solar design in mountainous region of nepal

1. PASSIVE SOLAR BUILDING DESIGN IN
MOUNTAIN REGION OF NEPAL
A CASE STUDY OF SETTLEMENT OF JOMSOM, MUSTANG
Presented by:
Bipina Bhandari (075/MSEEB/007)
Bindu Regmi (075/MSEEB/020)
Prapooja KC (075/MSEEB/012)
Sadichchha Shrestha (075/MSEEB/015)
Upashana Poudel(075/MSEEB/019)
SEMINAR
ON
July, 2019

2. o Buildings are responsible for over 1/3rd of final energy consumption world
wide
o The average energy consumption of building can be significantly reduced
through climate responsive design
o Essential to understand the local context in order to find the most effective
measures to transform the sector towards higher energy efficiency and thus
sustainability
o Best example: Vernacular architecture ( Passive techniques applied in
vernacular houses are often very effective in the local climate context and do
not rely on energy intensive and expensive active system.)
o Vernacular houses have been analyzed thoroughly to understand the climate
responsive design as well as studied other favorable passive design
OVERVIEW
CLIMATE RESPONSIVE/ PASSIVE DESIGN

3. INTRODUCTION
CLIMATE RESPONSIVE DESIGN- CLIMATOLOGY
Study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a
period of time (10 years)Primary factors:
• Solar radiation (light and
heat)
• Precipitation
• Wind flow pattern
• Relative Humidity
• Sky condition
• Temperature
Secondary factors:
• Lightning
• Thunder
• Storm
• Avalanche
• Earthquake
• Dust pollution
o A typical meteorological year (TMY) is often used in climate responsive design
for analyzing design strategies
o The climatic data plotted on Bio climatic charts and Mahoney table to identify
locations with similar passive design strategies

4. 1. Arctic/ Tundra climate:
> 5000 m high Himalayan area
2. Alpine climate:
3300-5000 m hilly area- Dolpa, Manang,
Solokhumbu
3. Cool Temperate climate:
2100-3300 m hilly area – Jomsom
4. Warm Temperate climate:
1200-2100 m InnerTerai & Chure
hilly area - Kathmandu, Pokhara,
Tansen, etc.
5. Sub-tropical climate:
Up to 1200 m plain area of Terai –
Birgunj, Hetauda, Dharan, etc.
According to Altitude, 5 different climates in Nepal (Shrestha, 2007) :
(Shrestha, 2007)
INTRODUCTION
CLIMATIC REGION OF NEPAL

5. CHARACTERISTICS OF CLIMATE IN MOUNTAIN REGION OF NEPAL
Cool temperate, Alpine climate & Arctic/ Tundra climate with 2100- 3300m & >
5000 m
Short warm season: Baisakh –
Jestha
Long cool season: Kartik – Falgun
Favorable : Ashad- Ashoj & chaitra
Temp: nearly 20ºC summer day & < 5 ºC winter day
Sky : mostly partly cloudy in winter & clear in summer
Humidity: < 50% low in dry season
Rain fall: during monsoon season max 1000 mm
annual, Snow falls in > 3300 m & low rainfall
Vegetation: grow less
INTRODUCTION
CLIMATE OF MOUNTAIN REGION

6. INTRODUCTION
JOMSOM, MUSTANG
• Cold Temperate Climatic Zone with altitude 2744 m
• Falls in the rain shadow area and receive very little rain
ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT OBSERVED IN
MUSTANG
(Sky Caves of Nepal Part 1 : The Climber/Nat Geo
Live, 2012)
Cluster housing settlements of Mustang

7. INTRODUCTION
SOCIO CULTURAL BACKGROUND
(KC, 2014)
o Gurung and Thakalis are dominant
ethnic groups
o Religion: In 2011, The population of
Mustang was divided between
60.17% Buddhists (8,095 people)
and 37.46% Hindus (5,040 people
and others.

8. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE
 To understand environment, culture an socio economic background of
mountainous region.
 To gain knowledge about the use of bio climatic char and Mahoney table to
analyze the climatic context of the area and effective passive design for the
particular area
 To research about the local vernacular architecture and understand local
building material and technology.
 To find out the best possible solution for building design in cold climate of
Nepal (Jomsom)

9. METHODOLOGY
TOPIC SELECTION
SITE SELECTION AND STUDY
RESEARCH DATA COLLECTION
DATA ANALLYSIS (BIO
CLIMATIC CHART)
COLLECION OF
METERELOGICAL DATA
CASE STUDIES
(VERNACULAR
ARCHITECTURE)
LIERATURE
REVIEW
CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATION
SUPERVISORCONSULTATION
REPORT AND PERSENTATION
SUBMISSION

10. LITERATURE REVIEW
PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES
Attempts to control comfort (heating and cooling)
without consuming fuels
• uses the orientation of the building to control
heat gain and heat loss
• uses the shape of the building (plan, section) to
control air flow
•maximizes use of free solar energy for heating
and lighting
• maximizes use of free ventilation for cooling
• uses shade (natural or architectural) to control
heat gain
PASSIVE MEANS OF DESIGN
(Mahato & Guragain, 2016)

11. NEED OF PASSIVE DESIGN
• Natural resources depleting
• Burning fuels emit carbon dioxide
• carbon footprint has significant contribution to climate change
• passive solar technology can reduce carbon emission and make use of
renewable energy such as sun.
• Buildings should adapt to climate because climate keeps on changing

12. LITERATURE REVIEW
PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES – THREE TIER APPROACH OF DESIGN
(Mahato & Guragain, 2016)

13. LITERATURE REVIEW
PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES – PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING STRATEGIES
• 3 MAIN STRATEGIES:
– Direct Gain
• THERMAL MASS to absorb, store and distribute heat
• SUNSPACE such as trombe walls, solarium
– Indirect Gain
• Trombe wall , Water wall , Trans wall
– Isolated Gain
(Henry, 2014)

14. LITERATURE REVIEW
PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES – DIRECT GAIN
Components of direct gain
– Glazing- to transmit heat
– Thermal mass- to store heat during the day
– Insulation – to prevent heat loss
during the night
– Ventilation – for summer cooling
– Shading – to regulate amount of radiation
(Henry, 2014)

15. LITERATURE REVIEW
PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES – DIRECT GAIN
• Glazed space
• South facing collector space attached to building
• Thermal storage link between collector
and living space for heat transfer
• Daylighting occupied areas
• Double glazed windows for insulation
• Passive solar heating & Cooling
• Other Advantages: agriculture, vegetation
SUNSPACE
(Henry, 2014)

16. LITERATURE REVIEW
PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES – INDIRECT GAIN
• south facing wall constructed of heavy masonry (Trombe
Wall) or water filled containers (water wall). South
facing surface is glazed - sunlight and reduce heat losses.
TROMBE WALL
• At least 14” thick masonry wall ,light, heat
reflective color due to high radiation levels
Covered -insulated glass (double glazing) or low
emissivity glass -warm surface -wall.
• The air gap traps the heat radiated by the wall (SHARMA, 2017)

17. LITERATURE REVIEW
PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES – INDIRECT GAIN
TRANS
WALL
• Consists of a transparent absorber sandwiched between
two water columns which consists of glazing on both sides
• Partially absorbs and transmits solar radiation
• Combines features of direct gain and thermal storage
• Allows visual transmission by reducing lighting loud
• Can be used when immediate heat transfer is required
• Thermal convectivity reduces the heat transfer but it can be
reduced by baffles and gelling agent – increasing viscosity
(Dickens & Charles, 2015)

18. LITERATURE REVIEW
PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES – INDIRECT GAIN
WATER
WALL
• they can be installed in new construction easily
and economically
• they are more effective than masonry for heating
and cooling, particularly in areas with cool night
temperatures
• they are extremely comfortable because of the
large radiant surface exposed to the inside
(Dickens & Charles, 2015)

