Everything You Need to Know About 8K Resolution Camera Systems

8KResolution Camera System
Dept. of EXTC JDIET Yavatmal Page 1
A
S e m i n a r R e p o r t
O n
“ 8 K R ES O LU TI O N C A M ER A S YS TEM ”
S ub mit t e d in p a r t ia l fulfi l l me nt o f t he r e q uir e me nt fo r t he d e gr e e
o f
B A C H ELO R O F EN G I N EER I N G
I n
ELEC TR O N I C S A N D TELE C O M M U N I C A TI O N
Submitted by-
Mr.Vaibhav V.Belkhude
Under the guidance of
Prof. A.A.Pachghare. Prof. A.B.Rathod.
Co-Guide Guide
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
JAWAHARLAL DARDA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
YAVATMAL, 445001(M.S.)
2016-17

JAWAHARLAL DARDA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
YAVATMAL, 445001(M.S.)
2016-17
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Seminar report entitled
“ 8 K R ES O LU TI O N C A M ER A S YS TEM ”
Being Submitted By
Mr. / Ms. Vaibhav V.Belkhude.
of final year during the session 2016-2017
in recognition to the partial fulfillment for the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in Electronics and Telecommunication under
Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University,
Amravati.
Prof. A.A.Pachghare Prof. A.B.Rathod
(Project & Seminar Co-Guide) (Project & Seminar Guide)
Dr. S. M. Gulhane.
HOD

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to our guide
Prof. A.B.Rathod and co-guide Prof. A.A.Pachghare for their exemplary help for the topic
selection, valuable guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout course of this
seminar. The blessing, help and guidance given by them time to time will carry me a long way
in the journey of my life and carrier on which are about to embark. I am very glad to work
under their guidance.
I have taken this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to our head of
department Dr. S. M. Gulhane for his cordial support, valuable information, guidance and all
facilities provided in department for my convenience and completing the seminar through
various stages.
I am highly indebted to Principal Dr. A. W. Kolhatkar for all facilities provided in
college and to help to innovate my thoughts and ideas under the conduction of seminar in
college. Lastly I thank almighty and my colleagues for constant encouragement without which
this assignment would not be possible.
Vaibhav V. Belkhude
Section:- c
Roll no: 46
Final year EXTC

ABSTRACT
Digital cinema is a promising application that utilizes high-speed optical
networks to transfer super high definition (SHD) images. The networks are primarily used for
distributing digital cinema contents in packet data form, and are also used to support new
services such as the live streaming of musicals and sport games to movie theaters. While current
transfer services offer high-definition (HD) quality video, live-streaming applications will soon
shift to providing cinema quality 8K content to both business and movie theaters users.The
extra- high-quality 8K format enables a realistic telepresence, and will be combined with
special tools such as video editing systems to realize effective remote collaboration for business
workspaces and its application, especially in digital cinema and associated application
fields.Four years before the digital cinema industry standardized the DCI specification, in 2001,
the worlds first video JPEG decoder system was developed that could display SHD images
(38402048 pixel spatial resolution) with 24-frames/s time resolution. This decoder was
designed to realize IP transmission of extra-high-quality videos, while fully utilizing the full
bandwidth of emerging commercial communication networks based on 1-Gb Ethernet. In 2002,
the second prototype SHD image decoder was developed that exploits a highly parallel
processing unit of JPEG2000 de-compressors.

CONTENT
ABSTRACT
TOPIC PAGE NO.
1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………...1
1.1 INTRODUCTION OF 8K RESOLUTION…………………………………………..….2
2. RESOLUTION…………………………………………………………………………....4
2. HISTORY…………………………………………………………………………………5
3. WORKING
i)STRUCTURE OF COLOR SEPRATION……………………………………………….5
4. BLOCK DIAGRAM……………………………………………………………………....7
5. FEATURES……………………………………………………………………………….12
6. 8K RESOLUTION SPECIFICTION……………………………………………………..12
7. COMPARISON…………………………………………………………………………...13
8. ADVANTAGES…………………………………………………………………………..14
9. DISADVANTAGES………………………………………………………………………14
10. APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………………...15
11. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………..18
12. REFERENCE…………………………………………………………………………….1

