The document outlines a lecture on Linux internals given by Dr. Vikram Neerugatti. It covers the history of Linux, popular distributions like Red Hat, Ubuntu and Debian. It also discusses licensing models and provides an overview of common Linux commands for managing directories, files and general utilities. The lecture aims to introduce students to key concepts in Linux including its development history, distributions, licensing and basic commands.

1. JAIN
–
DEEMED
TO
BE
UNIVERSITY
GLOBAL
CAMPUS:
45th
km
NH
-
209
Jakkasandra
Post,
Kanakapura
Rd,
Bengaluru,
Karnataka
562112
Department of CSE
LINUX INTERNALS
Dr. Vikram Neerugatti
Associate Professor
Department of CSE
2/9/2023 Linux Internals by Dr. Vikram Neerugatti 1

2. JAIN
–
DEEMED
TO
BE
UNIVERSITY
GLOBAL
CAMPUS:
45th
km
NH
-
209
Jakkasandra
Post,
Kanakapura
Rd,
Bengaluru,
Karnataka
562112
Department of CSE
• History
• Distributions
• Licensing
• Linux commands
– Man pages
– Working with directories
– Working with files
– General purpose utilities
Content
2/9/2023 Linux Internals by Dr. Vikram Neerugatti 2

3. JAIN
–
DEEMED
TO
BE
UNIVERSITY
GLOBAL
CAMPUS:
45th
km
NH
-
209
Jakkasandra
Post,
Kanakapura
Rd,
Bengaluru,
Karnataka
562112
Department of CSE
✓ 1969 - Dennis Ritchie - and Ken Thompson developed
the C language and the Unix operating system at AT&T
Bell Labs.
✓ 1975 – Commercial UNIX & BSD UNIX.
✓ 1980 – Many companies has their own UNIX - Richard
Stallman – GNU (1984) – root of Linux
✓ 1990- Linus Torvalds, a Swedish speaking Finnish
student, buying a 386 computer and writing a brand new
POSIX compliant kernel. combination of this kernel
with the GNU tools.
✓ 2015 - Linux
History
2/9/2023 Linux Internals by Dr. Vikram Neerugatti 3

4. JAIN
–
DEEMED
TO
BE
UNIVERSITY
GLOBAL
CAMPUS:
45th
km
NH
-
209
Jakkasandra
Post,
Kanakapura
Rd,
Bengaluru,
Karnataka
562112
Department of CSE
✓ overview of current Linux distributions.
✓ distribution is a collection of (usually open source)
software on top of a Linux kernel.
✓ Red Hat
✓ Ubuntu
✓ Debian
✓ Others
✓ Which to choose?
Distributions
2/9/2023 Linux Internals by Dr. Vikram Neerugatti 4

5. JAIN
–
DEEMED
TO
BE
UNIVERSITY
GLOBAL
CAMPUS:
45th
km
NH
-
209
Jakkasandra
Post,
Kanakapura
Rd,
Bengaluru,
Karnataka
562112
Department of CSE
✓ Red Hat – Company – Develop Linux
✓ Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Fedora – Free
✓ Red Hat Enterprise Linux – with Support
✓ Fedora – without Support
Distributions - Red Hat
2/9/2023 Linux Internals by Dr. Vikram Neerugatti 5

6. JAIN
–
DEEMED
TO
BE
UNIVERSITY
GLOBAL
CAMPUS:
45th
km
NH
-
209
Jakkasandra
Post,
Kanakapura
Rd,
Bengaluru,
Karnataka
562112
Department of CSE
✓ Ubuntu – 2004
✓ Graphical Linux desktop
✓ In lab
✓ Support - payment
Distributions - Ubuntu
2/9/2023 Linux Internals by Dr. Vikram Neerugatti 6