19. LITERATURE REVIEW
PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES – ISOLATED GAIN
• Same working principle such as
direct gain.
• But Solar radiation collector and
storage isolated from main living
unit
• Works by natural conceive loop
• most common example of
isolated gain is natural
convective loopPASSIVE
COOLING
Air movement in June and September. But no cooling required.
(Henry, 2014)

20. LITERATURE REVIEW
BIO CLIMATIC
o BIO-CLIMATE: A CLIMATE, as it influences, and is
influenced by, BIOLOGICAL organisms
o An understanding of climate to inform building design strategy.
o Extract the most appropriate and effective applicable design strategies for
preliminary passive design of buildings.
o The three main aspects that affect the indoor buildings’ environment.

21. LITERATURE REVIEW
BIO CLIMATIC CHART
o A bioclimatic chart is a preliminary analysis tool
used during the early planning stages of a building project.
Olgyay’s Bioclimatic Chart
o Constant comfort in the range from
20 to 30ºC.
Figure: Olgyay’s Bioclimatic Chart
Source:
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Bioclimatic-
chart

22. LITERATURE REVIEW
BIO CLIMATIC CHART
Givoni’s Bioclimatic Chart
o Five zones are identified
Thermal comfort, natural ventilation,
high mass, high mass with night
ventilation
and evaporative cooling
Figure: Givoni’s Bioclimatic Chart
Source: (Al-Rawahi, et al., 2015)

23. LITERATURE REVIEW
BIO CLIMATIC CHART
Szokolay Chart
o Developed new bioclimatic chart taking
thermal neutrality (temperature tolerance
range) into consideration.
o Only valid for regions with relative
humidity till 90 percent.
Figure: Szokolay’s Bioclimatic Chart
Source:
https://www.google.com.np/search?q=Szokolay

24. LITERATURE REVIEW
BIO CLIMATIC CHART
Data collection
1.Air
o Wet season is comfortable and partly cloudy
o Dry season is cold and mostly clear
o Over the year, the temperature typically varies from -1.54°C to 22.9°C
o Coldest month- January
o Hottest Month- August

25. LITERATURE REVIEW
BIO CLIMATIC CHART
Figure: Average hourly temperature
(Source: Data Source)
-
5
0
5
10
15
20
25
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Temperature
Months
Temperature
-1.54°C
22.9°
C
Mean Maximum Temp. Mean MinimumTemp.2
Figure: Line chart showing monthly mean
max min temperature
(Source: Data Source)

26. LITERATURE REVIEW
BIO CLIMATIC CHART
o Warm season lasts for 4 months, from mid May to mid September
o Cold season lasts for 2.7 months, from November to March
o Characterization of the entire year of hourly average temperatures.
2. Relative Humidity
dry < 55°% < comfortable < 60°% < humid <
65%
< muggy < 70%< oppressive < 75% <
miserable.
o Humidity comfort level is muggy, oppressive,
or miserable, does not vary significantly over
the course of the year

27. LITERATURE REVIEW
BIO CLIMATIC CHART
o Humid season lasts 3.5 months, from
June to September mid
o Drier season lasts 8.5 months, from
September mid to June
o Rain alone, snow alone, or a mixture
of the two can also be experienced
10
0
20
50
40
30
80
70
60
90
JAN FEB MAR APR
MAY
JUN JUL AUG
SEP
C
Relative humidity
Monthly Mean P.M Monthly MeanA.M
Figure: Line chart showing monthly RH (a.m
and p.m)
(Source: Data Source)
61.9%
OCT NOV DE
82
%
Comparatively
High
Humidity