1. INTRODUCTION
The deployment of digital cinema stimulates many advanced applications that will use super
high definition (SHD) imaging systems and high-speed optical fiber networks. Theater systems
for digital cinema, projector , and playback video servers have been commercialized based on
the standards issued by the Digital Cinema Initiative (DCI). 8K is the SHD video format
defined in DCI specification. It has a resolution of 4096*2160 pixels, so its image quality is
equivalent to that of 35-mm film. The total bit rate of raw 8K videos with the frame rate of 24
frames per second is about 7 gigabit per second. This necessitates the use of the JPEG 2000
algorithm to compress the bit rate to 250 megabit per second. To deliver the movie data to
movie theatres, hard disk drivers and courier services appeared to be the easiest approach , but
a business trial demonstrated that network-based delivery was more cost effective and secure
against content piracy.
Fig(1). 8K video camera movies in theatres.
Furthermore, network transfer also supports a wider variety of contents, namely public viewing
of live-streaming content. Four years before the digital cinema industry standardized the DCI
specification, in 2001, the worlds first video JPEG decoder system was developed that could
display SHD images (38402048 pixel spatial resolution) with 24-frames/s time resolution. This
decoder was designed to realize IP transmission of extra-high-quality videos, while fully
utilizing the full bandwidth of emerging commercial communication networks based on 1-Gb
Ethernet. In 2002, the second prototype SHD image decoder was developed that exploits a
highly parallel processing unit of JPEG2000 de-compressors. The decoder receives the IP
streams of compressed video contents transmitted by a video server over GbE network, and
decodes them using the standard JPEG2000 decoding algorithm in real time. [ref.1]

Fig(2). Ultra High Defination.
The decoder was combined with a special 3840*2048 pixel projector using a dedicated digital
video interface for the decoder. This architecture allows the decoded videos to be transferred
and shown in completely digital form. This system triggered detailed discussions on the digital
cinema video format for DCI. The question was whether a higher image quality than HDTV
was required to replace movie films. In order to solve the question, an experiment was
conducted by the Entertainment Technology Center (ETC) of the University of Southern
California (USC) involving 100 digital cinema engineers; it compared the image quality of
conventional films, high definition resolution (HDTV), and SHD images with 8-million-pixel
resolution. The results of this experiment yielded the consensus that the horizontal resolution
of around 4000 pixels was required to replace films, and JPEG2000 was suitable for the
compression of digital cinema data. Stimulated by the experiment, DCI accelerated the
standardization of digital cinema, specified the movie format of 4096*2160 pixels, and simply
called it 8K.[ref.1]

1.1 INTRODUCTIONOF 8K
8K resolution (7680 x 4320, 4320p), the successor of 4K resolution, is now the highest UHDTV
(ultra high definition resolution) resolution in digital resolution and film restoration/mastering
and is 16 times detailed than current 1080p resolution. 4K is speculated to become a
mainstream standard in resolutions by 2017 and NHK plans to apply 8K to Japan TV
broadcasting in 2020, especially in the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.
Fig(3). Delivering 8K VFX Shots for The Dark Knight.
8K resolution is the highest ultra high definition resolution (UHDTV) resolution to exist in
digital resolution and digital cinematography. 8K refers to the horizontal resolution of these
formats, which all are on the order of 8,000 pixels, forming the total image dimensions
(7680×4320).8K is a display resolution that may eventually be the successor to 4K resolution.
1080p is the current mainstream HD standard, with TV manufacturers pushing for 4K to
become a new standard by 2017,although the feasibility of such a fast transition as well as the
practical necessity of a new standard is questionable.[ref.1]

2. Resolution
Resolution is expressed in the number of horizontal & vertical pixels more resolution means
quality of image is good.
Resolution=total number of horizontal pixels*total number of vertical pixels.
Pixels
Pixels is small dot present on the any display screen to produce light and from RGB
combination to produce different color.
Aspect ratio
The ratio of the width to the height for example (4:3, 16:9, 21:9) .
Frame rate
A frame is and a single one of image and frame rate is measure of frequency: how often the
video is updated with new frame.
Standard of resolution
 HD
Resolution 1920*1080(1000P).
Generally any video image with considerably more than 480 horizontal line.
High definition video it video higher resolution than standard definition.
 4K
4K is the new big thing in display technology and it denote a very specific display
resolution 4096*2160(4000p).
It is also known as ultra high definition.
8K
8K resolution or 8K UHD is the current highest ultra high definition television
(UHDTV) resolution in digital television and digital cinematography. 8K refers to the
horizontal resolution in the order of 8,000 pixels, forming the total image dimensions
of (7680×4320) [ref.2]

