
IND
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sym = symbol / clr = color / cb = consumer behavior / ic = image construction / ec = environmental context / dim = dimension / ind = individualistic / col = collectivistic / mas = masculine / fem = feminine /
lpd = low power distance / hpd = high power distance / wua = weak uncertainty avoidance / sua = strong uncertainty avoidance / sto = short-term orientation / lto = long-term orientation
BROOKE SCHERER I THE UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA I BSCHERER@UT.EDU
9. the MATRIX {breaking down elements, forming foundations }
SYM
CLR
CB
IC
EC
DIM
SYM
WUA
MAS
SYM
FEM
HPD
COL
SUA
STO
LPD
LTO
IND
X
sym = symbol / clr = color / cb = consumer behavior / ic = image construction / ec = environmental context / dim = dimension / ind = individualistic / col = collectivistic / mas = masculine / fem = feminine /
lpd = low power distance / hpd = high power distance / wua = weak uncertainty avoidance / sua = strong uncertainty avoidance / sto = short-term orientation / lto = long-term orientation
BROOKE SCHERER I THE UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA I BSCHERER@UT.EDU
10. the MATRIX {breaking down elements, forming foundations }
SYM
CLR
CB
IC
EC
DIM
SYM
WUA
MAS
SYM
FEM
HPD
COL
SUA
STO
LPD
LTO
IND
X
sym = symbol / clr = color / cb = consumer behavior / ic = image construction / ec = environmental context / dim = dimension / ind = individualistic / col = collectivistic / mas = masculine / fem = feminine /
lpd = low power distance / hpd = high power distance / wua = weak uncertainty avoidance / sua = strong uncertainty avoidance / sto = short-term orientation / lto = long-term orientation
BROOKE SCHERER I THE UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA I BSCHERER@UT.EDU
11. the MATRIX {breaking down elements, forming foundations }
SYM
CLR
CB
IC
EC
DIM
SYM
WUA
MAS
SYM
FEM
HPD
COL
SUA
STO
LPD
LTO
IND
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sym = symbol / clr = color / cb = consumer behavior / ic = image construction / ec = environmental context / dim = dimension / ind = individualistic / col = collectivistic / mas = masculine / fem = feminine /
lpd = low power distance / hpd = high power distance / wua = weak uncertainty avoidance / sua = strong uncertainty avoidance / sto = short-term orientation / lto = long-term orientation
BROOKE SCHERER I THE UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA I BSCHERER@UT.EDU
12. the MATRIX {breaking down elements, forming foundations }
SYM
CLR
CB
IC
EC
DIM
SYM
WUA
MAS
SYM
FEM
HPD
COL
SUA
STO
LPD
LTO
IND
X
sym = symbol / clr = color / cb = consumer behavior / ic = image construction / ec = environmental context / dim = dimension / ind = individualistic / col = collectivistic / mas = masculine / fem = feminine /
lpd = low power distance / hpd = high power distance / wua = weak uncertainty avoidance / sua = strong uncertainty avoidance / sto = short-term orientation / lto = long-term orientation
BROOKE SCHERER I THE UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA I BSCHERER@UT.EDU
13. the MATRIX {breaking down elements, forming foundations }
SYM
CLR
CB
IC
EC
DIM
SYM
WUA
MAS
SYM
FEM
HPD
COL
SUA
STO
LPD
LTO
IND
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sym = symbol / clr = color / cb = consumer behavior / ic = image construction / ec = environmental context / dim = dimension / ind = individualistic / col = collectivistic / mas = masculine / fem = feminine /
lpd = low power distance / hpd = high power distance / wua = weak uncertainty avoidance / sua = strong uncertainty avoidance / sto = short-term orientation / lto = long-term orientation
BROOKE SCHERER I THE UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA I BSCHERER@UT.EDU
