History, Forms, Generation of electricity by different forms of Renewable sources and statistics of Renewable energy Resources.

1. Renewable Energy Resources

2. Introduction
Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources
which are naturally replenished on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind,
rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.
Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast
to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of
countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is
resulting in significant energy security, climate change mitigation, and
economic benefits
Renewable energy resources and significant opportunities for energy
efficiency exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy
sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries.

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Some aspects of Renewable energy:
 It exists perpetually and is abundant.
 Ready to be harnessed, inexhaustible.
 Clean alternative to fossil fuels.
 About 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewables, with 10%
coming from traditional biomass (used for heating) and 3.4% from
hydroelectricity.
 New renewables (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal and bio-
fuels) accounted for another 3% consumption and are growing very rapidly.

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 The electrical generation globally is
mainly from hydroelectricity and
rest from new renewables.

5. World’s energy consumption

6. HISTORY
 In the 1860s and '70s there were already fears that
civilization would run out of fossil fuels and the need was
felt for a better source
 Nearly all the sources were renewable till mid of 19th
century
 The oldest renewable source of energy was biomass to
fuel fire
 Second one harnessing the wind to drive the ship over
water

7. TIMELINE
• 2000 BC - Chinese First to Use Coal as an Energy
Source
• 200 BC - Europeans Harness Water Energy to Power
Mills
• 10th Century - Windmills Built in Persia to Grind Grain
and Pump Water
• 1838 - First Hydrogen Fuel Cell Developed to Generate
Electricity
• 1860 - First Solar Power System Developed in France
to Produce Steam to Drive Machinery
• 1888 - First Windmill to Generate Electricity Developed
in Cleveland, Ohio

8. TIMELINE
• 1935 - Hoover Dam, the World's Largest Hydroelectric
Power Plant, Is Built
• 1953 - First Silicon Solar Cell Developed at Bell
Laboratories
• 1958 - First US Satellite in Orbit Utilizes Solar Cells for
Power
• 1978 - World's First Solar Powered Village; Tohono
O'odham Reservation, Arizona. The system provided power
for water pumping and residential electricity to 15 homes
until 1983.
• Dec. 1980 - World's First Wind Farm Built in New
Hampshire
In December 1980, U.S. Wind power installed the world's first
wind farm, consisting of 20 wind turbines rated at 30
kilowatts each.

9. WORLD’S FIRST

10. WORLD’S FIRST…
• On April 25, 1954, Bell Labs announces the invention of
the first practical silicon solar cell. Shortly afterwards, they
are shown at the National Academy of Science Meeting.
These cells had about 6% efficiency.

11. WORLD’S FIRST…
Prince Piero Ginori Conti tested the first geothermal power
generator on 4 July 1904 in Larderello, Italy. It
successfully lit four light bulbs. Later, in 1911, the world's
first commercial geothermal power station was built there.

12. WORLD’S FIRST
• WIND TURBINE
Charles F. Brush's 60 foot, 80,000 pound turbine that
supplied 12kW of power to 350 incandescent lights, 2 arc
lights, and a number of motors at his home for 20 years. It
today is believed to be the first automatically operating
wind turbine for electricity generation and was built in the
winter of 1887 - 1888 in his back yard. Its rotor was 17
meters in diameter.

13. WORLD’S FIRST…
• The dam across Fox River in Appleton, Wisconsin, the site
of the first hydroelectric power plant in the world
• The first Edison hydroelectric power station, the Vulcan
Street Plant, began operating September 30, 1882, in
Appleton, Wisconsin, with an output of about 12.5
kilowatts.

14. WORLD’S FIRST…
• The concept of a fuel cell had effectively been
demonstrated in the early nineteenth century by Humphry
Davy.
• In 1932, Cambridge engineering professor Francis Bacon
modified Mond's and Langer's equipment to develop the
first AFC but it was not until 1959 that Bacon
demonstrated a practical 5 kW fuel cell system. At around
the same time, Harry Karl fitted a modified 15 kW Bacon
cell to an Allis-Chalmers agricultural tractor. Allis-
Chalmers, in partnership with the US Air Force,
subsequently developed a number of fuel cell powered
vehicles including a forklift truck, a golf cart and a
submersible vessel.