28. LITERATURE REVIEW
BIO CLIMATIC CHART
3. Rainfall
Latitude(deg/min): 2847
Longitude(deg/min): 8343
Elevation(m): 2744
o Jomsom experiences extreme
variation in monthly rainfall
o Rainy period of the year lasts for
6.5 months, from mid April to
October
o Less rainfall period of the year lasts
for 5.5 months,
from November to April mid
o Least rain falls around November
120
100
80
60
140
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Oct
Nov Dec
Rainfall
118mm
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Figure: Bar chart showing monthly
rainfall
(Source: Data source)

29. LITERATURE REVIEW
BIO CLIMATIC CHART
ANNUAL RAINFALL=
325.5MMSnow alone is the most common for
1.6 months, from Dec to Jan
Rainy Period
Figure: Line chart showing rainy and snowfall
period
(Source: https://www.mountainkingdoms.com)
29.
8
24.
8
27.
6
33.
5
22.
22
45.
6
30.
72
14.
24
24.
06
1.3
8 5.5
60
10
20
30
40
50
70
65.8
60
Jan Feb Mar Oct NovDecApr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Average Monthly Railfall
Figure: Bar chart showing monthly
rainfall in Jomsom
(Source: Data Source)
65.8mm

30. LITERATURE REVIEW
BIO CLIMATIC CHART
4. Wind flow
o By the column diagram, it shows that
15 the wind speed exceeds above
15m/s from march to September in
2003-2004
o In 2005, the wind speed has reduced
which rarely touches 15m/s.
o Dependent on local topography and
other factors.
o Average hourly wind speed in
Jomsom is constant during June
o The calmest day of the year Oct, Nov,
0
5
20
25
Jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sept oct nov dec
2003
2004
2005
avg
Figure: Bar chart showing monthly
windflow
(Source: Data Source)
Calm
days
19m/s
Fig: Hourly average wind direction
in Jomsom
(Source:
https://www.mountainkingdoms.com)

31. LITERATURE REVIEW
BIO CLIMATIC CHART
5. Solar Radiation
o Length of the day in Jomsom varies over the course of the year
o Shortest day is during December, with 10 hours, 18 minutes of daylight;
o Longest day is during June 21, with 13 hours, 59 minutes of daylight.
o Solar Radiation= 5.2 KWhr/sq.m
Shortest
Day
Longest Day
Figure: Map of Nepal solar radiation
(Source: https://www.worldbankgroup)

32. DEVELOPMENT OF BIOCLIMATIC CHART
16.5°C
24°C
15.5°C
27.5°C
WINTER
ZONE
SUMMER
COMFORT
ZONE
A. Szoklay Bioclimatic Chart
1. Comfort level
LIMIT OF COMFORT
January
 TL= 16.5C
 TU= 21.5C
 TL= 20.5C
 TU= 25.5C

33. DEVELOPMENT OF BIOCLIMATIC CHART
1. Comfort
Zone
2. Passive
solar heating
3. Air
Movement
4. Mass Effect
5. Evaporative
Cooling
AIR
MOVEMENT
MASS EFFECT WITH
NIGHT VENT
PASSIVE
SOLAR
HEATING
WINTER
ZONE
SUMMER
COMFORT
COMFORT
ZONE
EVAPORATIVE
COOLING

34. DEVELOPMENT OF BIOCLIMATIC CHART
12 lines
produced would
indicate the zone
of climatic
conditions (for
months)
MASS EFFECT
WITH
NIGHT
VENT
SOLAR
HEATING
ZONE
SUMMER
COMFORT
ZONE
EVAPORATIVE
COOLING
WINTER
PASSIVE
AIR
MOVEMENT
1. Monthly mean min.
temperature and
monthly mean max.
humidity
2. Monthly mean max.
temperature and
monthly mean min.
humidity
3. Two variables define
a point on biometric
chart

35. DEVELOPMENT OF BIOCLIMATIC CHART
B. Givoni Bioclimatic Chart
1
3
4
5
5
1
0
1
0
6
2
7
7
8
8
1
9
9
6
2
1
1
1
1
12
4
1
2
3
o Min. temp. of CZ = 20C
o Max. temp. of CZ = 27C
o Few days of time lies on
comfort zone.
o Few lies above comfort
zone
- natural ventilation
o The major part of the
climatic zones lies on
passive or active solar
heating
o No definite line for

