SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 17
Theory of
Cognitive
Development
Jean Piaget (1896-1980) : History
• Born: August 9, 1896, Switzerland
• Died: September 16,1980 (Age
84)
• Education: Received Ph.D.
from University of Neuchatel
in 1918.
• Wife: Married to Valentine
Chatenay in 1923
• Children: 3 children namely
Jacqueline, Lucienne and Laurent
whose intellectual development
from infancy to language was
studied by Piaget.
What is Cognition?
• The term cognition is
derived from the latin word
"cognoscere" which means
"to know" or "to recognise"
or "to conceptualise".
• Cognition is "the mental
action or process of
acquiring knowledge and
understanding through
thought, experience,
and the senses."
What is Cognitive Development?
• Cognitive Development is the emergence of the ability to think
and understand.
• The acquisition of the ability to think, reason and problem solve.
• It is the process by which people's thinking changes across the
life span.
• Piaget studied Cognitive Development by observing children in
particular, to examine how their thought processes changed with
age.
• It is the growing apprehension and adaptation to the physical and
social environment.
Key Concepts :
• Schema : Schema is an internal representation of the
world. It helps an individual understand the world they
inhabit. They are cognitive structures that represent a
certain aspect of the world, and can be seen as
categories which have certain pre-conceived ideas in
them.
• For example, my schema for Christmas includes:
Christmas trees, presents, giving money, green, red,
gold, winter, Santa Claus etc. Someone else may have
an entirely different schema, such as Jesus, birth,
Church, holiday, Christianity etc
• Assimilation :It is using
an existing schema to deal
with a new object or
situation.Here, the learner
fits the new idea into what
he already knows.In
Assimilation, the schema
is not changed, it is only
modified.
• Example : A 2year old
child sees a man who is
bald on top of his head
and has long frizzy hair
on the sides. To his
father’s horror, the
toddler shouts “Clown,
clown”
• Accommodation : This happens when the existing
schema (knowledge) does not work and needs to be
changed to deal with a new object or situation.In
Accommodation, the schema is altered; a new schema
may be developed.
• Example : In the “clown” incident, the boy’s father
explained to his son that the man was not a clown
and that even though his hair was like a clown’s, he
wasn’t wearing a funny costume and wasn’t doing
silly things to make people laugh.
• With this new knowledge, the boy was able to
change his schema of “clown” and make this idea fit
better to a standard concept of “clown”.
• Equilibration : Piaget believed that cognitive
development did not progress at a steady rate, but rather
in leaps and bounds. Equilibrium occurs when a child's
schemas can deal with most new information through
assimilation. As a child progresses through the stages of
cognitive development, it is important to maintain a
balance between applying previous knowledge
(Assimilation) and changing behavior to account for
new knowledge (Accommodation). Equilibrium helps
explain how children are able to move from one stage
of thought to the next.
The Sensorimotor
Stage (Birth to 2 yrs)
- Infancy
• Infants construct an understanding of the world by
coordinating sensory experiences (seeing, hearing) with
motor actions (reaching, touching).
• Develop Object Permanence (memory) - Realize that
objects exist even if they are out of sight.
• Infants progress from reflexive, instinctual actions at birth to
the beginning of problem solving (intellectual) and symbolic
abilities (language) toward the end of this stage.
Preoperational Stage
(2-7 yrs)
-Toddler and Early Childhood
• This stage begins when the child starts to use symbols and language.
This is a period of developing language and concepts. So, the child is
capable of more complex mental representations (i.e, words and images).
He is still unable to use 'operations', i.e,logical mental rules, such as rules
of arithmetic. This stage is further divided into 2 sub-stages :
• Preconceptual stage (2-4 yrs) : Increased use of verbal representation
but speech is egocentric. The child uses symbols to stand for actions; a
toy doll stands for a real baby or the child role plays mummy or daddy.
• Intuitive stage (4-7 yrs) : Speech becomes more social, less egocentric.
Here the child base their knowledge on what they feel or sense to be
true, yet they cannot explain the underlying principles behind what they
feel or sense.
The following are the key features of this stage :
• Egocentrism: The child's thoughts and
communications are typically egocentric (i.e,
about themselves or their own point of view). Eg.:
"if i can't see you, you also can't see me". It is the
inability to see the world from anyone else's eyes.
It is well explained by Piaget as Three Mountain
Task.
• Animism: Treating inanimate objects as living
ones. Eg.: children dressing and feeding their
dolls as if they are alive.
• Concentration: The process of concentrating on
one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring
other aspects. It is noticed in Conservation.
Conservation on the other hand is the knowledge
that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and
physical appearance of objects. Children at this
stage are unaware of conservation.
Concrete Operational Stage
(7-12 yrs)
-Childhood and Early Adolescence
The concrete operational stage is characterized by the appropriate
use of logic. Important processes during this stage are :
• Seriation: The ability to sort objects in an order according to size, shape or
any other characterstic. Eg.: if given different-sized objects, they may place
them accordingly.
• Transitivity: The ability to recognize logical relationships among elements
in a serial order. Eg.: if A is taller than B and B is taller than C, then A
must be taller than C.
• Classification: The ability to group objects together on the basis of
common features. The child also begins to get the idea that one set can
include another. Eg.: there is a class of objects called dogs. There is also a
class called animals. But all dogs are also animals, so the class of animals
includes that of dogs.
• Decentring: The ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into
account. Eg.: the child will no longer perceive an exceptionally-
wide but short cup to contain less than a normally-wide, taller cup.
• Reversibility: The child understands that numbers or objects can
be changed, then returned to their original state. Eg.: the child will
rapidly determine that if 4+4=8 then 8-4=4, the original quantity.
• Conservation: Understanding that the quantity, length or number
of items is unrelated to the arrangement or appearance of the
object or item.
• Elimination of Egocentrism: The ability to view things from
another's perspective.
• The child performs operations: combining, separating,
multiplying, repeating, dividing etc
Formal Operational Stage
(12 yrs & above)
-Adolescence and Adulthood
• The thought becomes increasingly flexible and abstract, i.e, can carry out
systematic experiments.
• The ability to systematically solve a problem in a logical and
methodological way.
• Understands that nothing is absolute; everything is relative.
• Develops skills such as logical thought, deductive reasoning as well as
inductive reasoning and sytematic planning etc.
• Understands that the rules of any game or social system are developed by
a man by mutual agreement and hence could be changed or modified.
• The child's way of thinking is at its most advanced, although the
knowledge it has to work with, will change.
Contribution to Education
• Piaget's theory helped educators, parents and investigators
to comprehend the capacity of children in their different
stages.
• He made us conscious with the way children and adults
think.
• A lot of school programs have been redesigned taking as
base Piaget's discoveries.
• Piaget made a revolution with the developmental
psychology concentrating all his attention to the mental
process and his role with behavior.
Unit-2 Theory of Cognitive Development.pptx

