Influencing policy (training slides from Fast Track Impact)
Noun phrases
1. English Grammar
Group members:
1. Le Thi Hoai Thanh
2. Nguyen Hanh Le
3. Tran Thi Ut Tram
4. Hoang Thi Thu Huong
5. Le Thi Thu Phuong
6. Nguyen Thi Thu Trang
2. Definition : Nouns are words that name people, places,
things, or ideas.
thing
Noun classes
idea
?
person Proper Common
nouns nouns
place
3. Proper nouns
Personal geographical calendar institutions/
names names items organizations
Bill Clinton the Nile Easter the UNICEF
4. Common nouns
Count Ns Non-count Ns
car Singular
Singular
cars Plural
salt
5. Noun classes
Proper nouns Common nouns
E.g. Tom, John
Count Ns Non-count Ns
Singular Plural Singular
table tables freedom
6. Definition: A noun phrase is a group word with a noun or a
pronoun as the head & other constituents as modifiers.
Example: The second black bag on the table is very nice.
art numeral adj head PP
7. Functions: noun phrases perform 6 major
grammatical functions in the English language:
1. Subject: This book is very interesting.
S
2. Direct Object: Mary kicked the ball.
Od
3. Indirect Object: He gives his father a hat.
Oi
8. 4. Subject Complement
Ex: He is a student.
S Cs
5. Object Complement:
Ex: We elected you team leader
O Co
6. Prepositional Complement
Ex: I work in this company.
PP Cpp
10. Determiners = words of close-system used before a
N to “determine” the precise meaning of
the N.
Pre-determiners
( Central ) Determiners
Post-determiners
11. Pre-determiners All, Both, Half
Multipliers
Fractions
such , what (exclamative).
12. Pre-determiners All, Both, Half
+ Before: - Articles ( a, an, the, zero articles)
Ex: All the time
- Possessive determiners (my, her ,his, etc.)
Ex: Both his sisters
- Demonstrative determiners ( this, that, these, etc.)
Ex: Half those days.
+ Not before: Quantitative determiners (no, each, any, some,
enough, (n)either, every)
13. Pre-determiners All, Both, Half
+ Take partitive “ of-phrases” Optional with Nouns
Ex: All (of) the time
Obligatory with pronouns
Ex: All of them, both of us, Half of it
+ “All, both” occur after head, either immediately or after the operator
Ex: They (all) were (all) accepted.
14. Pre-determiners Multipliers Once, twice, three
times, double, etc.
+ Used to denote the quality of the nouns
Ex: Twice his strength
Double their papers
+ Occur with the determiners “a, every, each” and “per”
to indicate frequency.
Ex: Once a week
Twice every day
Three time each year
15. Pre-determiners Fractions one-third, two-fifths,
three- quarters, etc .
+ The fraction have the alternative of-construction.
Ex: One-third (of ) the time .
Two-fifths (of) the students.
+ The indefinite article can replace “one”
Ex: He did it in one-third/ a third of the time it took me
16. Pre-determiners such , what (exclamative).
+ Occur before the head noun .
+ “ Such” combined with “all/no, quantifiers,
cardinal numbers”
Ex:No/many/30 such incidents
17. ( Central ) Determiners
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Possessiv
e : My, Zero (A)n every,
our, her, Article each,
.etc...Wh- This, , Those much
some, (n)either
words, any That These
some, any (unstress
(stressed), ed)
no enough
18. (central) Determiners respect to their co-
occurrence with the noun classes
Count Non-count
SINGULAR bottle
furniture
PLURAL bottles
19. ( Central ) Determiners
Ex:
(1) The Possessive („my‟,
„your‟, 'his‟, etc.) Book
Genitive („my father‟s‟,
„Anne‟s‟, etc.)
Possessiv
No + Books
e : My,
our, her,
Whose
.etc... Which (ever)
What (ever)
Some (stressed) Ink
Any (stressed)
20. ( Central ) Determiners
Ex:
(2)
Zero article
Zero
Some Books
Article
some, (unstressed) +
any Any ink
(unstress
ed)
(unstressed)
enough enough
21. ( Central ) Determiners
Ex:
(3)
An/a Book
(A)n every, every
each,
each +
(n)either ink
either
neither
22. ( Central ) Determiners
Ex:
(4)
This Book
+
This,
That
That ink
23. ( Central ) Determiners
Ex:
(5)
Those Book
+
, Those
These
These
ink
24. ( Central ) Determiners
Ex:
(6)
Much + Ink
much
26. Post-determiners
Cardinal numerals
- Apart from One , which can co-occur only with singular
count nouns , all cardinal numerals ( two, three...) co-
occur only with plural count nouns:
Ex: The two students The two cars
Det post-det head Det post-det head
27. Post-determiners
Ordinal numerals
-In addtion to the ordinals which have a one-for-one relation with the
cardinals ( fourth~four; twentieth-twenty), we consider here items like next,
last, (an) other, additional, which resemble them grammtically and
semantically.Ordinal numerals, exept first, co-occur only with count nouns.