36. RESULT FROM BIO CLIMATIC CHART
o Passive solar heating
throughout the year
o Active solar heating in
January and some days in
February
o Mass Effect may be
needed in some days of
June
o Air movement needed in
some days of June to

37. RESULT FROM BIO CLIMATIC CHART
Szoklay Bioclimatic Chart Givoni Bioclimatic chart
Comfort zone
(CZ)
•Some days of April, May, June, July
September and October lies at comfort
zone.
Only few days of May, June,
July Aug, Sept lies in comfort
zone.
Mass effect with night ventilation Mass effect with night ventilation is needed
from May to August.
No months need high mass.
Air movement Air movement is needed June, July, August and
September when humidity
exceeds above 70%
Air movement is needed June,
July and August.
Evaporative Direct Cooling No months
-
Evaporative Indirect Cooling Few days of June
Passive Solar Heating (PSH) •Passive Solar Heating is needed throughout the
year.
No definite lines for passive
solar heating.
Active Heating •Active heating is needed in January, and
may some days of February
No definite lines for active
heating.

38. RESULT FROM MAHONEY TABLE
o Layout: Orientation north and south (long axis east-west)
o Spacing: Compact layout of estates
o Air movement: Rooms double banked, temporary provision for air movement
o Openings: Very small openings – 10-20%
o Walls: Heavy external and internal walls
o Roofs: Heavy roofs, over 8hr time-lag
o Walls and floors: Heavy, over 8hr time-lag

39. ANALYSIS-BIO CLIMATIC CHART AND MAHONEY
TABLE
o By analyzing both the charts, Szoklay chart is found more fruitful as it delivers
more aspects of design parameters.
o It delivers various range of winter and summer comfort zone according to the
site where as in givoni’s chart, the comfort zones are fixed.
o In mustang,
• As Passive Solar Heating is needed throughout the year, so different design
strategies can be used.
• In Winter season (January, February, March, November and December) ,the
temperature drops below 0C. So, according to the feasibility, accessibility and
usage, different active heating is needed as under heating occurs.
• Lines above the12g/kg limit indicate that humidity may be a problem so air
movement is needed.

40. CASE STUDIES- VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OF A COLD REGION
• Maximize solar energy in and around building
• Use max thermal mass to capture solar energy & store it & then reradiate
thermal energy in interior
• Use max internal heat – heat from human body, cattle, cooking stoves,
lamps, etc.
• Min heat loss from building
• Protect from cold breeze from outside

41. SETTLEMENT AND STREET PATTERN
• In linear pattern ,buildings are constructed in lines following a road.
• Villages in such a harsh and cold climate are very compact
• The houses are grouped closely together sharing one or more exterior walls
• Stone pavement in street.
• Compact Row housing found.
• Houses attached each other creating small narrow alleys : For snow and
cold wind protection
SETTLEMENT AND STREET PATTERN
Fig: Satellite image of Jomsom
www.googleearth.com, 2018

42. BUILDING FORM AND ORIENTATION
• Compact building volumes with rectangular building
shapes
• The compact building form reduces the surface-to-
volume ratio.
• courtyards used to protect from the cold and strong
winds.
Fig: Courtyard of MBC radio, Jomsom
Source: https://www.dezeen.com/2014/0
4/11/archium-stone-walls-radio-
broadcasting-station-nepal/

43. BUILDING FORM AND ORIENTATION
• Oriented towards South and
Southeast for maximum Solar
radiation benefit
• Longer façade in East-West axis
to avoid wind from West and
North west
• courtyards used to protect from
the cold and strong winds.
• enclosed areas like terraces or
rooftops are covered by
overhangs or porches to give
shade for the strong summer
sun
Fig: Diagram showing sun path and wind
flow in Jomsom
Source: Drawn on google map