3. HISTORY
Astro Design 8K camera being displayed at the 2013 NAB ShowNHK and Hitachi
demonstrating their 8K camera at the 2013 NAB ShowOn January 6, 2015, the MHL
Consortium announced the release of the superMHL specification which will support 8K
resolution at 120 fps, 48-bit video, the Rec. 2020 color space, high dynamic range support, a
32-pin reversible superMHL connector, and power charging of up to 40 watts. [ref.3]
4. WORKING
Structure of Colour Sepration.
1. Incident light is separated into four colour and divided in to
2. Two green, one red, and one blue (GGRB).
3. Three-sensor imaging system (RGB) used in commercial and broadcast video
cameras.
4. Prism for the four-sensor system can be made as small as the conventional RGB
prism.
Fig(4). Shows Colour separation prism
To derive color in these devices, Red, Green and Blue color filters are placed over the
individual photo-sites, allowing only the desired color wavelength of light to pass to the photo-
site. The intensity of the received wavelength determines the voltage output (or signal) of the
photo-site, creating a “component element” that will ultimately be combined with other
component values to produce “finished picture pixels” in the camera’s internal video processor.
The most common filtering scheme for CMOS imagers is known as Bayer filtering Because
the majority of image detail and luminance information is contained within the Green color
sample, the Bayer filter typically provides twice as many Green (or luminance) samples as Red
or Blue color samples. Using straight de-Bayering algorithms, two Green samples share one
Red, and one Blue, to create two finished picture pixels. This method provides a 2:1 sampling
ratio of luminance (Green) to color (Red and Blue), or what is commonly referred to as 4:2:2
color sampling. Since Green photo-sites typically represent half the number of total photo-sites
in a CMOS imager, finished picture pixel resolution is typically limited to one-half the number

of horizontal photo-sites in a single imager line (see fi g.1). So using straight de-Bayering,a
sensor containing four thousand horizontal photo-sites (4K) would yield the resolution
equivalent of two thousand finished picture pixels per rendered output line, regardless of the
size of the output fi le (e.g. 4K).
Today more advanced photo-site configurations, filtering schemes, and
de-mosaicing algorithms are used to improve on that performance.
These advanced approaches apply sophisticated mathematical averaging of existing photo-site
values to create additional samples. These derived samples are then used in conjunction with
actual photo-site samples to produce desired output resolution as [ref.8]
Fig(5). Shows Colour separation prism

5. BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig(6) show the working camera system
A) LENS.
b) SENSOR.
c) IMAGE PROCESSING.
d) ENCODING.
e) STORAGE.
a) LENS
There are mainly four types of lenses used for a digital camera. They differ according to the
cost of the camera, and also focal length adjustment. They are
 Fixed-focus, fixed-zoom lens – They are very common and are used in inexpensive
cameras.
 Optical-zoom lenses with automatic focus – These are lenses with focal length
adjustments. They also have the “wide” and “telephoto” options.
 Digital zoom – Full-sized images are produced by taking pixels from the centre of the
image sensor. This method also depends on the resolution as well as the sensor used in
the camera.
 Replaceable lens systems – Some digital cameras replace their lenses with 35mm camera
lenses so as to obtain better images. [ref.3]

b) SENSOR
CMOS sensor can be used in the camera system.
Fig(7) show the working of CMOS sensor
CCD was developed in the year 1969 by Willard Boyle and George E. Smith at AT & T Bell
Labs. It is a shift register device which can be used for the movement of electrical charge within
the device. This movement can be from one area of the device to another and the digital value
of the moved charge can be easily found out. When the signals are moved, one at a time from
one place to another within the device, the value of the charge can be easily manipulated. There
are capacitive bins in the device that allow the movement of charge.
During the invention of CCD there was no means to produce the charge than injecting it. But
through repeated experiments, it was later found out that when a sensor like a photoelectric
device was connected to it, a charge could be easily produced. This charge could then be given
to the CCD for its transfer in the device. This discovery was huge enough as it became the
stepping stone to the conversion of ordinary signals into digital signals. The device that is used
to capture the images with ordinary cameras and replacing them as a digital storage is called a
CCD imager.
To know the difference in working between Charge Coupled Devices (CCD) and a CMOS
Active Pixel

fig(8) show charge coupled device
1. Photoactive Region
As told earlier, a CCD is used to convert a electrical signal into a digital signal. The photoactive
region mainly consists of a capacitor array. These arrays can be one-dimensional or two-
dimensional depending on the type of device that uses the CCD. If a line scan camera is used,
it introduces a one-dimensional capacitor array. It is called 1D because it captures the image in
1D form, that is, a single slice of the image. 2D is used mostly in video applications. This
device captures the image in 2D form. The photoactive region is made out of an epitaxial layer
of silicon. It is made by doping a boron ion on a substrate such as p++. Sometimes CCD’s are
also implanted with a phosphorus ion so as to give them an n-doping . This is often carried out
in devices consisting of n-channels This is done in some areas of the silicon ion causing the
movement of photo generated packets across them.
As soon as the silicon layer and substrates are made, a dielectric in the form of a gas oxide
(mostly capacitor) is made to grow on top of them. Thus the separately lying gates will lie in a
perpendicular angle to the channels. This is because the poly-silicon gates are undergoing
chemical vapour deposition and then photolithography. Then the channel stop region and the
charge carrying channel is made, and that too parallel to each other.