Ex: The first three planes His last two book
Det post-det head Det post-det head
28. Post-determiners
close-system quantifiers
-Before count Ns: many , (a)few, several
-Before non-count Ns: much, (a) little
Ex: The few words Much stress
Det post-det head post-det head
29. Post-determiners
Open-system quantifiers
-Include : plenty of, a lot of, lost of, a great of, a large
of etc.
-Verbs have number concord with the second nouns
, not the quality nouns (lot, deal, lost, plenty, etc.)
Ex: Lots of food was on the table.
There was a lot of food on the table
30. I. Structure
- Noun phrases play an important role in the construction
of a sentence.
- Basic noun phrases can be pronouns, numerals or head
nouns with different determiners while complex ones
include pre-modification, head noun and post-
modification
31. Complex NP
Pre- Post-
+ Head noun + modification
modification
E.g.: All the 11 pupils playing football
32. Pre-modification Head noun Post-
modification
Three Three men In a boat
The Italian Expression For coffee
A Pen On the table
33. Modifiers before the noun are called pre-modifiers. All of
the pre-modifiers that are present and the noun together
form a noun phrase .
NOUN PHRASE
pre-modifiers noun
* ←
white house
* ←
large man
* ←
post -modifiers—modifiers coming after a noun.
a dream deferred
→ *
34. A "head noun" is the main noun that is modified by other
elements in a noun phrase.
It is important that you can find head nouns, because this
allows you determine whether the phrase can take an
indefinite article (if the head noun is a noncountnoun, then it
cannot occur with 'a' or 'an')..
Like in the basic noun phrase, the head noun, first of all, is
the central element and core component of the complex
noun phrase.
It may be count or mass noun which dictates concord and
(for the most part) other kinds of congruence with the rest of
the sentence outside the noun phrase.
35. Ex: The only girl in this class is hard working
head
- All of the beautiful girls in my class are kind
- I like the car that you bought.
Car is the head noun because the adjective
clause modifies it.
.
36. Look at these examples. The head nouns
are underlined. Notice that the head noun is NOT
the noun right before the adjective clause.
Ex:. The people in Japan I met were very polite and
friendly.
38. Modification
• helps identify the head & indicate a
function limitation on the possible reference of the
status
head
Restrictive Permanent
• tends to come after the head
• tends to be given more prosodic emphasis
than the head
Non-restrictive Temporary
E.g.: The flowers in your garden are nice.
He visited his aunt who often lent
him money.
39. Modification
• gives additional information to the head
but is not essential for identifying the
function status
head
Restrictive • the reference: unique or as member of a
Permanent
class that has been independently identified
• tends to come before the head
Non-restrictive • tends to beTemporary in pre-head position
unstressed
E.g.: The book, which I gave you yesterday,
is quite readable. (member of a class)
She is his poor, old mother. (unique)
40. Modification
function status
• Have reference to characteristic
features Non-restrictive Permanent
• Mainly the items which are placed
in pre- Restrictive Temporary
modification position
E.g.: an ugly man
the easy-going lady
41. Modification
• Have reference only to a specific
function status
time
• Mainly those adjectives which have
Non-restrictive Permanent
to be
predicate Restrictive Temporary
E.g.:
A man who is timid = A timid man
A man who is afraid # An afraid man
42. •Pre- modification including modifiers that stand before the
head off complex NP.
• modifiers is a word (adj, adv…) that describes an other
word or group of words or restrict its, meaning in some
way. IT is the unit of forming a structure element.