15. Renewable Energy
Wind Energy.
Hydro Energy.
Solar Energy.
Biomass Energy.
Geothermal Energy.
Main Form of Renewable Energy

16. Wind Energy

17. Wind is caused by huge convection currents in the Earth's atmosphere,
driven by heat energy from the Sun. This means as long as the sun shines,
there will be wind.
Wind energy is believed to be five times total current global energy
production, or 40 times current electricity demand.
This could require large amounts of land to be used for wind turbines,
particularly in areas of higher wind resources. Offshore resources
experience wind speeds of ~90% greater than that of land.
Wind Energy

18. History of Wind Energy.
• Humans have been using wind power for at least 5,500 years to
propel sailboats and sailing ships.
• Windmills have been used for irrigation pumping and for milling
grain since the 7th
century AD in Afghanistan, India, Iraq and
Pakistan.

19. Wind Power: It is a renewable energy source used to generate
Electricity by converting wind energy into mechanical energy. This
mechanical energy is than converted into electricity by the use of an
electrical generator located within each individual wind machine.
• Blowing wind, spins the blades of a wind turbine – This device is
called a wind turbine and not a windmill.
• A windmill grinds or mills grains or is used to pump water.
• Worldwide there are now many thousands of wind turbines
operating, with a total nameplate capacity of 1,94,400 MW.
• World wind generation capacity more than quadrupled between 2000
and 2006, doubling every three years.

20. Off-Shore Wind Turbine: To take advantage of the
steadier winds, offshore turbines are also bigger than onshore
turbines and have an increased generation capacity. Offshore
turbines generally have nameplate capacities between 2 MW and
5 MW, with tower heights greater than 200 feet and rotor
diameters of 250 to 430 feet.

21. Electricity Generation
• The Blades of a turbine are attached to a hub that is mounted on a
turning shaft.
• The shaft goes through a gear transmission box where the turning
speed is increased.
• The transmission box is attached to a high speed shaft which turns a
generator that makes electricity.
• In a wind farm(which is a group of win turbines in the same location
used for production of electric power), individual turbines are
interconnected with a medium voltage power collection system and
communications network.

22. Parts of a wind Turbine.

23. Advantages
• Environmental benefits.
• Economic development benefits.
• Fuel diversity and Conservation benefits.
• Cost stability benefits.

24. Disadvantages
• Birds – A serious Obstacle.
• Noise disturbances.
• Cost of wind turbines.
• Threat to wildlife.
• Wind can never be predicted.
• Suited to particular region.
• Visual Impact.

25. Hydro Energy

26. Hydro Energy
The most common type of hydroelectric power plant uses a dam on a river to
store water in a reservoir.
Water released from the reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it, which in
turn activates a generator to produce electricity. But hydroelectric power
doesn't necessarily require a large dam.
Hydroelectric energy is a term usually reserved for large-scale hydroelectric
dams.
This includes marine current power, tidal power and ocean thermal energy
conversion.

27. Hydro Power
What is Hydropower?
Hydropower, Hydraulic power, Hydrokinetic power or water power is
power that is derived from the force or energy of falling water, which may be
harnessed for useful purposes.
 It is capture of moving water to generate electric power.
 Falling water is used to turn the turbine blades.
 Turbine converts hydraulic energy to mechanical energy.
 Alternator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy.
 Usually dams are constructor in the water flow to generate electricity from rivers.

28. Hydropower plant
It consists of different parts..
Dam
Intake
Penstock
Turbine
Generator
Transformer
Power line
Outflow

29. Figure showing power generations
using dam..

30. Definitions and Functions.
 Dams: The dam is the most important component of hydroelectric
power plant. The dam is built on a large river that has abundant
quantity of water throughout the year.
 Water Reservoir: The water reservoir is the place behind the
dam where water is stored. The water in the reservoir is located
higher than the rest of dam structure.
The high position of water, in the reservoir also
enables it to move downwards effortlessly. The higher the height of
water, the more its potential energy.