14. the MATRIX {breaking down elements, forming foundations }
SYM
CLR
CB
IC
EC
DIM
SYM
WUA
MAS
SYM
FEM
HPD
COL
SUA
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LPD
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sym = symbol / clr = color / cb = consumer behavior / ic = image construction / ec = environmental context / dim = dimension / ind = individualistic / col = collectivistic / mas = masculine / fem = feminine /
lpd = low power distance / hpd = high power distance / wua = weak uncertainty avoidance / sua = strong uncertainty avoidance / sto = short-term orientation / lto = long-term orientation
BROOKE SCHERER I THE UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA I BSCHERER@UT.EDU
15. the MATRIX {breaking down elements, forming foundations }
SYM
CLR
CB
IC
EC
DIM
SYM
WUA
MAS
SYM
FEM
HPD
COL
SUA
STO
LPD
LTO
IND
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sym = symbol / clr = color / cb = consumer behavior / ic = image construction / ec = environmental context / dim = dimension / ind = individualistic / col = collectivistic / mas = masculine / fem = feminine /
lpd = low power distance / hpd = high power distance / wua = weak uncertainty avoidance / sua = strong uncertainty avoidance / sto = short-term orientation / lto = long-term orientation
BROOKE SCHERER I THE UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA I BSCHERER@UT.EDU
16. the PRACTICE {the matrix in use}
Audience: United States
Client: Verizon Wireless
Image Attributes:
• Individualistic
• Masculine
• Short-Term Orientation
AdAsia, New York/Los Angeles
BROOKE SCHERER I THE UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA I BSCHERER@UT.EDU
17. the PRACTICE {the matrix in use}
SYM
CLR
CB
IC
EC
DIM
SYM
WUA
MAS
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FEM
HPD
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SUA
STO
LPD
LTO
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sym = symbol / clr = color / cb = consumer behavior / ic = image construction / ec = environmental context / dim = dimension / ind = individualistic / col = collectivistic / mas = masculine / fem = feminine /
lpd = low power distance / hpd = high power distance / wua = weak uncertainty avoidance / sua = strong uncertainty avoidance / sto = short-term orientation / lto = long-term orientation
BROOKE SCHERER I THE UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA I BSCHERER@UT.EDU
18. the PRACTICE {the matrix in use}
SYM
CLR
CB
IC
EC
DIM
SYM
WUA
MAS
SYM
FEM
HPD
COL
SUA
STO
LPD
LTO
IND
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sym = symbol / clr = color / cb = consumer behavior / ic = image construction / ec = environmental context / dim = dimension / ind = individualistic / col = collectivistic / mas = masculine / fem = feminine /
lpd = low power distance / hpd = high power distance / wua = weak uncertainty avoidance / sua = strong uncertainty avoidance / sto = short-term orientation / lto = long-term orientation
BROOKE SCHERER I THE UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA I BSCHERER@UT.EDU
19. the PRACTICE {the matrix in use}
SYM
CLR
CB
IC
EC
DIM
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WUA
MAS
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FEM
HPD
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LPD
LTO
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sym = symbol / clr = color / cb = consumer behavior / ic = image construction / ec = environmental context / dim = dimension / ind = individualistic / col = collectivistic / mas = masculine / fem = feminine /
lpd = low power distance / hpd = high power distance / wua = weak uncertainty avoidance / sua = strong uncertainty avoidance / sto = short-term orientation / lto = long-term orientation