More Related Content

What's hot

theories and Definitions of Intelligence
theories and Definitions of Intelligencetheories and Definitions of Intelligence
theories and Definitions of Intelligence
Clowie Lim
 

What's hot (20)

Jean piaget (1896 1980)
Jean piaget (1896 1980) Jean piaget (1896 1980)
Jean piaget (1896 1980)
 
Cognitive development Piaget
 Cognitive development   Piaget Cognitive development   Piaget
Cognitive development Piaget
 
Piaget's theory of cognitive development
Piaget's theory of cognitive developmentPiaget's theory of cognitive development
Piaget's theory of cognitive development
 
Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentErik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
 
Jean Piaget’s Theory
Jean Piaget’s TheoryJean Piaget’s Theory
Jean Piaget’s Theory
 
Stages of development: Infancy
Stages of development: InfancyStages of development: Infancy
Stages of development: Infancy
 
early childhood
early childhoodearly childhood
early childhood
 
Piaget
PiagetPiaget
Piaget
 
Principles of growth and development
Principles of growth and developmentPrinciples of growth and development
Principles of growth and development
 
Jean Piaget cognitive theory
Jean Piaget cognitive theoryJean Piaget cognitive theory
Jean Piaget cognitive theory
 
child development
child developmentchild development
child development
 
Cognitive development presentation
Cognitive development presentationCognitive development presentation
Cognitive development presentation
 
Cognitive development
Cognitive developmentCognitive development
Cognitive development
 
theories and Definitions of Intelligence
theories and Definitions of Intelligencetheories and Definitions of Intelligence
theories and Definitions of Intelligence
 
Child development theories
Child development theoriesChild development theories
Child development theories
 