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• Intake or Control gates: These are the gates built on the
inside of the dam. The water from reservoir is released and controlled
through these gates. These are called inlet gates because water enters
the power generation unit through these gates.
When the control gates are opened the
water flows due to gravity through the penstock and towards the
turbines.

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• The Penstock: The Penstock is the long pipe or the shaft that
carries the water flowing from the reservoir towards the power
generation unit, comprised of the turbines and generator.

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• Water Turbines: Water flowing from the penstock is allowed
to enter the power generation unit, which houses the turbine and the
generator. When water falls on the blades of the turbine the kinetic
and potential energy of water is converted into the rotational motion
of the blades of the turbine. The rotating blades causes the shaft of
the turbine to also rotate. The turbine shaft is enclosed inside the
generator. In most hydroelectric power plants there is more than one
power generation unit.
There are various types of water turbines
such as Kaplan turbine, Francis turbine, Pelton wheels etc. The type
of turbine used in the hydroelectric power plant depends on the
height of the reservoir, quantity of water and the total power
generation capacity.

34. Water Turbine.

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• Generators: It is in the generator where the electricity is
produced. The shaft of the water turbine rotates in the generator,
which produces alternating current in the coils of the generator. It is
the rotation of the shaft inside the generator that produces magnetic
field which is converted into electricity by electromagnetic field
induction. Hence the rotation of the shaft of the turbine is crucial for
the production of electricity and this is achieved by the kinetic and
potential energy of water. Thus in hydroelectricity power plants
potential energy of water is converted into electricity.

36. Generator.

37. Hydro power plant.

38. Advantages
• Once the dam is built, it is virtually free to generate the energy.
• No waste or pollution created by it compared to burning fuel or
nuclear energy.
• More reliable than wind and solar power.
• Water can be stored to deal with demands.
• Electricity can be generated 24 hours a day.

39. Disadvantages
• Very expensive to build a dams.
• The construction of large dams can cause flooding in fields upstream.
• Choosing a site can be difficult.
• Water quality and quantity downstream can be affected, which can
have an impact on plant life.

40. Solar Energy

41. Solar Energy
Solar radiation along with secondary solar resources such as wind
and wave power, hydroelectricity and biomass account for most of
the available renewable energy on Earth.
Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun,
selecting materials with favourable thermal mass or light
dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally
circulate air. Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the sun
harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as
solar heating, photovoltaic's, solar thermal energy, solar
architecture and artificial photosynthesis.

42. Solar lighting.
water Heating.
Heating,Cooling Ventilation
Electrical generation.
Application of Solar Energy

43. How Electricity Is Generated By
Solar Energy???
• When sunlight strikes the solar cell electrons are knocked out loose
from the molecule.
• They move towards the treated front surface.
• An electron imbalance is created between both the surfaces of the
solar cell.
• When the two surfaces are joined by a connector like a wire, a
current occurs between the negative and positive sides.
• This electricity produced is used for various household purposes and
in industries.

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• We can change the sunlight directly into electricity by using solar
cells also called as Photovoltaic Cells.

45. Solar Panels in Use
• Because of their current costs, only rural and other customers far
away from power lines use solar panels because it is more cost
effective then extending power lines.
• Utility companies are already purchasing, installing and maintaining
PV- home systems.
• Largest solar plant in US, sponsored by the DOE, served the
Sacramento area, producing 2195 MWh of electric energy, making it
cost competitive with fossil fuel plants.

46. Applications
• Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or
active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and
distribute solar energy.
• Active solar techniques use photovoltaic panels, pumps, and fans to
convert sunlight into useful outputs.
• Passive solar techniques include.
 Selecting materials with favorable thermal properties.
 Designing spaces that naturally circulate air.
 Referencing the position of a building to the sun.

47. Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
• All chemical and radioactive
polluting byproducts of the
thermonuclear reactions remain
behind on the sun, while only
pure radiant energy reaches the
earth.
• Energy reaching the earth is
incredible. By one calculation,
30 days of sunshine striking the
earth have the energy equivalent
of the total of all the planet’s
fossil fuels.
Disadvantages
• Sun does not shine consistently.
• Solar energy is a diffuse source.
To harness it, we must
concentrate it into an amount and
form that we can use, such as
heat and electricity.
• Addressed by approaching the
problem through:
1) collection, 2) conversion
3) Storage.

