Need, Meaning, Forms, different facets, Link Language of Minorities, Place of English – Recommendations of Eshwar Bhai Patel Committee and Classical Languages

1. Language Problems
B.Ed. 2015-16
M.Vijayalakshmi
Assistant Professor

2. Unit – 5:
Aspects of Challenges in Education
5.3 Language Problems

3. 5.3 Language Problems
Need, Meaning, Forms, different
facets, Link Language of
Minorities, Place of English –
Recommendations of Ishwar
Bhai Patel Committee and
Classical Languages

4. • Language is the power of the human
race through which he is able to
express himself well and understand
the expressions of others.
• Vehicle of human expression
• Language development is a sign of
social and national development

5. Need
• Mother-tongue should be the Medium
of Instruction up to the Secondary Level
• Education in English at the Higher
Educational Level
• Importance of English in Science and
Technical Education
• Teaching of National Language to Every
Child of the Country
• Multi-lingual States

6. Meaning
• India is a multi-lingual nation
• 16 languages spoken in different states
• Unifying force
• Led to separatism and disintegration in our
country
• Main cause – Reorganisation of states on
language basis
• Common language – necessary for emotional
integration and national integration
• Essential for inter state communication

7. • Hindi and English – common languages
• Hindi – spoken by people – 7 north Indian
states
• Claim – majority – national language
• Our constitution – Hindi – official language of
the Indian Union
• South Indians – against – imposition of Hindi
• Claim – English – official language
• Led to understanding

8. Under Muslim Rule
• Foreign language – First time in India
• Urdu language – Government Work
• Sanskrit , other native languages
(Apbhransh) and Hindi – Continued
• Favouritism
• Indian languages developed more and
more

9. Under British Rule
• Established Schools and Colleges
• Christian Missionaries
Christian Religion
English – Medium of Instruction
Included Indian languages also
Preferences given
Created anger

10. Wood’s Despatch 1854
•Brilliant Student – English
•Others – Indian Languages
•Problem was postponed to
20 – 25 years

11. Education Commission 1882
• Secondary Schools – English
• Primary Schools – Indian Languages
• Public Movement – 20th century
beginning
• Indian Languages - Secondary Schools
also
• English – all Government work
• Secondary Schools – English continued

12. Calcutta University Commission 1917
• Language Movement - Appointed
• Indian Languages – Up to higher
secondary stage
• Some English Medium Schools
made Regional languages as
medium of instruction

13. 1935 - 1947
• Regional Languages – Medium of
instruction
• Christian Missionaries – English
• Public Movement
• 1942 – British Rulers accepted –
Indian languages – first compulsory
language
English - second compulsory language for
Secondary Education
English Continued – Higher Education

14. In Independent India
i. Dr. Radhakrishnan Commission 1948
• Federal Language in the
Devanagari Script , English and
Regional Language – both at
Secondary and University Stage
(Three Language Formula)

15. Secondary Education Commission 1953
• Recommended – Two language formula
• State Level facilities provided – study every
language spoken in state
• Complicated the problem
• Recommendations – Impracticable
• Before Independence – English, Mother
tongue and one additional language
• After Independence – Hindi, Regional
languages and English

16. The Central Advisory
Board of Education 1956
• Adoption of three-language formula
• Mother tongue or regional language or
a composite course of both
• English or modern European language
• Hindi for non Hindi areas or any other
modern Indian language for Hindi -
speaking areas

17. The Emotional Integration Committee
(1961)
• Situation remained out of control
• Regions (Before Independence) –
Three-language formula -
considered now - waste of time and
energy
• Some Regions – support English

18. Language Problem in Other Countries
• Germany
• German Language – Compulsory for all
students
• After 10 yrs – one of the languages out
of French, Russian or English as a
compulsory Language

19. Soviet Russia
• 3 languages formula
• State language, Russian and one foreign
language compulsorily
• Efforts were made to improve the
languages – script and wanting in
literature
• Similar to India

20. France
• French - International dealing and
rich and complete in itself
• Secondary level – one foreign
language German or English –
compulsory
• Study of neighbouring languages –
national interest

21. Switzerland
• Main language German, French, Italian and
Roman
• Individual freedom
• No compulsion of national language
• Speaking – German
• French and English – taught in the educational
institutions
• Facilities also exit – study of Italian and Roman
languages
• Every person is free to use his own language in
public life

22. Japan
• Japanese Language
• Today – English – second language
for international communication
• Attached to their language
• Secondary stage – English is taught

23. Recommendations of Commissions
Kothari Commission 1964-66
• Three languages should be taught to students
and teaching of four languages should not be
compulsory at any stage
• Lower primary stage – only mother tongue
• Higher primary classes – union language along
with mother tongue
• Junior High School stage – mother tongue, union
language and one other modern Indian language
• Higher secondary stage – two languages –
compulsory
• Higher stage – no compulsion of languages

24. • Study of English – useful but it should not begin
before Class V
• Hindi – second important State-language – Hindi
or English - taught 3 to 6 yrs – every students
• State and Union Government at the national
level – try for the expansion of Hindi
• Classical Languages – Sanskrit, Persian or Arabic
– not be compulsory at any stage. Facilities
provided – study as an optional subject – last
year of Junior High School stage (Class VIII)
• Arrangements – to train teachers – depends on
ability of the teachers

25. Operations of Three-Language Formula
• Classes I to IV:
• One language – Mother tongue
• Classes V to VII:
• Two languages – Mother tongue and official
language of the Union – Hindi or associate
official language of the Union – English
• Classes VIII to X:
• Three languages – compulsory – one of these
three languages – official language of the Union
or the associate official language – which was
not taken up in the class V to VII

26. • Classes XI to XII:
• Two languages – Compulsory – student
– given option – any two of the three
languages studied earlier or any two
languages from
• Modern Indian Languages
• Modern Foreign languages
• Classical Languages – Foreign and Indian

27. Recommendations of
Ishwar Bhai Patel Committee
• The recommendations of the
Kothari Commission should be given
due consideration
• Used as guidelines in formulating or
reformulating any policies on the
teaching of the languages

28. Remedies to Language Problem
• Teaching of Foreign Language
English Medium at Higher Stage
English Starting at Class VI
No Burden of English
• Teaching of Indian Languages

29. Classical Languages
• Sanskrit
• Compulsory language – symbol of
ancient glory of India
• Origin of almost all the Indian
Languages
• Maintain our contact with our
ancient culture

30. • All ancient classical subjects should be
taught independently at the higher
level.
• Only interested students may study
them
• As optional or compulsory subjects
• Does not appear feasible at the primary
or secondary level – curriculum burden
• Cannot be included in the three-
language formula

31. • In present, teaching of Sanskrit has been
included in the syllabus of Hindi
• Similarly included in the syllabus of
other languages
• At the higher education level some
difficulty of previous knowledge may
arise while selecting the classical
subjects
• Courses may simplified to make them
suitable for the existing situation

32. • Study of these subjects at primary and
secondary level – enable them to select
these subjects as independent
(optional) subjects at higher education
stage
• When the present difficulties regarding
the language problem are overcome the
teaching of these subjects may be
possible as optional at the secondary
stage

33. The Problem of Teachers
• People speaking other languages – Union and
State Governments can train them for
teaching
• Teachers of other languages – have sufficient
knowledge of the language of the region
• Solution – teachers of other languages should
be trained in the regional languages for a
fixed period

34. • Union Government – select teachers for
different languages – after training –
appointed as a language directors – inturn
they will train local language teachers and
give necessary guidance
• Union or State Governments – select
language teachers from different regions –
giving them training - regional languages -
Giving additional salary