Cognitive developmental theory Jean Piaget
Cognitive developmental theory Jean PiagetCognitive developmental theory Jean Piaget
Cognitive developmental theory Jean Piaget
 
Emotional development
Emotional developmentEmotional development
Emotional development
 
Neonatal phase and infancy
Neonatal phase and infancyNeonatal phase and infancy
Neonatal phase and infancy
 
Physical development in infancy period
Physical development in  infancy periodPhysical development in  infancy period
Physical development in infancy period
 
Piaget
PiagetPiaget
Piaget
 

Similar to Unit-2 Theory of Cognitive Development.pptx

jeanpiaget-170421070206.pdf
jeanpiaget-170421070206.pdfjeanpiaget-170421070206.pdf
jeanpiaget-170421070206.pdf
hijj4
 
jeanpiaget Theory of Cognitive Development.pptx
jeanpiaget  Theory of  Cognitive  Development.pptxjeanpiaget  Theory of  Cognitive  Development.pptx
jeanpiaget Theory of Cognitive Development.pptx
sadiajabeen12
 
jeanpiagettheoryofcognitivedevelopment.pptx
jeanpiagettheoryofcognitivedevelopment.pptxjeanpiagettheoryofcognitivedevelopment.pptx
jeanpiagettheoryofcognitivedevelopment.pptx
sarahfauzna
 
PIAGET COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
PIAGET COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT PIAGET COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
PIAGET COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
dinamuslim
 

Similar to Unit-2 Theory of Cognitive Development.pptx (20)

Piaget Theory
Piaget TheoryPiaget Theory
Piaget Theory
 
jeanpiaget-170421070206.pdf
jeanpiaget-170421070206.pdfjeanpiaget-170421070206.pdf
jeanpiaget-170421070206.pdf
 
Jean Piaget: Theory of Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget: Theory of Cognitive DevelopmentJean Piaget: Theory of Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget: Theory of Cognitive Development
 
jeanpiaget Theory of Cognitive Development.pptx
jeanpiaget  Theory of  Cognitive  Development.pptxjeanpiaget  Theory of  Cognitive  Development.pptx
jeanpiaget Theory of Cognitive Development.pptx
 
Cognitive DEvelopment Jean Piaget.pptx
Cognitive DEvelopment Jean Piaget.pptxCognitive DEvelopment Jean Piaget.pptx
Cognitive DEvelopment Jean Piaget.pptx
 
Cognitive Development jeanpiaget.pptx
Cognitive Development jeanpiaget.pptxCognitive Development jeanpiaget.pptx
Cognitive Development jeanpiaget.pptx
 
EDUC-1-MIDTERM-PROJECT.pptx
EDUC-1-MIDTERM-PROJECT.pptxEDUC-1-MIDTERM-PROJECT.pptx
EDUC-1-MIDTERM-PROJECT.pptx
 
Piagets's theory of Cognitive development.pptx
Piagets's theory of Cognitive development.pptxPiagets's theory of Cognitive development.pptx
Piagets's theory of Cognitive development.pptx
 
jeanpiagettheoryofcognitivedevelopment.pptx
jeanpiagettheoryofcognitivedevelopment.pptxjeanpiagettheoryofcognitivedevelopment.pptx
jeanpiagettheoryofcognitivedevelopment.pptx
 
Piaget cognitive development theory
Piaget cognitive development theoryPiaget cognitive development theory
Piaget cognitive development theory
 
Piaget contribution.pptx Piaget's cognitive development stages
Piaget contribution.pptx  Piaget's cognitive development stagesPiaget contribution.pptx  Piaget's cognitive development stages
Piaget contribution.pptx Piaget's cognitive development stages
 
Group 3
Group 3Group 3
Group 3
 
Cognitive Development power point presentation
Cognitive Development power point presentationCognitive Development power point presentation
Cognitive Development power point presentation
 
Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
 
Piaget cognitive development theory
Piaget cognitive development theoryPiaget cognitive development theory
Piaget cognitive development theory
 
Jean piaget (1896 1980) by dr sudhir
Jean piaget (1896 1980) by dr sudhirJean piaget (1896 1980) by dr sudhir
Jean piaget (1896 1980) by dr sudhir
 
Cognitive Developemnt.pptx
Cognitive Developemnt.pptxCognitive Developemnt.pptx
Cognitive Developemnt.pptx
 