BROOKE SCHERER I THE UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA I BSCHERER@UT.EDU
20. the PRACTICE {the matrix in use}
SYM
CLR
CB
IC
EC
DIM
SYM
WUA
MAS
SYM
FEM
HPD
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STO
LPD
LTO
IND
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sym = symbol / clr = color / cb = consumer behavior / ic = image construction / ec = environmental context / dim = dimension / ind = individualistic / col = collectivistic / mas = masculine / fem = feminine /
lpd = low power distance / hpd = high power distance / wua = weak uncertainty avoidance / sua = strong uncertainty avoidance / sto = short-term orientation / lto = long-term orientation
BROOKE SCHERER I THE UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA I BSCHERER@UT.EDU
21. the PRACTICE {the matrix in use}
SYM
CLR
CB
IC
EC
DIM
SYM
WUA
MAS
SYM
FEM
HPD
COL
SUA
STO
LPD
LTO
IND
X
sym = symbol / clr = color / cb = consumer behavior / ic = image construction / ec = environmental context / dim = dimension / ind = individualistic / col = collectivistic / mas = masculine / fem = feminine /
lpd = low power distance / hpd = high power distance / wua = weak uncertainty avoidance / sua = strong uncertainty avoidance / sto = short-term orientation / lto = long-term orientation
BROOKE SCHERER I THE UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA I BSCHERER@UT.EDU
22. the PRACTICE {the matrix in use}
Audience: China
Client: Verizon Wireless
Image Attributes:
• Collectivistic
• Masculine
• Long-Term Orientation
BROOKE SCHERER I THE UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA I BSCHERER@UT.EDU
23. the PRACTICE {the matrix in use}
SYM
CLR
CB
IC
EC
DIM
SYM
WUA
MAS
SYM
FEM
HPD
COL
SUA
STO
LPD
LTO
IND
X
sym = symbol / clr = color / cb = consumer behavior / ic = image construction / ec = environmental context / dim = dimension / ind = individualistic / col = collectivistic / mas = masculine / fem = feminine /
lpd = low power distance / hpd = high power distance / wua = weak uncertainty avoidance / sua = strong uncertainty avoidance / sto = short-term orientation / lto = long-term orientation
BROOKE SCHERER I THE UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA I BSCHERER@UT.EDU
24. the PRACTICE {the matrix in use}
SYM
CLR
CB
IC
EC
DIM
SYM
WUA
MAS
SYM
FEM
HPD
COL
SUA
STO
LPD
LTO
IND
X
sym = symbol / clr = color / cb = consumer behavior / ic = image construction / ec = environmental context / dim = dimension / ind = individualistic / col = collectivistic / mas = masculine / fem = feminine /
lpd = low power distance / hpd = high power distance / wua = weak uncertainty avoidance / sua = strong uncertainty avoidance / sto = short-term orientation / lto = long-term orientation
BROOKE SCHERER I THE UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA I BSCHERER@UT.EDU
25. the PRACTICE {the matrix in use}
SYM
CLR
CB
IC
EC
DIM
SYM
WUA
MAS
SYM
FEM
HPD
COL
SUA
STO
LPD
LTO
IND
X
sym = symbol / clr = color / cb = consumer behavior / ic = image construction / ec = environmental context / dim = dimension / ind = individualistic / col = collectivistic / mas = masculine / fem = feminine /
lpd = low power distance / hpd = high power distance / wua = weak uncertainty avoidance / sua = strong uncertainty avoidance / sto = short-term orientation / lto = long-term orientation
BROOKE SCHERER I THE UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA I BSCHERER@UT.EDU
26. the PRACTICE {the matrix in use}
SYM
CLR
CB
IC
EC
DIM
SYM
WUA
MAS
SYM
FEM
HPD
COL
SUA
STO
LPD
LTO
IND
X
sym = symbol / clr = color / cb = consumer behavior / ic = image construction / ec = environmental context / dim = dimension / ind = individualistic / col = collectivistic / mas = masculine / fem = feminine /