7. JAIN
–
DEEMED
TO
BE
UNIVERSITY
GLOBAL
CAMPUS:
45th
km
NH
-
209
Jakkasandra
Post,
Kanakapura
Rd,
Bengaluru,
Karnataka
562112
Department of CSE
✓ Debian – no company
✓ Organized developers that elect a Debian Project Leader
every two years
✓ Three versions: stable, testing and unstable
Distributions - Debian
2/9/2023 Linux Internals by Dr. Vikram Neerugatti 7

8. JAIN
–
DEEMED
TO
BE
UNIVERSITY
GLOBAL
CAMPUS:
45th
km
NH
-
209
Jakkasandra
Post,
Kanakapura
Rd,
Bengaluru,
Karnataka
562112
Department of CSE
✓ Red Hat Enterprise Linux
✓ CentOS
✓ Oracle Enterprise Linux
✓ Scientific Linux
✓ Ubuntu
✓ Linux Mint
✓ Edubuntu
✓ other *buntu
✓ hundreds of other Linux distributions
Distributions - Others
2/9/2023 Linux Internals by Dr. Vikram Neerugatti 8

9. JAIN
–
DEEMED
TO
BE
UNIVERSITY
GLOBAL
CAMPUS:
45th
km
NH
-
209
Jakkasandra
Post,
Kanakapura
Rd,
Bengaluru,
Karnataka
562112
Department of CSE
Distributions - Which to choose?
2/9/2023 Linux Internals by Dr. Vikram Neerugatti 9

10. JAIN
–
DEEMED
TO
BE
UNIVERSITY
GLOBAL
CAMPUS:
45th
km
NH
-
209
Jakkasandra
Post,
Kanakapura
Rd,
Bengaluru,
Karnataka
562112
Department of CSE
✓ About software licenses
✓ Proprietary software
✓ Free and Open Source Software
✓ Public domain software
✓ Given all rights
✓ Rules
✓ Freeware
✓ can use without paying a license cost
✓ Free Software or Open Source Software
✓ No cost – No Code or rights
✓ No cos – No rights
Licensing
2/9/2023 Linux Internals by Dr. Vikram Neerugatti 10

11. JAIN
–
DEEMED
TO
BE
UNIVERSITY
GLOBAL
CAMPUS:
45th
km
NH
-
209
Jakkasandra
Post,
Kanakapura
Rd,
Bengaluru,
Karnataka
562112
Department of CSE
✓ GNU General Public License
✓ Copy left principle
✓ No - Copy right protected parts
✓ using GPLv3 software
✓ Full freedom
✓ BSD license
✓ Berkeley Distribution License
✓ Copy the modified versions
✓ Others
✓ Ensure, before using it
Licensing – Cont..
2/9/2023 Linux Internals by Dr. Vikram Neerugatti 11

12. JAIN
–
DEEMED
TO
BE
UNIVERSITY
GLOBAL
CAMPUS:
45th
km
NH
-
209
Jakkasandra
Post,
Kanakapura
Rd,
Bengaluru,
Karnataka
562112
Department of CSE
✓ Man $ command
✓ Man $ configfile
✓ Man $ daemon
✓ Man –k (apropos)
✓ Whatis
✓ Whereis
✓ Man sections
✓ Man $section $file
✓ Man man
✓ Mandb
Linux commands – Man/Manual Pages
2/9/2023 Linux Internals by Dr. Vikram Neerugatti 12

13. JAIN
–
DEEMED
TO
BE
UNIVERSITY
GLOBAL
CAMPUS:
45th
km
NH
-
209
Jakkasandra
Post,
Kanakapura
Rd,
Bengaluru,
Karnataka
562112
Department of CSE
✓ Man $ command
✓ Man whois (help) – press q to quite the manual page
✓ Man $ configfile
✓ Man syslog.conf manual for configuration files
✓ Man $ daemon
✓ Man syslogd true for background programs
✓ Man –k (apropos)
✓ Man –k syslog shows list of all files contain the string
✓ Whatis
✓ Whatis route gets description of manual pages
Linux commands – Man Pages
2/9/2023 Linux Internals by Dr. Vikram Neerugatti 13