44. INTERNAL SPACE AND PLANNING
• Mountain houses in Nepal have at
least two stories Multiple stories
make the total building volume
more compact which reduces the
heat losses.
• The space arrangement within
these houses is mainly organized
vertically.
• The flat roofs are forming terraces
that are used as open space for
any kind of activities during sunny
days.
• Shelters have a small courtyard
which allows the penetration of
Fig: Floor plans of Thakali houses in
Taglung
Source: (Bodach, et al., 2016)

45. • The walls are traditionally built of
natural stone if locally available.
• house has a 45-50 cm massive
wall
• flat stone masonry that is coated
with white and red mud
• Seismic timber bands used for
earthquake safety
WALLS

46. • total absence of rainfall roofs of
vernacular houses in alpine
climate are generally Flat.
• made of stone and mud laid on a
timber post and beam structure
• wood is piled on the border of
roofs that provides protection
from the strong wind of speed
greater than 15 m/s
• Overhang of 30 cm(1’) for
protection against solar radiation
during day time
ROOF

47. • foundation made of
locally available
Stones
• The structure of
ceilings is made of
timber posts and
beams
• a ceiling height
between 1.8 and 2
meters
• Floors are covered by
a mud layers over the
FOUNDATION, FLOOR AND CEILING
Fig: Houses of Lo manthang
Source: https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/photo/high-res-stock-photography/537738616

48. •Small sized (1/10 th) openings in
the South face due to high speed
wind
•Medium sized openings in interior
courtyard faces for illumination
•Timber used for panel material
OPENINGS

49. OTHER BUILDING
FEATURES
•White is used to worship Bainian Fairy,
celebrating its loftiness and sacredness
COLOR
•White is painted on residences to reflect
the high solar radiation during the day
TEXTURE
•Rough texture on roof and wall, smooth
texture would lead to excessive
reflection of sun rays
INFLUENCE OF TRADITION AND RELIGION
•Yellow or red because of the belief; Tsangyang
Gyatso, Dalai Lama VI’s presence there
Fig: Royal palace, Lo
Manthang Source:
https://www.pinter
est.com/pin/380272
762266868161
Fig: Monks outside a Monastery,
Mustang Source: https://www.pi
nterest.com/pin
/4342455890464 31042
Fig: A Monastery in Kagbeni
Source: https://www.12
3rf.com/photo_ 82119312_gomp
a-or-monastery- in-kagbeni-
beautiful- village-in-lower-
mustang-area- round-
annapurna- circuit- trekki.html

50.  constructed by ramming a mixture
of selected aggregates, including
gravel, sand, silt and a small
amount of clay,
 place between flat panels called
formwork.
 in situ construction method.
 Stabilized rammed earth is adds a
small amount of cement (typically
5–10%)
 Rammed earth gives limited
insulation but excellent thermal
mass.
RAMMED EARTH CONSTRUCTION
Fig: Floor plans of Thakali houses in Taglung
Source: (Bodach, et al., 2016)

51. • The colour of rammed earth walls is determined by the earth and aggregate used. The
ramming process proceeds layer by layer
STRUCTURAL CAPABILITY
 Rammed earth is very strong in compression and can be used for multi-storey
loadbearing construction.
THERMAL MASS
 Rammed earth behaves as heavyweight masonry with a high thermal mass.
 absorbs or ‘slows down’ the passage of heat through a material and then releases
that heat when the surrounding ambient temperature goes down.
 the thermal mass of rammed earth can delay heat flow through the building envelope
by as much as 10 to 12 hours and can even out daily temperature variations.
APPEARANCE

52. INSULATION Insulation is about stopping heat passing through a material rather than slowly
absorbing or releasing it.
SOUND INSULATION
 Rammed earth is very strong in compression and can be used for multi-storey
loadbearing construction.
THERMAL MASS
 Rammed earth behaves as heavyweight masonry with a high thermal mass.
 absorbs or ‘slows down’ the passage of heat through a material and then releases
that heat when the surrounding ambient temperature goes down.
INSULATION

