Future challenges in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice: a reflection upon Terrorism Financing, Human Trafficking and Smuggling. Presentation of two research of the Department of Law - University of Palermo at European Parliament, (Room ASP 3H-1) Brussels 1 April 2019, 15.00-17.30.

1. Future challenges in the Area of Freedom,
Security and Justice: a reflection upon Terrorism
Financing, Human Trafficking and Smuggling
Room ASP 3H-1, European Parliament,
Brussels 1 April 2019, 15.00-17.30
Prof. Vincenzo Militello
Professor of criminal law - University of Palermo

2. I. The two researches
 Committent: Caterina Chinnici MEP (for the Group Socialists &
Democratics in the European Parlament) – From Oct. to December
2018
 Obiects: comparative analisys of a selection of national legislation
of Eu-Member States EU, on the subject of financing terrorism and
on the other hand of smuggling of migrants and trafficking in
human beings. The supranational norms and in particular the
norms of European Union in their respective subjects are the
elements to compare the different national solutions
 Objective: to determine the degree of harmonization of the
national law sistems with respect to the European instruments of
the respective subjects, detecting similarities and differences of
the elements of the crimes and related penalties
Prof. V. Militello - Università Palermo 2

3. II.b. General Structure of both researchs: focused law-systems
Prof. V. Militello - Università Palermo
Unione
Europea
Austria
Belgium
France
Germany
Netherlands
Portugal
Spain
Ireland
Malta
Italy
3
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+ Luxem
bourg

4. III. The research group
ResearchersAssistent-CoordinatorsProject leader
Vincenzo Militello
Smuggling and
Trafficking
Licia Siracusa
Rosaria Crupi
Giorgia Spinnato
Emanuela Garbo
Cristina Ingrao
Marta Palmisano
Terrorism Financing
Marco Manno
Luca Tumminello
Baldo Morello
Riccardo Omodei
Salvatore Orlando
Prof. V. Militello - Università Palermo 4

5. IV. Terrorism Financing
1. Three main items:
 a) repressive measures of terrorism
financing
 b) prevention of the use of the financial
system for terrorism financing and
money laundering
 c) Freezing of goods
Prof. V. Militello - Università Palermo 5

6. IV. Terrorism financing
2. Struttura ricerca: TRE parti
 a) International and European legal framework
 In particular, Directive 2018/843/EU, amending Directive (EU) 2015/849 on the prevention
of the use of the financial system for the purposes of money laundering or terrorist
financing, and amending Directives 2009/138/EC and 2013/36/EU
 b) Focused-law systems
 Administrative measures of freezing of goods and prevention of terrorism
financing
 Criminal law:
 Essential elements of the criminal offences, with specific regards to illicit conducts and
also regarding aiding and abetting, inciting and attempting
 Typology of Penalties
 Liability for legal persons
 c) Comparative analysis and evaluation of national transposition
of European Legal framework on the fight against terrorism
financing
Prof. V. Militello - Università Palermo 6

7. IV. Smuggling of Migrants and Trafficking in Human Beings
2. Research structure: two parts divided into two sections
a) International and European legal framework
 smuggling of migrants : Council Directive 2002/90/EC defining the facilitation of
unauthorised entry, transit and residence and Council framework Decision 2002/946/JHA
on the strengthening of the penal framework to prevent the facilitation of unauthorised
entry, transit and residence. Both adopted on 28 November 2002.
– trafficking in human beings : Directive 2011/36/EU of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 5 April 2011 on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and
protecting its victims, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2002/629/JHA
b) Focused-law systems
 1. Elements of smuggling of migrants (protected interests, illicit conducts and also
aiding and abetting, inciting and attempting) in order to evaluate the extension of the
national transposition of European criminal standards and penalties (other measures,
alternative measures and minimum penalties, liability of legal persons)
 2.Illicit conducts, inciting, aiding and abetting and attempting penalties in regards to
trafficking in human beings.
Prof. V. Militello - Università Palermo 7