Jean Peaget.pptx
Jean Peaget.pptxJean Peaget.pptx
Jean Peaget.pptx
 
PIAGET COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
PIAGET COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT PIAGET COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
PIAGET COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
 
Piaget's cognitive development stages and maslow's hierarchy of needs
Piaget's cognitive development stages and maslow's hierarchy of needsPiaget's cognitive development stages and maslow's hierarchy of needs
Piaget's cognitive development stages and maslow's hierarchy of needs
 

More from Vipin Chandran

More from Vipin Chandran (20)

Unit- IX Excretory System.pptx
Unit- IX Excretory System.pptxUnit- IX Excretory System.pptx
Unit- IX Excretory System.pptx
 
Respiratory system (Structure).pptx
Respiratory system (Structure).pptxRespiratory system (Structure).pptx
Respiratory system (Structure).pptx
 
Lymphatic System.pptx
Lymphatic System.pptxLymphatic System.pptx
Lymphatic System.pptx
 
Heart (Its Structure & Function).pptx
Heart (Its Structure & Function).pptxHeart (Its Structure & Function).pptx
Heart (Its Structure & Function).pptx
 
Circulatory system( Blood; Structure, Composition).pptx
Circulatory system( Blood; Structure, Composition).pptxCirculatory system( Blood; Structure, Composition).pptx
Circulatory system( Blood; Structure, Composition).pptx
 
Cardiac Cycle.pptx
Cardiac Cycle.pptxCardiac Cycle.pptx
Cardiac Cycle.pptx
 
Blood vessels.pptx
Blood vessels.pptxBlood vessels.pptx
Blood vessels.pptx
 
Hemoglobin (Structure, Synthesis & Breakdown).pptx
Hemoglobin (Structure, Synthesis & Breakdown).pptxHemoglobin (Structure, Synthesis & Breakdown).pptx
Hemoglobin (Structure, Synthesis & Breakdown).pptx
 
Blood groups.pptx
Blood groups.pptxBlood groups.pptx
Blood groups.pptx
 
Blood Clotting.pptx
Blood Clotting.pptxBlood Clotting.pptx
Blood Clotting.pptx
 
Unit-2 Psychosocial Development.pptx
Unit-2 Psychosocial Development.pptxUnit-2 Psychosocial Development.pptx
Unit-2 Psychosocial Development.pptx
 
Unit-2 Psychoanalytical theory.pptx
Unit-2 Psychoanalytical theory.pptxUnit-2 Psychoanalytical theory.pptx
Unit-2 Psychoanalytical theory.pptx
 
Unit-2 Defense Mechanism.pptx
Unit-2 Defense Mechanism.pptxUnit-2 Defense Mechanism.pptx
Unit-2 Defense Mechanism.pptx
 
Unit-1 Nature & Scope of MHN.pptx
Unit-1 Nature & Scope of MHN.pptxUnit-1 Nature & Scope of MHN.pptx
Unit-1 Nature & Scope of MHN.pptx
 
Unit-1 Mental Health Team.pptx
Unit-1 Mental Health Team.pptxUnit-1 Mental Health Team.pptx
Unit-1 Mental Health Team.pptx
 
Unit-2 Psychiatric terminology.pptx
Unit-2 Psychiatric terminology.pptxUnit-2 Psychiatric terminology.pptx
Unit-2 Psychiatric terminology.pptx
 
Evolution of Mental Health Services
Evolution of Mental Health ServicesEvolution of Mental Health Services
Evolution of Mental Health Services
 
Unit XII Organic Brain Disorder, Dementia, Delirium, Organic Amnestic Syndrome
Unit  XII Organic Brain Disorder, Dementia, Delirium, Organic Amnestic SyndromeUnit  XII Organic Brain Disorder, Dementia, Delirium, Organic Amnestic Syndrome
Unit XII Organic Brain Disorder, Dementia, Delirium, Organic Amnestic Syndrome
 
Unit 9 substance use disorder
Unit 9 substance use disorderUnit 9 substance use disorder
Unit 9 substance use disorder
 
Unit 8 neurotic stress and somatoform, PSYCHIATRIC NURSING
Unit 8 neurotic stress and somatoform, PSYCHIATRIC NURSINGUnit 8 neurotic stress and somatoform, PSYCHIATRIC NURSING
Unit 8 neurotic stress and somatoform, PSYCHIATRIC NURSING
 

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Call Girls Kakinada Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Kakinada Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Kakinada Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Kakinada Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Call Girls Vasai Virar Just Call 9630942363 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...
Call Girls Vasai Virar Just Call 9630942363 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...Call Girls Vasai Virar Just Call 9630942363 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...
Call Girls Vasai Virar Just Call 9630942363 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...
 