53. OTHER STRENGTHS:
 One of the best ways to insulate against
sound is have monolithic mass, which
rammed earth provides very well.
 There are no flammable components in a
rammed earth wall and its fire resistance is
thus very good.
 rammed earth does have moderate to good
moisture resistance
 Rammed earth has potentially low
manufacturing impacts, depending on cement
content and degree of local material sourcing.
 The u value of rammed earth wall is 0.354-
0.7m2K/W
Fig: Construction of rammed earth wall
Source: (nbc code, 2016)

54. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
 Stabilised rammed earth is made by
compacting a mixture of gravel, sand, silt,
clay (and often cement) between formwork in
a series of layers approximately 100mm
thick.
 Shuttering shall be completed prior to any
ramming of earth to form a wall.
 The height of the shuttering shall match the
maximum layer height of 450 mm.
 The mud shall be dumped between two side-
shutters and rammed with mallets

55. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
 The walls shall be made from continuous layers throughout the building, with
each layer uniform in thickness and not exceeding 450 mm in height.
 The construction of successive layers shall be continued only after the
existing top surface has been cured for a few minutes.
 The next layer may be constructed on the next day, but it is preferable to
leave two days between layers for drying. For

56. GUIDELINES:
 The opening should not be of more than 1m width considering the
engineering requirements
 The vertical distance between two openings shall not be less than 600 mm
or half the width of the smaller opening, whichever is greater.
 Most conventional masonry fixings work with rammed earth walls; they
usually need to be set in at about twice the depth normally used for
concrete.
 Circular posts shall be preferred for posts
 A clear water-repellent coating may be needed in some instances
 Minimum wall thickness of 400-450mm is to be used

57. INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY
LADAKH
There are four inter-related components in passive solar
buildings, which work together to make the buildings efficient
utilizers of energy:
1. Collection and absorption of the maximum amount of solar
radiation during the day
2. Storage of the heat collected from the suns radiation during the
day
3. Release of this heat into the interior of the building during the
night

58. INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDYGENERAL
PROPERTIES
In multi-storey buildings, the following design
guidelines should be followed:
• The ground floor should be used for cattle
and livestock
• The first floor should be used for rooms that
are used mainly during the winter
• The second floor should be used for rooms
that are used mainly during the summer

59. INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY
THERMAL BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS
The are two distinct types of material in
passive solar building:
•Dense materials (brick, stone), which can
conduct and store heat
•Low-density (light weight) materials which
do not conduct heat (insulators), but which
also can not store the heat
•stone is denser than mud-brick, we know
that mud-brick buildings will be warmer than
stone
MATERIAL Heat transferred
in
comparison with
stone for the
same thickness
Thickness
required for an
equivalent
insulating effect
Thickness
required for
a 12 hour
lag-time
Stone 100 1m 50cm
Concrete 48 48cm 45cm
Mud bricks 28 28cm 35cm
Wood 8 8cm -
Straw 4 4cm -
(Kimi, 2017)

60. INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY
WALLS, CONSTRUCTION, SUPPORT FRAME
(Kimi, 2017)
Trombe wall, Sunspace and glazing

61. POLICY AND LAW
SNOW LOAD (NBC 106:1994)
o A ground snow load of about 1.2 m was
estimated for Jomsom
o Minimum slope of roof: ratio 2:1 (V:H)
favorable slope for both wind and snow
o Snow accumulated on the roof removed
manually
o No roofs are constructed of corrugated
iron sheet, rice and wheat straw are not
available and hence thatched roofs are
totally absent
BYE LAW
o Light and Ventilation: opening
should be min. 1/6 of the
carpet area of the building