48. Biomass Energy

49. Biomass is a renewable energy resource derived from the carbonaceous
waste of various human and natural activities. It is derived from numerous
sources, including the by-products from the timber industry, agricultural
crops, raw material from the forest, major parts of household waste and
wood.
Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living
organisms.
In the context of biomass for energy this is often used to mean plant based
material, but biomass can equally apply to both animal and vegetable derived
material.
To many people, the most familiar forms of renewable energy are the wind
and the sun. But biomass (plant material and animal waste) is the oldest
source of renewable energy, used since our ancestors learned the secret of
fire..
Biomass Energy

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• Biomass is all plant material, or vegetation, either raw or processed,
wild or cultivated.
• Bio-fuel is a type of fuel whose energy is derived from biological
carbon fixation.
• Bio-fuels are derived from biomass, liquid fuels and various
biogases.
• Uses – Industrial process heat and steam, Electrical power
generation, Transportation fuels (ethanol and biodiesel) and other
products.

51. Socio-Economic Benefits
• Helps developing economies by promoting agrarian communities.
• Increase in jobs.
• Increase in trade balance (Indian perspective) due to lesser
dependence on foreign resources.

52. Bio-Refinery
• A facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and
equipment to produce fuels, power, and chemicals from biomass.
• Analogous to today’s petroleum refineries.
• It is based on the “Sugar Petroleum” and the “Thermo chemical
Platform”.

53. First generation Bio-fuels
• Bioalcohols
• Biodiesel
• Green diesel
• Vegetable Oil
• Bioethers
• Biogas
• Syngas
• Solid biofuels

54. Biomass Sources
Agricultural Crops &
Residues.
Sewage.
Municipal Solid Waste.
Animals Residues.
Industrial Residues.
Forestry Cropes &
Residues.

55. Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
• It’s a renewable source of
energy.
• It’s a comparatively lesser
pollution generating energy.
• Biomass energy helps in
cleanliness in villages and cities.
• It provides manure for the
agriculture and gardens.
• There is tremendous potential to
generate biogas energy.
Disadvantages
• It’s a renewable source of
energy.
• It’s a comparatively lesser
pollution generating energy.
• Biomass energy helps in
cleanliness in villages and cities.
• It provides manure for the
agriculture and gardens.
• There is tremendous potential to
generate biogas energy.

56. Geothermal Energy

57. Geothermal Energy
Geothermal energy is the heat from the Earth. It's clean and
sustainable.
Resources of geothermal energy range from the shallow ground to hot
water and hot rock found a few miles beneath the Earth's surface, and
down even deeper to the extremely high temperatures of molten rock
called magma.
There is also the potential to generate geothermal energy from hot dry
rocks.
It is the thermal energy contained in the rock and fluid (that fills the
fractures and pores within the rock) in the earth's crust.

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• It is thermal energy generated and stored in Earth. Thermal energy is
the energy that determines the temperature of matter.
• Originates from the formation of the planet and from radioactive
decay of minerals.
• The geothermal gradient, which is the difference in temperature
between the core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous
conduction of thermal energy in the form of heat from the core to the
surface.

59. History..
• Hot springs have been used for bathing at least since Paleolithic
times.
• The oldest Known spa is a stone pool on China’s Lisan mountain
built in the Qin dynasty in the 3rd
century BC, at the same site where
the Huaqing Chi palace was later built.

60. Schematic representation of an ideal
geothermal system

61. Generation of electricity by steam
power plant.
• The steam rotates a turbine that activates a generator, which produces
electricity.
• There are three types of geothermal power plants: Dry steam, Flash
steam and Binary cycle.
• Dry steam power plants draw from underground resources of steam
and is sent to the turbines/generator unit to produce power.
• Flash steam power plants use geothermal reservoirs of water with
temperatures greater than 182 C. This is very hot waters flows up
through wells in the ground under its own pressure.
• Binary cycle power plants operate on water at lower temperatures of
about 107 C- 182 C.

62. Steam driven electric power plant

64. Some Statistics Of Renewable Resources Used In
India.

69. RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES

70. POWER SOURCES

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