lpd = low power distance / hpd = high power distance / wua = weak uncertainty avoidance / sua = strong uncertainty avoidance / sto = short-term orientation / lto = long-term orientation
BROOKE SCHERER I THE UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA I BSCHERER@UT.EDU
27. the PRACTICE {the matrix in use}
SYM
CLR
CB
IC
EC
DIM
SYM
WUA
MAS
SYM
FEM
HPD
COL
SUA
STO
LPD
LTO
IND
X
SYM
CLR
CB
IC
EC
DIM
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WUA
MAS
SYM
FEM
HPD
COL
SUA
STO
LPD
LTO
IND
X
BROOKE SCHERER I THE UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA I BSCHERER@UT.EDU
28. the PROJECT {opening minds, broadening horizons }
• Draw for assigned country
• Research: color, imagery, context, symbology, form
• Break apart preexisting visual messaging
• Create three posters that visually define assigned culture
• Present final information and matrices to class
BROOKE SCHERER I THE UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA I BSCHERER@UT.EDU
29. stepONE {research}
Cultural Integration | S. Cwalina and M. Lizarraga INITIAL RESEARCH
INITIAL RESEARCH
Cultural Integration | S. Cwalina and M. Lizarraga Cultural Integration | S. Cwalina and M. Lizarraga INITIAL RESEARCH
INITIAL RESEARCH
Cultural Integration | S. Cwalina and M. Lizarraga
Where the sun is full, colors tend to be rich, deep and vivid. Today, colors are more centered on cultural conventions. Bright
Mexico
Mexico’s color traditions certainly reflect its environment: the reds and yellows signal a fiesta, while red and white have more
deep blue sky, the yellow sun, the warm colors of the sand and somber, religious connotations, symbolic of the passion of
dirt, the greens of vegetation. Christ and purity. White alone is somewhat magical, imbued
The Aztecs had very definite meanings for color: Green stood with the power to fight black magic and prevent illness. Green
In China, purple is worn by
for royalty, blue was for sacrifice, and yellow was for food. has come to stand for national independence. educated figures.
literary and
Orange represents love.
Mexico’s color palette is a mix of
historical associations and the en- Among the Aztecs, white meant Black was a sacred color for the Incas; Red is thought by some to have pro- In Mexico, red and
death. Today, white is considered to it was the color used for sacrifices. tective capabilities. If a person white have religious
vironment’s deeply toned offerings. be pure and have the ability to cure The Zapotec Indians did not differenti- passed a house where someone significance, some-
sickness and fight black magic. White ate between black and purple. was very ill or had died, he or she times representing
also has religious connotations. would cover his nose and mouth the Sacred Heart of
with a red handkerchief. Red also the Catholic church.
stands for unity.
The colors of the Mexican flag
are long-lived. First used in
1821, the colors are all symbolic:
Green represents independence
or hope; white stands for purity In some areas, yellow is the color of Dark blue is a common color for The Mayans associate green with
and unity; and red stands for the mourning. Yellow marigolds are mourning clothes. For the Aztec, blue luck. The Aztecs regarded green as
blood of patriots and other grown only in cemeteries. The Aztecs represented sacrifice. royal. Today, green as a national
heroes. The colors also mirror used yellow to represent food. color, stands for independence.
those found in different areas of
the Mexican landscape.
Photos courtesy of PhotoDisc, Inc.
The flag’s centerpiece, the national emblem of Mexico, is drawn from
the symbol of the Aztec capital, which translates to “cactus rock.”
Purple is the color of death and
funerals in Mexico.