2. Transmission Region
After the image is projected onto the capacitor array, the control circuit comes into action. This
circuit makes the capacitors send the appropriate signal to a shift register. The shift register
converts each signal into a voltage sequence. This is later sampled, digitized and then stored in
the memory.
With different modes of operation for the CCD, the type of the device will also differ. There
are versions of CCD called frame transfer CCD and also peristaltic CCD. In the case of a frame
transfer CCD, the gate clocks are used to bias the diode in the reverse as well as forward
direction. This is mainly done by the n-doped and p-doped layers. Thus the CCD across or near
the p-n junction will get depleted. Thus the charges situated under he gates and also across the
channels will be collected and moved.A peristaltic CCD generates a huge electric field from
one gate to the next by providing an additional implant. This implant helps in blocking the
charge from the Si/SiO2 interface. Thus the additional driving force created die to this action
helps in faster transfer of charge particles.[ref.5]
Fig(9) show the working of CCD

c)IMAGE PROCESSING
1. Image colour reproduction and frame rate:
The image quantization depth is 12 b for each XYZ colours. The frame rate is the same 60
frames/s as is conventionally used for film. For the 2K format, however, a 48-frames/s mode
is specified to allow for other display styles, such as the 3-D display.
2.Image compression method:
JEGP2000 produces a high-quality image without the block distortion that occurs with JPEG
or MPEG compression. An additional feature is that 2K resolution data can easily be extracted
from 8K-resolution data. The maximum bit rate is specified as 250 Mb/s, which corresponds
to about 200300 GB for a 2-h movie.
3.Audio signal:
48 r 96 kHz, 24 b, max. 16ch, no audio compression.
4.Subtitles:
The XML format is specified for subtitle data. Both image data for overlay and text data are
supported.
5.Data encryption:
The image and audio data are wrapped in a Material Exchange Format (MXF) and then
encrypted with the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cryptosystem (128 b, CBC mode).
The content is sent to theaters as a digital cinema package (DCP) that contains image, audio,
and subtitle data.
6.Decryption key distribution:
The encryption key, which is also used for decrypting the data, is encrypted by the RSA
cryptosystem of the theatre exhibition equipment with license period information. It is called
Key Delivery Message (KDM).
7. Digital watermarking:
To prevent content theft, the exhibition equipment must embed information that specifies the
exhibition time and place into the projected images as a digital watermark.[ref.8]
d) ENCODING
Encoding is a process of converting data into format required for a number of information
processing need[ref.7]
e) STORAGE
Most digital cameras have an LCD screen, so you can view your right away. This is one of the
great advantages of digital camera, early generation of digital cameras had fixed storage inside
the camera[ref.6]

6. FEATURES
1)8K SHV camera head developed with a 33 megapixel image sensor
2) Due to the drive circuit being integrated within the camera head,
it achieves an extremely
3)light weight of 2kg.

4) variety of visual expression possible.
5)An additional feature : 2k resolution data can easily be extracted from 8k resolution data.
7. 8K RESOLUTION SPECIFICATION
Resolution 7680 x 4320 pixels (33.2 megapixels)
Aspect Ratio 16:9
Colour Bit Depth 12-bit colour
Colour Space Rec.2020
Frame Rate 120 fps
Scanning progressive scanning only
Audio 22.2 multi-channel surround sound
Audio Sampling Rate 96 KHz
Broadband UHF - 8 MHz, 35~45Mbit/s