• modification is the act or process of changing
something in order to improve it or make it more
acceptable. It is the structure element
45. opinion
Premodification
size
Determiner
Adjectives age
participle
shape
Adverbial
color
Sentence
origion
Noun modifier
material
Multiple premodifi-cation
purpose
46. opinion
Premodification
Beautiful, good
Size
Determiner
Adjectives age
participle
shape
Adverbial
Color
Noun modifier
origin
Sentence
material
Multiple premodifi-cation
purpose
47. opinion
Premodification
size
Determiner Big, small
age
Adjectives
participle shape
Adverbial Color
Noun modifier
origin
Sentence
material
Multiple premodifi-cation
purpose
48. opinion
Premodification
size
Determiner
age
Adjectives
Big, small
participle shape
Adverbial Color
Noun modifier
origin
Sentence
material
Multiple premodifi-cation
purpose
49. Premodification opinion
size
Determiner
age
Adjectives
Old, young
participle shape
Adverbial Color
Noun modifier
origin
Sentence
material
Multiple premodifi-cation
purpose
50. Premodification opinion
size
Determiner
age
Adjectives
participle shape
Square, round
Adverbial Color
Noun modifier
origin
Sentence
material
Multiple premodifi-cation
purpose
51. opinion
Premodification
size
Determiner
age
Adjectives
participle Shape
Adverbial Color
Blue, red…
Noun modifier
origin
Sentence
material
Multiple premodifi-cation
purpose
52. opinion
Premodification
size
Determiner
age
Adjectives
participle Shape
Adverbial Color
Noun modifier
origin
Sentence English, chinese
material
Multiple premodifi-cation
purpose
53. Premodification opinion
size
Determiner
age
Adjectives
participle Shape
Adverbial Color
Noun modifier
orifin
Sentence
material
Multiple premodifi-cation metal.,
purpose
54. opinion
Premodification
size
Determiner
age
Adjectives
participle Shape
Adverbial Color
Noun modifier
orifin
Sentence
material
Multiple premodifi-cation metal.,
material
55. article opinion size age shape color origin material purpose noun
1. a silly old English man
2. a huge round metal bowl
3. a small red sleeping bag
56. Premodifying
intensifying
adjective
a real hero, a definite loss, a
Gennerally complete fool, a close friend
attribute only reverse
restrict the reference a certain person
Restrictive of the noun the exact answer
adjectives exclusively, the only occasion
particularly or chiefly the very man.
attributive only
adjectives which
cannot pre-modify faint, ill, well,
the head, but can be able, afraid,etc.
predicative
58. Premodification by participle
-ing participle: temporary: the approaching train
(=the train which is approaching)
Permanent: an interesting book
(=a book that interests readers).
-ed participle: passive: the broken vase
(=the vase that was broken)
Non-passive: a retired teacher
(=a teacher who has retired)
60. Standing before noun to modify it.
The chidren are playing nearly house
My house have to go to far-away school.
Eg: I visited his far-away hometown.
62. Noun modifiers
“a children book”
“a children book” means a book for children
the city council, the love story…
Or I bought a new computer game
In these cases the noun pre-modifier is closely connected to the
head noun that the two can almost be considered one word.
This illustrates that when nouns pre-modify other nouns they
always come next to the head noun ; nothing else can come
between them
66. Multiple premodifi-cation
Premodifiers head noun
Deter adj participle denonial
Predet det postdet gen age col shape… -ing/-ed adj noun
This beautiful new white Japanese cat.
The old pentagonal crumbling church tower.
67. + multiple head with one modifier
Old man and women
+modified modifier
A noun can be premodified by either adjective or noun….
The meat production increase measures.
The extremely beautiful pictures.
68. Definition of post – modification
Post – modification ( also called post – modifiers )
comprising all the items placed after the head.
The girl speaking English fluently.
Head post – modification
The man who is standing outside is my neighbor.
Head post - modifier
69. Relative clause
Ex : the girl who is playing in the ground is my
daughter.
Nonfinite clause
Ex : the girl playing in the ground is my daughter.
Prepositional phrase/adverb
Ex : she loves the monitor in your class.
70. Determiner head post modifiers
The man who told you the secret.
Finite clause
The girl speaking English fluently
Nonfinite clause
A book with the white cover
Prepositional phrase
The road back
Adverb
71. Post – modification by relative clause ( finite clause )
which can be restrictive or non – restrictive.
People who live in Vietnam are friendly and
hospitable.
Restrictive relative clause
The boy who lives next door is very kind and polite.
Restrictive relative clause
Tom’s father, who is 78, goes swimming everyday.
Non- restrictive
72. Restrictive relative clause
_ help to definite the head noun
_it is a essential clause to clarify it
_ no commas between a noun and a restrictive relative
clause.
Non – restrictive relative clause
_ give additional information
_ it is not essential
_ non – restrictive relative clauses are separated from
their noun by commas
There are a number of relative clauses beginning with
relative English pronoun ‘ who, whom, whose, that ‘ (
for personal ); which, that, what ( for things)….
73. Post – modification of the noun phrase is possible
with all three of non – finite clause types : to –
infinitive, -ing, -ed.
The next flight to arrive was from London
To – infinitive
The beautiful girl speaking English fluently
-ing clause
The vase broken during the row
-ed clause
74. A man from Britain who I was talking about last night.
prepositional phrase relative clause
The book on the bathroom floor is swollen from
shower steam.
Prepositional phrase