25
24
6 | Process Material Process Material | 7 16 | Process Material Process Material | 17
Cultural Integration | S. Cwalina and M. Lizarraga INITIAL RESEARCH
INITIAL RESEARCH
Cultural Integration | S. Cwalina and M. Lizarraga Cultural Integration | S. Cwalina and M. Lizarraga INITIAL RESEARCH
INITIAL RESEARCH
Cultural Integration | S. Cwalina and M. Lizarraga
Gonzalo García Barcka & José Luis Acosta Mexinbat Tiypo by various designers
Aztlán by Gabriel Martínez Meave Lagarto by Gabriel Martínez Meave
Proteo by Leonardo Vázquez Pólvora by Quique Ollervides
El Chamuco by José Luiz Cóyotl Mixcóatl Lucheta Payol by Quique Ollervides
Darka by Gabriel Martínez Meave Galia by Nadia Méndez Garcia
Arcana by Gabriel Martínez Meave Espinosa by Cristóbal Henestrosa
4 | Process Material Process Material | 5 30 |
Process Material Process Material | 31
BROOKE SCHERER I THE UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA I BSCHERER@UT.EDU
30. stepONE {research}
Cultural Integration | S. Cwalina and M. Lizarraga INITIAL RESEARCH
INITIAL RESEARCH
Cultural Integration | S. Cwalina and M. Lizarraga Cultural Integration | S. Cwalina and M. Lizarraga INITIAL RESEARCH
INITIAL RESEARCH
Cultural Integration | S. Cwalina and M. Lizarraga
Where the sun is full, colors tend to be rich, deep and vivid. Today, colors are more centered on cultural conventions. Bright
Mexico
Mexico’s color traditions certainly reflect its environment: the reds and yellows signal a fiesta, while red and white have more
deep blue sky, the yellow sun, the warm colors of the sand and somber, religious connotations, symbolic of the passion of
dirt, the greens of vegetation. Christ and purity. White alone is somewhat magical, imbued
The Aztecs had very definite meanings for color: Green stood with the power to fight black magic and prevent illness. Green
In China, purple is worn by
for royalty, blue was for sacrifice, and yellow was for food. has come to stand for national independence. educated figures.
literary and
Orange represents love.
Mexico’s color palette is a mix of
historical associations and the en- Among the Aztecs, white meant Black was a sacred color for the Incas; Red is thought by some to have pro- In Mexico, red and
death. Today, white is considered to it was the color used for sacrifices. tective capabilities. If a person white have religious
vironment’s deeply toned offerings. be pure and have the ability to cure The Zapotec Indians did not differenti- passed a house where someone significance, some-
sickness and fight black magic. White ate between black and purple. was very ill or had died, he or she times representing
also has religious connotations. would cover his nose and mouth the Sacred Heart of
with a red handkerchief. Red also the Catholic church.
stands for unity.
The colors of the Mexican flag
are long-lived. First used in
1821, the colors are all symbolic:
Green represents independence
or hope; white stands for purity In some areas, yellow is the color of Dark blue is a common color for The Mayans associate green with
and unity; and red stands for the mourning. Yellow marigolds are mourning clothes. For the Aztec, blue luck. The Aztecs regarded green as
blood of patriots and other grown only in cemeteries. The Aztecs represented sacrifice. royal. Today, green as a national
heroes. The colors also mirror used yellow to represent food. color, stands for independence.
those found in different areas of
the Mexican landscape.
Photos courtesy of PhotoDisc, Inc.
The flag’s centerpiece, the national emblem of Mexico, is drawn from
the symbol of the Aztec capital, which translates to “cactus rock.”
Purple is the color of death and
funerals in Mexico.
25
24
6 | Process Material Process Material | 7 16 | Process Material Process Material | 17
Cultural Integration | S. Cwalina and M. Lizarraga INITIAL RESEARCH
INITIAL RESEARCH
Cultural Integration | S. Cwalina and M. Lizarraga Cultural Integration | S. Cwalina and M. Lizarraga INITIAL RESEARCH
INITIAL RESEARCH
Cultural Integration | S. Cwalina and M. Lizarraga
Gonzalo García Barcka & José Luis Acosta Mexinbat Tiypo by various designers
Aztlán by Gabriel Martínez Meave Lagarto by Gabriel Martínez Meave
Proteo by Leonardo Vázquez Pólvora by Quique Ollervides
El Chamuco by José Luiz Cóyotl Mixcóatl Lucheta Payol by Quique Ollervides
Darka by Gabriel Martínez Meave Galia by Nadia Méndez Garcia
Arcana by Gabriel Martínez Meave Espinosa by Cristóbal Henestrosa
4 | Process Material Process Material | 5 30 |
Process Material Process Material | 31
BROOKE SCHERER I THE UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA I BSCHERER@UT.EDU