9.Comparison
PARAMETER HD 4K UHD 8K UHD
RESOLUTION 1920*1080 4096*2160 7680*4320
PIXEL 1000 4000 8000
ASPECT RATO 16:9 16:9 16:9
FRAME RATE 24 fps 60fps 120 fps
Comparison table of HD,4K&8K resolution
8K resolution is the highest ultra high definition resolution (UHDTV) resolution to exist in
digital resolution and digital cinematography. 8K refers to the horizontal resolution of these
formats, which all are on the order of 8,000 pixels, forming the total image dimensions
(7680×4320).8K is a display resolution that may eventually be the successor to 4K resolution.
1080p is the current mainstream HD standard, with TV manufacturers pushing for 4K to
become a new standard by 2017, although the feasibility of such a fast transition as well as the
practical necessity of a new standard is questionable One advantage of high-resolution displays
such as 8K is to have each pixel be indistinguishable from another to the human eye from a
much closer distance.
On an 8K screen sized 52 inches, this effect would be achieved in a distance of 50.8 cm (20
inches) from the screen, and on a 92 in screen at 91.44 cm (3 feet) away. Another practical
purpose of this resolution is in combination with a cropping technique used in film editing.
This allows filmmakers to film in a high resolution such as 8K, with a wide lens, or at a farther
distance from a potentially dangerous subject, intending to zoom and crop digitally in post-
production, a portion of the original image to match a smaller resolution such as the current
industry standard for High-definition resolutions (1080p, 720p & 480p).Few video cameras
have the capability to film in 8K, with NHK being one of the only companies to have created
a small broadcasting camera with an 8K image sensor. Sony and Red Digital Cinema Camera
Company are both working to bring larger 8K sensors in more of their cameras in the coming
years. Although 8K will not be a mainstream resolution anytime soon, a major reason
filmmakers are pushing for 8K cameras is to get better 4K footage. Through a process called
down sampling, using a higher resolution 8K image down sampled to 4K could create a sharper
picture with richer colours than a 4K camera would be able to achieve on its own with a lower
resolution sensor.[ref.8]

10.ADVANTAGES
8K is a new resolution standard designed for digital cinema and computer graphics.
It has following advantages:
1. Higher image definition quality.
2. More detailed picture. Digital cinema is a promising application that utilizes high-speed
optical networks to transfer super high definition (SHD) images. The networks are primarily
used for distributing digital cinema contents in packet data form, and are also used to support
new services such as the live streaming of musicals and sport games to movie theaters.
3. Better fast-action.
4. Larger projection surface visibility.
11.DISADVANTAGES
 Increases the power consumption.
 Increases the size of the camera by the use of more than one sensor.

12.APPLICATION
8K APPLICATIONS:TELEMEDICINE
Fig.(10) show the medical diagnostic processes.
Recording of surgeries and medical diagnostic processes for educational purposes
-Transmissions during symposiums and conferences
-High quality materials for medicine students

8K APPLICATIONS:SECURITYAND MONITORING
Fig(11.1)
Fig(11.2)
Fig(8.1)&fig(8.2) show security monitoring application
issue: face recognition in a crowd at airports, train stations and during mass events (e.g.
stadiums)
Many details on single 8K frame – the powerful source for image processing
Useful for police, border services and others security units

4K LIVE TECHNOLOGY, VIDEOCONFERENCING AND
BROADCASTING
Fig(12.1) fig(12.2)
Following fig(9.1)&fig(9.2) shows video conferencing and broadcasting
Public screening
8K APPLICATIONS:CAD/CAM PROJECTS
Fig(13) shows CAD application
Automotive design
Design and digital visualisation of 3D car models
Tests of safety, aerodynamics and ergonomic solutions
4K/8K Public Screening

13.CONCLUSION
 Development of the SHD imaging system: replacement of film cinema with digital
camera.
 Digital cinema:
 Will utilize movie content delivery via optical networks soon.
 needs only bulk file transfer.
 ODS: utilizes the networks for real time data transfer.
 One way streaming.
A need to reduce the transmission latency while preserving 8k/2k flexibility and stability

14.REFFERENCE
[1]VikramSingh. "What is Ultra High Definition 8K4K UHD? In Simple Words".
completegate.com. Retrieved June 28,2016.
[2] Robert Silva. "8KResolution - Definition and Explanation of 8KVideo Resolution".
About.com. Retrieved February 12, 2014.
[3]Marine, Joe. "NHK Has Finally Shrunk Their 8K Resolution Camera, but HowClose Are
We to Shooting in 8K?". No FilmSchool. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
[4]Bloom, Phillip. "FromChicago to the Moon: The power of 4K resolution and how to make
it work for you creatively". Retrieved April 3, 2014.
[5]Johnson, Luke. "Toshiba suggests 4K TVs will be mainstreamby 2017". Trusted Reviews.
Retrieved April 3, 2014.
[6]Roy Furchgott. "Why You Don't Need a 4K TV". The New York Times. Retrieved February
2, 2015.
[7]"'To Space & Back' latest Planetariumfeature".Philadelphia Tribune (Google Cache).
Retrieved May 14, 2013.
[8]K. Mitani, M. Sugawara,H. Shimamoto, T. Yamashita, and F. Okano, ‘‘Ultrahigh-
definition color video camera system with 8 K 4 K,’’ J. Electr. Imaging, vol. 17, no. 2, Apr.–
Jun. 2008, 023014.

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