All Time Service Available Call Girls Marine Drive 📳 9820252231 For 18+ VIP C...
All Time Service Available Call Girls Marine Drive 📳 9820252231 For 18+ VIP C...All Time Service Available Call Girls Marine Drive 📳 9820252231 For 18+ VIP C...
All Time Service Available Call Girls Marine Drive 📳 9820252231 For 18+ VIP C...
 
Best Rate (Guwahati ) Call Girls Guwahati ⟟ 8617370543 ⟟ High Class Call Girl...
Best Rate (Guwahati ) Call Girls Guwahati ⟟ 8617370543 ⟟ High Class Call Girl...Best Rate (Guwahati ) Call Girls Guwahati ⟟ 8617370543 ⟟ High Class Call Girl...
Best Rate (Guwahati ) Call Girls Guwahati ⟟ 8617370543 ⟟ High Class Call Girl...
 
(Low Rate RASHMI ) Rate Of Call Girls Jaipur ❣ 8445551418 ❣ Elite Models & Ce...
(Low Rate RASHMI ) Rate Of Call Girls Jaipur ❣ 8445551418 ❣ Elite Models & Ce...(Low Rate RASHMI ) Rate Of Call Girls Jaipur ❣ 8445551418 ❣ Elite Models & Ce...
(Low Rate RASHMI ) Rate Of Call Girls Jaipur ❣ 8445551418 ❣ Elite Models & Ce...
 
Call Girls Kurnool Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Kurnool Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Kurnool Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Kurnool Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Call Girls Tirupati Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Tirupati Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Tirupati Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Tirupati Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Call Girls in Delhi Triveni Complex Escort Service(🔝))/WhatsApp 97111⇛47426
Call Girls in Delhi Triveni Complex Escort Service(🔝))/WhatsApp 97111⇛47426Call Girls in Delhi Triveni Complex Escort Service(🔝))/WhatsApp 97111⇛47426
Call Girls in Delhi Triveni Complex Escort Service(🔝))/WhatsApp 97111⇛47426
 
Call Girls Vadodara Just Call 8617370543 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Vadodara Just Call 8617370543 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Vadodara Just Call 8617370543 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Vadodara Just Call 8617370543 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
The Most Attractive Hyderabad Call Girls Kothapet 𖠋 9332606886 𖠋 Will You Mis...
The Most Attractive Hyderabad Call Girls Kothapet 𖠋 9332606886 𖠋 Will You Mis...The Most Attractive Hyderabad Call Girls Kothapet 𖠋 9332606886 𖠋 Will You Mis...
The Most Attractive Hyderabad Call Girls Kothapet 𖠋 9332606886 𖠋 Will You Mis...
 
Manyata Tech Park ( Call Girls ) Bangalore ✔ 6297143586 ✔ Hot Model With Sexy...
Manyata Tech Park ( Call Girls ) Bangalore ✔ 6297143586 ✔ Hot Model With Sexy...Manyata Tech Park ( Call Girls ) Bangalore ✔ 6297143586 ✔ Hot Model With Sexy...
Manyata Tech Park ( Call Girls ) Bangalore ✔ 6297143586 ✔ Hot Model With Sexy...
 
Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Mg Road ⟟ 9332606886 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine S...
Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Mg Road ⟟   9332606886 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine S...Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Mg Road ⟟   9332606886 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine S...
Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Mg Road ⟟ 9332606886 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine S...
 
Mumbai ] (Call Girls) in Mumbai 10k @ I'm VIP Independent Escorts Girls 98333...
Mumbai ] (Call Girls) in Mumbai 10k @ I'm VIP Independent Escorts Girls 98333...Mumbai ] (Call Girls) in Mumbai 10k @ I'm VIP Independent Escorts Girls 98333...
Mumbai ] (Call Girls) in Mumbai 10k @ I'm VIP Independent Escorts Girls 98333...
 