14. JAIN
–
DEEMED
TO
BE
UNIVERSITY
GLOBAL
CAMPUS:
45th
km
NH
-
209
Jakkasandra
Post,
Kanakapura
Rd,
Bengaluru,
Karnataka
562112
Department of CSE
✓ Whereis
✓ Whereis –m whois location of the manpage will be
revealed
✓ Man sections
✓ Section numbers will be in brackets ex. (1)
✓ Man $section $file
✓ man passwd opens the first manual found
✓ man 5 passwd opens a page from section 5
✓ Man man
✓ If you want to know more about man, then Read The
Fantastic Manual (RTFM)
✓ Mandb
✓ Mandb man page exists, but you can't access it
Linux commands – Man/Manual Pages
2/9/2023 Linux Internals by Dr. Vikram Neerugatti 14

15. JAIN
–
DEEMED
TO
BE
UNIVERSITY
GLOBAL
CAMPUS:
45th
km
NH
-
209
Jakkasandra
Post,
Kanakapura
Rd,
Bengaluru,
Karnataka
562112
Department of CSE
✓ Pwd
✓ Pwd print working directory
✓ Cd
✓ Cd touched change your current directory
✓ Absolute and relative paths
✓ Paths in the file tree
✓ Path starting with a slash (/), then the root of the file tree is
assumed
✓ If you don't start your path with a slash, then the current
directory is the assumed starting point.
✓ Cd home or cd /home
Linux commands – Working with directories
2/9/2023 Linux Internals by Dr. Vikram Neerugatti 15

16. JAIN
–
DEEMED
TO
BE
UNIVERSITY
GLOBAL
CAMPUS:
45th
km
NH
-
209
Jakkasandra
Post,
Kanakapura
Rd,
Bengaluru,
Karnataka
562112
Department of CSE
✓ Path completion
✓ Tab key will help us cdet will change to cdetc
✓ Ls
✓ Ls list the contents of directory
✓ Ls – a show all files, including hidden files
✓ Ls –l gives long listing of files
✓ Ls –lh files sizes in human readable format
✓ Mkdir
✓ Mkdir vikram create own directory
✓ Rmdir
✓ Rmdir vikram remove the directory
Linux commands – Working with directories
2/9/2023 Linux Internals by Dr. Vikram Neerugatti 16

17. JAIN
–
DEEMED
TO
BE
UNIVERSITY
GLOBAL
CAMPUS:
45th
km
NH
-
209
Jakkasandra
Post,
Kanakapura
Rd,
Bengaluru,
Karnataka
562112
Department of CSE
✓ File
✓ File vikram.png determines the type of file
✓ Touch
✓ Touch vikram creates empty file
✓ Rm
✓ Rm vikram removes forever
✓ Rm –I it will ask? Yes /no then it will
✓ Rm –rf will removes anyfile
✓ Cp
✓ Cp file file.copy copies
✓ Cp file dir
Linux commands – Working with files
2/9/2023 Linux Internals by Dr. Vikram Neerugatti 17

18. JAIN
–
DEEMED
TO
BE
UNIVERSITY
GLOBAL
CAMPUS:
45th
km
NH
-
209
Jakkasandra
Post,
Kanakapura
Rd,
Bengaluru,
Karnataka
562112
Department of CSE
✓ Mv
✓ Mv old new remane
✓ Mv dirold dirnew rename directories
✓ Rename
✓ abc.txt file33.txt file42.txt
✓ rename 's/.txt/.png/' *.txt
✓ abc.png file33.png file42.png
✓ abc.png file33.png file42.png
✓ rename 's/file/document/' *.png
✓ abc.png document33.png document42.png
Linux commands – Working with files
2/9/2023 Linux Internals by Dr. Vikram Neerugatti 18