62. POLICY AND LAW
POLICY IMPLICATION
o The issue of energy efficiency has been incorporated into policy strategies like
the draft of the National Energy Strategy, the National Climate Change policy
and the National Urban Development Strategy.
o There is no building energy conservation code in place and the national building
code is mainly concerned about the earthquake safety
o The building bye law set minimum requirements for access, open space,
building area and height, day lighting and ventilation
o Highly recommend to develop and introduce a building energy conservation
code.
o Important to focus on policy measures for the market segment where economic
benefits are greatest, resulting into high probability of enforcement, for example

63. PROPOSED SHELTER DESIGN FOR HIMALAYAN
REGION
• Buildings southward oriented
• Perpendicular towards street to
avoid cold air infiltration inside
house through door.
• increase thermal resistance and
thermal capacity
• decrease air exchange rate through
thicker walls
• flooring of the house must be of timber
• living area should be in the south
oriented
• utility rooms ,washing and domestic
works should be in the south.
• cross ventilation is very important for
healthy living
• allow heat gain and storage
• trees can be planted near windows to
block cold air

64. PROPOSED SHELTER DESIGN FOR HIMALAYAN
REGION
•Fireplace at the center of the house.
•Other rooms constructed surrounding it.
•Cattle in lower floor.

65. PROPOSED HOUSE FOR HIMALAYAN REGION
Rammed earth wall construction
recommended:
•Reinforced by circular bamboo posts
•Stabilized rammed earth (cement mixed)
•1’-0” Overhang at roof to avoid summer sun rays
•Opening of 1m width considered as per
engineering requirements
•A clear water-repellent coating added

66. PLAN AND ELEVATIONS
SOUTH
ELEVATION
ISOMETRIC VIEW
TOP VIEW
EAST ELEVATION

67. 3D VIEWS

68. Plain wall = planked
wall
Wooden Floors =
Carpet
Organized Space
Wooden furnished
Change the position of
IMPROVEMENT IN EXISTING BUILDING

69. Sealing Windows
• Plastic sheets can be used to seal
windows
• Low cost
• Don't obstruct visibility
• Functions similar to double glaze
window
Roof Insulation
• Use sawdust/ straw/ agricultural residue on
roof to increase thermal insulation
• Traditional technology- easily available
IMPROVEMENT IN EXISTING BUILDING

70. CONCLUSION
• The local climate varies with altitude, latitude, orientation of area, amount of solar
radiation, wind velocity, etc.
• Vernacular architecture has been evolving in Mustang since the cave dwellers
inhabited the place.
• Jomsom, in Mustang, has its unique architecture that is different from other
habitats in cold temperate or alpine.
• January is the coldest month while August is the hottest. Active heating is
required in the month of January.
• Jomsom receives less rainfall so the roofs are flat. Besides, flat roof also have
cultural significance

71. RECOMMENDATION

72. LIMITATIONS
• No Primary data collection. The study depends on findings of other
researchers.
• Time constraint to carryout the detail research and analysis
• The data acquired from Department of Meteorology is not up to date.
Thus,
analysis and designs may not be accurate.

73. REFERENCES
 KC, R. (2014). Building and Climatology. Climate, 87-112.
 Dickens, & Charles. (2015, January 15). Climate and technology. Retrieved from Wall and its
features: http://www.climatetechnology.com
 Henry, S. (2014). Mountain region and its surroundings. Nepal: Prakashan Express.
 Kimi, G. (2017). Passive Solar Architecture in Ladakh. Ladakh: Ladakh Works Press.
 Mahato, J., & Guragain, G. (2016). Passive energy. Passive cooling for different climate, 56-67.
 SHARMA, K. (2017). BUILDING SCIENCE. Reflecting design and building science, 12-26.
 Shrestha, S. (2007). Climate and Region. Nepal with its climatic variation in different regions.
• Bodach, S., 2014. Developing Bioclimatic Zones and Passive Solar Design Strategies for Nepal.
Plea ahmedabad.
• Al-Rawahi, N. Z., Al-Azri, N. & Zurigat, Y., 2015. Development of Bioclimatic Chart for Passive
Building Design in Muscat-Oman. ResearchGate.``

74. THANK YOU !!