'Climate change', as the name suggests, refers to the changes in the global climate which result from the increasing average global temperature (e.g Gas flare). (FAO, 2006). With the advance of global urbanization, an increasing consumption of natural resources and energy in the past 100 years has reached unprecedented levels in the human history (Mogborukor, 2014; Enetimi et al 2017). In recent past, air pollutants which have direct effect on vegetation and crop yield are causing increasing concern (Njoku R.F, 2017). During flaring several pollutants gases are released into the environment including nitrogen dioxides, sulphur dioxide, volatile organic compounds like benzene, toluene, xylene, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide, benzapyrene and dioxins (Donwa et al, 2017; Enetimi et al, 2017), and particulates. Increasing number of industries and automobile vehicles are continuously adding toxic gases and other substances to the environment. (Njoku R.F, 2017) However, the Niger Delta case attracts more attention given the volume of gas flared since the beginning of commercial oil production in the country (Whittle et al., 1998) Remote sensing and GIS technique provides scientific information to help identify reasonable, healthy, and sustainable solution to gas flare within the study area.

1. THETEMPORALAPPRAISALOFGAS FLARE IMPACTACROSS
THE NINE STATES OFNIGER DELTAREGION OFNIGERIA
FROM 2000 - 2023 USING REMOTE SENSING DATASET
By
IKWUEZE, HUMPHREY UCHENNA
Email: jerryuc2@gmail.com
Phone No: +2348100434424
MAY 2023

2. 2
2
INTRODUCTION
 'Climate change', as the name suggests, refers to
the changes in the global climate which result
from the increasing average global temperature
(e.g Gas flare). (FAO, 2006).
 With the advance of global urbanization, an
increasing consumption of natural resources and
energy in the past 100 years has reached
unprecedented levels in the human history
(Mogborukor, 2014; Enetimi et al 2017).
 In recent past, air pollutants which have direct
effect on vegetation and crop yield are causing
increasing concern (Njoku R.F, 2017).
 During flaring several pollutants gases are
released into the environment including nitrogen
dioxides, sulphur dioxide, volatile organic
compounds like benzene, toluene, xylene,
polyaromatic hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide,
benzapyrene and dioxins (Donwa et al, 2017;
Enetimi et al, 2017), and particulates.

3. 3
3
INTRODUCTION Cont..
 Increasing number of industries and
automobile vehicles are continuously
adding toxic gases and other substances to
the environment. (Njoku R.F, 2017)
 However, the Niger Delta case attracts
more attention given the volume of gas
flared since the beginning of commercial
oil production in the country (Whittle et
al., 1998)
 Remote sensing and GIS technique
provides scientific information to help
identify reasonable, healthy, and
sustainable solution to gas flare within the
study area.

4. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

5. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Cont.
Flare Sites are spread across the Niger Delta - Onshore and
Offshore
5
Highlight of the Nigerian Gas Sector
-Flare Sites Spread for the Niger Delta
Next 25

6. AIM AND OBJECTIVES
This research aims at temporal appraisal of Gas Flare
impact in Niger Delta Region using GIS and Remote Sensing
technique.
The objectives includes the following;
 to analyze the geographical distribution of gas flare sites;
 to assess the spatial variability effect of gas flaring on
vegetation health, land use/land cover and land surface
temperature of the region;
 to detect the level of degradable areas using Analytical Neural
Network Model and Predict the likelihood of the spread over a
period of 30 years; and proffer a strategy for prevention and
control of gas flare activities in the study area.

7. RESEARCH QUESTION
 Where do gas flares occur in Niger Delta Region?
 What are the effects of gas flare on vegetation health, land use/land
cover and land surface temperature of the region?
 what are the future likelihood of the spread over a period of 30
years and what are the strategies adopted for the prevention and
control of gas flare activities in the region?

8. SELECTED LITERATURE
REVIEW
S/NO AUTHOR/D
ATE
TOPIC RELATIONSHIP WITH
PROJECT
GAP
1 Iyorakpo,
(2015)
the impact Of Gas Flaring
on the Built Environment:
The Case of Ogba/
Egbema/ Ndoni Local Govt
Area, Rivers State, Nigeria.
The study came up with the
following findings that;
Ogba/ Egbema/ Ndoni area
is immensely polluted with
various pollutants ranging
from acid rain, carbon
monoxides, heavy metals and
lead compounds.
In conclusion, the study
recommends best approach
such as GIS and remote sensing
methods in other to identify
issues related to gas flare for
future research consideration.
2 Morakinyo,
(2015)
Flaring and pollution
detection in the Niger
Delta using Remote
Sensing
This study therefore attempt
to use Land Surface
Temperature data to derived
a novel procedure drawing in
visible band information to
mask out clouds and identify
appropriate emissivity values
for different land cover types
Results indicate that Landsat
data can detect gas flares and
their associated pollution on
vegetation health with
acceptable accuracy for both
Land Surface Temperature.
Selected methodologies from
this thesis will be used in the
present subject area research.
3 EMEKA
NNANNA
OJIJIAGWO
, (2017)
DEVELOPMENT OF A
SUSTAINABLE
FRAMEWORK TO MANAGE
FLARE GAS IN AN
OIL AND GAS
ENVIRONMENT: A CASE
STUDY
OF NIGERIA
Therefore, this research is
aimed at developing a
sustainable framework
that could enable
management of flared gas in
an oil and gas environment
using several statistical
methods.
In summary, The usage of
Statistical technique, GIS and
remote sensing will be
employed to determine the
impact of gas flares in the
region.