VIP Service Call Girls Sindhi Colony 📳 7877925207 For 18+ VIP Call Girl At Th...
VIP Service Call Girls Sindhi Colony 📳 7877925207 For 18+ VIP Call Girl At Th...VIP Service Call Girls Sindhi Colony 📳 7877925207 For 18+ VIP Call Girl At Th...
VIP Service Call Girls Sindhi Colony 📳 7877925207 For 18+ VIP Call Girl At Th...
 
Premium Bangalore Call Girls Jigani Dail 6378878445 Escort Service For Hot Ma...
Premium Bangalore Call Girls Jigani Dail 6378878445 Escort Service For Hot Ma...Premium Bangalore Call Girls Jigani Dail 6378878445 Escort Service For Hot Ma...
Premium Bangalore Call Girls Jigani Dail 6378878445 Escort Service For Hot Ma...
 
Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Majestic ⟟ 9332606886 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine S...
Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Majestic ⟟  9332606886 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine S...Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Majestic ⟟  9332606886 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine S...
Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Majestic ⟟ 9332606886 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine S...
 
Call Girls Visakhapatnam Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Ava...
Call Girls Visakhapatnam Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Ava...Call Girls Visakhapatnam Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Ava...
Call Girls Visakhapatnam Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Ava...
 
Top Rated Hyderabad Call Girls Erragadda ⟟ 9332606886 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine ...
Top Rated  Hyderabad Call Girls Erragadda ⟟ 9332606886 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine ...Top Rated  Hyderabad Call Girls Erragadda ⟟ 9332606886 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine ...
Top Rated Hyderabad Call Girls Erragadda ⟟ 9332606886 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine ...
 
Call Girls Rishikesh Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Rishikesh Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Rishikesh Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Rishikesh Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Night 7k to 12k Chennai City Center Call Girls 👉👉 7427069034⭐⭐ 100% Genuine E...
Night 7k to 12k Chennai City Center Call Girls 👉👉 7427069034⭐⭐ 100% Genuine E...Night 7k to 12k Chennai City Center Call Girls 👉👉 7427069034⭐⭐ 100% Genuine E...
Night 7k to 12k Chennai City Center Call Girls 👉👉 7427069034⭐⭐ 100% Genuine E...
 

