1. Exercise affects body composition in postmenopausal women. Reporter: Wang-Chen, Lin Adviser: Linda, Lin Poehlman (2002). Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 81(7) 603-11 Asikainen et al (2004). Sports Med. 34(11) 753-778 Shore et al (2007). Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 18 609-21 Maria & Fiatarone (2000). Exercise, Nutrition, and the Older Woman.

9. The vicious circle of frailty (Shore et al., 2007)

12. (Asikainen et al., 2004) Walking Aerobic EX Resistance training

13. Walking 121 females Age: 48-63 yrs BMI< 32 kg/m 2 Treadmill test protocol BMI, Body mass, fat%, EX-HR, Energy expenditure W1 55% VO 2max 1500kcal W2 45% VO 2max 1000kcal W3 55% VO 2max 1000kcal W4 55% VO 2max 1500kcal 5 day/wk for 24 weeks (Min:15-20weeks) (Asikainen et al., 2004)

14. 24 wks of walking at moderate intensity improves VO 2max & body composition in slightly overweight sedentary women.

15. Walking trails (Asikainen et al., 2004) Body mass: + 0.9 kg VO 2max : + 2.1 ml/kg/min BMD: + 0.2 20min, self-selected brisk pace 1 year 84 (64y) Brooke (1997) Weight: -1.2kg Fat%: -2.1% VO 2max : +2.5 ml/kg/min 30-60min, 65% VO 2max (300kcal) 15wks 134 (57y) Asikainen (2002) Weight: -0.6 kg Fat%: -4.2% VO 2max : +14% 60min, 60%VO 2max 3~5 d/wk 24wks 79 (61y) Ready (1996) Body mass: NS Fat%: NS HR -7% 45min, 40-60% VO 2max 3~5 d/wk 26wks 80 (64y) Hamdorf (1992) Outcomes Training prescription Duration Subject

17. Aerobic exercise 33 females Age: 50-70 yrs BMI: 32 kg/m 2 Treadmill test protocol BMI, WHR, fat%, Fat mass, fat free mass, adipose tissue Weight loss (WL) Weight loss + Aerobic EX (WL+AEX) WL Restrict 250-350 kcal/d 24hr dietary records AEX (3 times/wk) Treadmill, cycle ergometer, a track 45 min 50-60% HRR gradually progressed 6 months (Ryan et al., 2006)

18. Results (Ryan et al., 2006)

19. Results (Ryan et al., 2006)

20. (Ryan et al., 2006) 6 months of WL+AEX in obese postmenopausal women can improve glucose utilization & insulin sensitivity

21. Aerobic exercise trails (Asikainen et al., 2004) 60min, high-impact, 3 d/wk High-impact, 4 d/wk 45~60min, 50~60% VO 2max , 3~4 d/wk 40min, 48-64% VO 2max , 3~ 5 d/wk 50min, low impact, 3 d/wk Training prescription Fat%: NS BMD: + 1.2% Circuit dance 1 year 80 Sipila (2002) BMC: +1.3~3.5% Jumping Stretching 1 year 164 (53y) Uusi (2003) Weight: -6% Fat%: -10% VO 2max : NS Jogging Cycling swimming 12wks 32 (54y) Shinkai (1994) VO 2max : +1.5-2.3 ml/kg/min Fat%: NS Jogging Cycling treadmill 1 year 160 (57y) King (1991) Weight: NS Fat%: -0.9% Fitness: + 17% Aerobic dance & stretching 12wks 65 (65y) Hoplcins (1990) Outcomes EX-Type Duration Subject

23. Resistance training 40 females Age: 50-70 yrs BMI < 25 kg/m 2 BMI, skinfold thickness, muscle mass, fat mass Control Exercise Continue usual life 2d/wk at high intensity training 80% of 1RM (hip, knee, lateral pull-down) 16 on Borg scale (back extension, abdominal flexion) 3 sets of 8 repetitions 52 wk with 2wk off (1 yr) (Nelson et al., 1996)

24. Results (Nelson et al., 1996)

25. (Nelson et al., 1996) 1 year of resistance training can change body composition & improve leg muscle mass in older woman

26. Resistance training trails (Asikainen et al., 2004) BMD hip: +1.2% Lumbar: NS Forearm: NS 9 ex, 8 rep, 3 sets, 3 d/wk Progressive & cycling 2 years 126 (60y) Kerr (2001) BMD lumbar: +0.9% Femoral: +1% 5 ex, 80% 1 RM, 8 rep, 3 sets, 2 d/wk 40 (60y) Nelson (1996) BMD: NS Strength: +72% Back (sandbag) Progressive 30% 1 RM, 10 rep, 5 d/ wk 2 years 68 (56 y) Sinaki (1994) BMD: + 1.3% 8 ex, 70~80% 1RM, 6~8 rep, 2 sets,3 d/wk 1 year 94 (55y) Cussler (2003) Weight: NS Fat%: NS Strength: + 20~40% 12 ex, 80% 1 RM, 8 rep or 40% 1 RM, 16 rep 3 sets, 3 d/wk 24 wks 35 (51y) Bemben (2000) Outcomes Training prescription Duration Subject

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