9. METHODOLOGY
S/N
o
Data Type Date
acquired
Resolution/Sc
ale
Sources Purpose
Secondary Data Sources
1 Geo-eye
HRSI
2023 0.5 Digital
globe
Mapping of gas flare
2 Landsat 7 TM 2000 30 M USGS “Extraction of Land cover map,
indices, Thermal mapping and
Change detection analysis
3 Landsat 7
ETM+
2013 30 M (void
filled)
USGS “
4 Landsat 8 OLI 2023 30 M USGS “
Primary Data Sources
S/No Data Type Date
acquired
Resolution/Scal
e
Sources Purpose
5 GPS data N/A x, y (Lat, long) Field survey Mapping of questionnaire
samples and location of gas
flare.
6 Local
knowledge data
N/A N/A Interviews Variables of gas flare
disturbances
7 Questionnaire N/A N/A Social
survey
“

10. WORK FLOW DIAGRAM
LANDSAT DATA
(2000, 2013 & 2023)
QUESTIONAIRE
ADMINISTRATION
GPS FIELD DATA GEO-EYE
HRSI
IMAGE
PREPARATION,
MOSAICKING AND
SUBSETTING
CLASSIFIED
IMAGE
(2000, 2013 & 2023)
SUPERVISED
IMAGE
CLASSIFICATION
CHANGE
DETECTION
TECHNIGUE and
PREDICTION
CAPTURING OF X,Y
COORDINATE OF
FLARING SITE
DATABASE
DESIGN AND
IMPLEMENTATION
PROXIMITY
ANALYSIS
OVERLAY, SAMPLING
& STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS
DETERMINATION
OF THE EFFECT OF
GAS FLARE IN THE
ENVIRONMENT
IMAGE
PREPARATION,
MOSAICKING AND
SUBSETTING
IDENTIFICATION
OF GAS FLARE
SITE
CONVERSION
FROM DN TO
SPECTRAL
REFLECTANCE
NDBI, NDVI, LST
RESULTS AND
ANALYSIS
MAPS, CHART AND
REPORT

11. DATA ANALYSIS
 Data analysis for the study incorporate both descriptive
and inferential statistical tools.
 Descriptive tools include maps, charts, graphs,
percentages and tables and the inferential tool, the
Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software.
 GIS and remote sensing techniques will be used to create
maps that show the location of gas flare sites and also the
spatial variation of land surface temperature, using
ArcMap, Erdas imagine and TerrSet Geospatial
Monitoring and Modelling System software.
METHODS FOR DATA ANALYSIS

12. EXPECTED RESULTS
 a) GPS point of Gas flare.
 b) Final Maps showing locations of Gas flare within the
study area region.
 c) Final Map showing Different Land use and Land cover
of the study area.
 d) Accuracy Assessment result of Land use and land
cover map.
 e) Final Map showing Temperature map of the study area.
 f) NDVI and NDBI map of the study area.
 g) maps and statistical results of Land use and land cover,
NDVI, NDBI and LST of the study area.
 h) Hot Spot map of the study area.

13. CONCLUSION
 Conclusively, the study will investigate the uses of GIS and remote sensing
as a strategic tool for controlling gas flare by answering the laid down aim
and objectives.
 However, with proper Remote sensing and GIS methods applied to solving
different problems that may govern the gas flaring process, accurate
prediction of gas flared and the resulting pollutants that degrade our
environment can be made.
 It will investigate the medium and high spatial resolution satellite data in
other to identify the location of gas flare and the land use and land cover
types between 2000 and 2023, to fully estimate amount of changes that
have occurred over time as a result of gas flaring.

14. REFERENCE
 Donwa, P. A., Mgbame, C. O., Utomwen, O. A. (2017). Gas flaring in the oil and gas sector in Nigeria. International
Journal of Commerce and Management Research, 1 (1): 28-39.
 Enetimi Idah Seiyaboh, Izah, Sylvester, (2017). “A Review of Impacts of Gas Flaring on Vegetation and Water Resources
in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria". 10.11648/j.ijeee.20170204.11/ International Journal of Economy, Energy and
Environment.
 Emeka Nnanna Ojijiagwo, (2017). Development Of A Sustainable Framework To Manage Flare Gas In An Oil And Gas
Environment: A Case Study Of Nigeria. Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, United
Kingdom.
 FAO. 2006. The state of food insecurity in the world, 2006.
 Mogborukor, J. O. A. (2014). The Impact of Oil Exploration and Exploitation on Water Quality and Vegetal Resources in
a Rain Forest Ecosystem of Nigeria. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5 (27): 1678 – 1685.
 Odjugo, P. A. and Osemwenkhae, E. J. (2009). Natural gas flaring affects microclimate and reduces maize (Zea mays)
yield. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 11(4): 408–412.
 R. F. Njoku-Tony. Odjugo, P. A. and Osemwenkhae, E. J. (2009). Natural gas flaring affects microclimate and reduces
maize (Zea mays) yield. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 11(4): 408–412. (2017). Effects Of Gas Flare
From Utorogu Gas Plant On Biochemical Variables Of Cassava Leaves (Manihot Esculentum), Delta State. British
Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol.5, No.5, pp. 27-38 August 2017.
 Whittle, R. Hardy F. and McIntyre, A.D. (1998). “Scientific studies at future oil spill incidents in the light of past
experiences”. Marine Environmental Quality Committee, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea.
 Iyorakpo Julius, Odibikuma P. Wagio (2015) “Impact Of Gas Flaring on the Built Environment: The Case of
Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Local Govt Area, Rivers State, Nigeria”.
 Morakinyo, B. O. (2015). Flaring and pollution detection in the Niger Delta using Remote Sensing.
https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk/handle/10026.1/4314.

15. THANK YOU
FOR LISTENING