Unit-2 Theory of Cognitive Development.pptx

  • 2. Jean Piaget (1896-1980) : History • Born: August 9, 1896, Switzerland • Died: September 16,1980 (Age 84) • Education: Received Ph.D. from University of Neuchatel in 1918. • Wife: Married to Valentine Chatenay in 1923 • Children: 3 children namely Jacqueline, Lucienne and Laurent whose intellectual development from infancy to language was studied by Piaget.
  • 3. What is Cognition? • The term cognition is derived from the latin word "cognoscere" which means "to know" or "to recognise" or "to conceptualise". • Cognition is "the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses."
  • 4. What is Cognitive Development? • Cognitive Development is the emergence of the ability to think and understand. • The acquisition of the ability to think, reason and problem solve. • It is the process by which people's thinking changes across the life span. • Piaget studied Cognitive Development by observing children in particular, to examine how their thought processes changed with age. • It is the growing apprehension and adaptation to the physical and social environment.
  • 5. Key Concepts : • Schema : Schema is an internal representation of the world. It helps an individual understand the world they inhabit. They are cognitive structures that represent a certain aspect of the world, and can be seen as categories which have certain pre-conceived ideas in them. • For example, my schema for Christmas includes: Christmas trees, presents, giving money, green, red, gold, winter, Santa Claus etc. Someone else may have an entirely different schema, such as Jesus, birth, Church, holiday, Christianity etc
  • 6. • Assimilation :It is using an existing schema to deal with a new object or situation.Here, the learner fits the new idea into what he already knows.In Assimilation, the schema is not changed, it is only modified. • Example : A 2year old child sees a man who is bald on top of his head and has long frizzy hair on the sides. To his father’s horror, the toddler shouts “Clown, clown”
  • 7. • Accommodation : This happens when the existing schema (knowledge) does not work and needs to be changed to deal with a new object or situation.In Accommodation, the schema is altered; a new schema may be developed. • Example : In the “clown” incident, the boy’s father explained to his son that the man was not a clown and that even though his hair was like a clown’s, he wasn’t wearing a funny costume and wasn’t doing silly things to make people laugh. • With this new knowledge, the boy was able to change his schema of “clown” and make this idea fit better to a standard concept of “clown”.
  • 8. • Equilibration : Piaget believed that cognitive development did not progress at a steady rate, but rather in leaps and bounds. Equilibrium occurs when a child's schemas can deal with most new information through assimilation. As a child progresses through the stages of cognitive development, it is important to maintain a balance between applying previous knowledge (Assimilation) and changing behavior to account for new knowledge (Accommodation). Equilibrium helps explain how children are able to move from one stage of thought to the next.
  • 9.
  • 10. The Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 yrs) - Infancy • Infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences (seeing, hearing) with motor actions (reaching, touching). • Develop Object Permanence (memory) - Realize that objects exist even if they are out of sight. • Infants progress from reflexive, instinctual actions at birth to the beginning of problem solving (intellectual) and symbolic abilities (language) toward the end of this stage.
  • 11. Preoperational Stage (2-7 yrs) -Toddler and Early Childhood • This stage begins when the child starts to use symbols and language. This is a period of developing language and concepts. So, the child is capable of more complex mental representations (i.e, words and images). He is still unable to use 'operations', i.e,logical mental rules, such as rules of arithmetic. This stage is further divided into 2 sub-stages : • Preconceptual stage (2-4 yrs) : Increased use of verbal representation but speech is egocentric. The child uses symbols to stand for actions; a toy doll stands for a real baby or the child role plays mummy or daddy. • Intuitive stage (4-7 yrs) : Speech becomes more social, less egocentric. Here the child base their knowledge on what they feel or sense to be true, yet they cannot explain the underlying principles behind what they feel or sense.
  • 12. The following are the key features of this stage : • Egocentrism: The child's thoughts and communications are typically egocentric (i.e, about themselves or their own point of view). Eg.: "if i can't see you, you also can't see me". It is the inability to see the world from anyone else's eyes. It is well explained by Piaget as Three Mountain Task. • Animism: Treating inanimate objects as living ones. Eg.: children dressing and feeding their dolls as if they are alive. • Concentration: The process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects. It is noticed in Conservation. Conservation on the other hand is the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects. Children at this stage are unaware of conservation.
  • 13. Concrete Operational Stage (7-12 yrs) -Childhood and Early Adolescence The concrete operational stage is characterized by the appropriate use of logic. Important processes during this stage are : • Seriation: The ability to sort objects in an order according to size, shape or any other characterstic. Eg.: if given different-sized objects, they may place them accordingly. • Transitivity: The ability to recognize logical relationships among elements in a serial order. Eg.: if A is taller than B and B is taller than C, then A must be taller than C. • Classification: The ability to group objects together on the basis of common features. The child also begins to get the idea that one set can include another. Eg.: there is a class of objects called dogs. There is also a class called animals. But all dogs are also animals, so the class of animals includes that of dogs.
  • 14. • Decentring: The ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account. Eg.: the child will no longer perceive an exceptionally- wide but short cup to contain less than a normally-wide, taller cup. • Reversibility: The child understands that numbers or objects can be changed, then returned to their original state. Eg.: the child will rapidly determine that if 4+4=8 then 8-4=4, the original quantity. • Conservation: Understanding that the quantity, length or number of items is unrelated to the arrangement or appearance of the object or item. • Elimination of Egocentrism: The ability to view things from another's perspective. • The child performs operations: combining, separating, multiplying, repeating, dividing etc
  • 15. Formal Operational Stage (12 yrs & above) -Adolescence and Adulthood • The thought becomes increasingly flexible and abstract, i.e, can carry out systematic experiments. • The ability to systematically solve a problem in a logical and methodological way. • Understands that nothing is absolute; everything is relative. • Develops skills such as logical thought, deductive reasoning as well as inductive reasoning and sytematic planning etc. • Understands that the rules of any game or social system are developed by a man by mutual agreement and hence could be changed or modified. • The child's way of thinking is at its most advanced, although the knowledge it has to work with, will change.
  • 16. Contribution to Education • Piaget's theory helped educators, parents and investigators to comprehend the capacity of children in their different stages. • He made us conscious with the way children and adults think. • A lot of school programs have been redesigned taking as base Piaget's discoveries. • Piaget made a revolution with the developmental psychology concentrating all his attention to the mental process and his role with behavior.