8. V.1. Terrorism financing
example of national report
• Section X – Portugal
• 1. The national transposition of EU measures
• 2. Anti-terrorism legislation
• 3. Transposition of Directive 2015/849/EU and illicit
conducts of terrorism financing.
• 4. Freezing of goods.
• 5. Liability of legal persons
• 6. Prevention measures and money laundering offence
– 6.1. Supervisory tools and reporting of suspicious transactions
• Final evaluation on the national transposition
Prof. V. Militello - Università Palermo 8

9. V.2. Smuggling of Migrants and Trafficking in Human Beings:
example of national report
• Section IV - France
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Smuggling of migrants: legislative evolution
– 2.1. Illicit conducts
– 2.2. Inciting, aiding and abetting and attempting
– 2.3. Liability of legal persons
– 2.4. Penalties
– 2.5. Exemption of penalties for collaborative conducts
• 3. Human trafficking
– 3.1. Illicit conducts
– 3.2. Inciting, aiding and abetting and attempting
– 3.3. Liability of legal persons
– 3.4. Penalties
– 3.5. Exemption of penalties for collaborative conducts
– 3.6. Assistance and protection of victims
Prof. V. Militello - Università Palermo 9

10. VI. common fundamental choices (and specificities)
A. Distinction Smuggling/Trafficking
A B FR Irl I Malta NL PT RFT Sp
SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI
Since
2004
since
2005
since
2008
since
2010
§ 114
Fremd-
polizei-
gesetz
Art. 77
Loi
étrangere
s (1980
mod. ult .
L.2005)
L 622-1
Code
étrangers
CESEDA
(2004)
Immigration
act 2004 e
succ. mod.
Art. 12
TUImm
32
Immigration
Act cap.217
197 a
CP NL
(offese c.
pubblica
autorità)
183
Regime
Extranioe
ros
§ 96 s.
Aufenthalt
gesetz
(ver.2007)
318 bis
CP
§104 a
ÖStGb
433
quinquies
ss.CP
(mod. L.
2013)
224-5-1
ss. CP
(L.2003-
239 mod.
L.2013 ad.
dir. 2011)
Sec.4
Criminal
Law
(Human
trafficking)
Act 2008
Art. 601
CP
Art. 248a
CP Mal
273 f
CP NL
160
CP PT
§ 232 ss.
StGB
(mod. L.
2016 ad.
dir. 2011
Art. 177
bis CP
(intr. LO
5/2010
mod. LO
1/2015)
Non pun.
Straniero
come
concorso
Non pun.le
migrante
favorito, ma
problemi per
aiuto ad altri
compagni
Non incriminato
l’aiuto a far
transitare
§ 95AufG
Sogg.illeg.
S
m
u
g
T
r
a
f

11. VII. DIFFERENCES
A B FR Irl I Malta NL PT RFT Sp
Y
Art.
114
PPG
No
base
Y No
base
No No
base
Y ma
alternativa
alla
ripetizione
condotta
No
base
Since
2005
autonomo
us offence
Aggravati
ng factor
Aggrava-
ting
factor
Aggrava-
ting
factor
Smuggling profit purpose Art. 1 lett. b Dir. 2002/90
Smuggling Humanitarian Defence Art. 1 co. 2 Dir. 2002/90
Trafficking: position of vulnerability Art. 2 co. 2 Dir. 2011/36:
A position of vulnerability means a situation in which the person concerned has no
real or acceptable alternative but to submit to the abuse involved.
--> Smuggling ?

12. Thank you
for your attention !
Room ASP 3H-1, European Parliament, Brussels 1 April 2019, 15.00-17.30
Prof. Vincenzo Militello
Professor of criminal law - University of Palermo
Future challenges in the Area of Freedom,
Security and Justice: a reflection upon Terrorism
Financing, Human Trafficking and Smuggling