19. JAIN
–
DEEMED
TO
BE
UNIVERSITY
GLOBAL
CAMPUS:
45th
km
NH
-
209
Jakkasandra
Post,
Kanakapura
Rd,
Bengaluru,
Karnataka
562112
Department of CSE
✓ Cal
✓ Cal Shows current month calendar on the terminal with the
current date highlighted.
✓ Cal –y Shows the calendar of the complete current year
with the current date highlighted
✓ Cal 08 2000
✓ Cal 2000
✓ Date
✓ Date displays date - pacific daylight time
✓ Date –u Greenwich Mean Time)/UTC(Coordinated
Universal Time )
✓ Date –date=“2 year ago”
✓ Date –date=“5 sec ago”
Linux commands – general purpose utilities
2/9/2023 Linux Internals by Dr. Vikram Neerugatti 19

20. JAIN
–
DEEMED
TO
BE
UNIVERSITY
GLOBAL
CAMPUS:
45th
km
NH
-
209
Jakkasandra
Post,
Kanakapura
Rd,
Bengaluru,
Karnataka
562112
Department of CSE
✓ Script
✓ script command in Linux is used to make typescript or
record all the terminal activities.
✓ After executing the script command it starts recording
everything printed on the screen including the inputs and
outputs until exit.
✓ By default, all the terminal information is saved in the file
typescript
✓ Script
✓ Who
✓ The who command is used to get information about currently
logged in user on to system.
✓ who
Linux commands – general purpose utilities
2/9/2023 Linux Internals by Dr. Vikram Neerugatti 20

21. JAIN
–
DEEMED
TO
BE
UNIVERSITY
GLOBAL
CAMPUS:
45th
km
NH
-
209
Jakkasandra
Post,
Kanakapura
Rd,
Bengaluru,
Karnataka
562112
Department of CSE
✓ Tty
✓ tty which displays information related to terminal
✓ tty is short of teletype, but popularly known as a terminal it
allows you to interact with the system by passing on the data
(you input) to the system, and displaying the output
produced by the system.
✓ Tty --version
✓ Pwd
✓ pwd stands for Print Working Directory. It prints the path of
the working directory, starting from the root
Linux commands – general purpose utilities
2/9/2023 Linux Internals by Dr. Vikram Neerugatti 21

22. JAIN
–
DEEMED
TO
BE
UNIVERSITY
GLOBAL
CAMPUS:
45th
km
NH
-
209
Jakkasandra
Post,
Kanakapura
Rd,
Bengaluru,
Karnataka
562112
Department of CSE
✓ Ps
✓ Linux provides us a utility called ps for viewing information
related with the processes on a system which stands as
abbreviation for “Process Status”.
✓ ps command is used to list the currently running processes
and their PIDs along with some other information depends
on different options.
✓ Ps
✓ Uname
✓ The command ‘uname‘ displays the information about the
system.
✓ Uname -a
Linux commands – general purpose utilities
2/9/2023 Linux Internals by Dr. Vikram Neerugatti 22

23. JAIN
–
DEEMED
TO
BE
UNIVERSITY
GLOBAL
CAMPUS:
45th
km
NH
-
209
Jakkasandra
Post,
Kanakapura
Rd,
Bengaluru,
Karnataka
562112
Department of CSE
2/9/2023 Linux Internals by Dr. Vikram Neerugatti 23

24. JAIN
–
DEEMED
TO
BE
UNIVERSITY
GLOBAL
CAMPUS:
45th
km
NH
-
209
Jakkasandra
Post,
Kanakapura
Rd,
Bengaluru,
Karnataka
562112
Department of CSE
2/9/2023 Linux Internals by Dr. Vikram Neerugatti 24
Any Questions/Clarifications/Doubts

25. JAIN
–
DEEMED
TO
BE
UNIVERSITY
GLOBAL
CAMPUS:
45th
km
NH
-
209
Jakkasandra
Post,
Kanakapura
Rd,
Bengaluru,
Karnataka
562112
Department of CSE
2/9/2023 Linux Internals by Dr. Vikram Neerugatti 25
Thank you all