Introduction to Risk Management: Concepts, Approaches and Current Thinking. Joseph King, Unit Director, Sites Unit, ICCROM

1. Introduction to Risk Management:
Concepts, Approaches and Current Thinking
Joseph King
Building Capacity in Natural Risk Preparedness
for Cultural Heritage Sites in Albania
Tirana, Albania – 19 April 2011

2. • Damage from
disasters, including to
heritage resources, is
increasing every year
- Better
communication
and information
- Wider definition of
the term “heritage”
- Larger footprint
- Other?
Disaster Risk as a Threat

3. • Disaster risk vs. other slower acting risks
• Disaster Risk is often expresses with the
equation:
Risk = Hazard x Vulnerability
• For Disaster Risk to increase, either the
frequency or strength of the hazard must
increase or there must be more
vulnerability (or both)
What is Disaster Risk and Why Is It Increasing?

4. • Most common hazards
include earthquakes,
fires, floods,
hurricanes/typhoons,
tsunamis
• Some of these may be
increasing due to
changes in weather
patterns, etc.
Is the frequency or intensity of hazards going up?

5. Earthquake in L’Aquila, Italy

6. Tsunamis in Indonesia and Japan

7. Copyright © Skip Bolen
Hurricane Katrina

8. Fires in Uganda and Madagascar

9. Source –http://news.bbc.co.uk
Terror Attach in Mumbai, India

10. • Lack of
Maintenance and
poverty
• Inappropriate
Restoration
• Rampant
Urbanization
• Building where we
didn’t in the past
• Loss of traditional
knowledge systems
• Vulnerability to
secondary hazards
Is our vulnerability Increasing?

11. • Effective DRM for heritage starts with advance planning
and preparation
• DRM should be conceived in ways which have the least
impact on the heritage values (including OUV) while
ensuring safety
• Advance planning should be conceived in terms of the
whole property, and provide integrated concern for its
buildings, structures, natural features, and their associated
contents and landscapes
• Planning should include multiple for multiple risks
• Property occupants and users should be directly involved
in development of emergency-response plans
• Following a disaster, every effort should be made to ensure
the retention and repair of structures or features that have
suffered damage or loss
Some Key Principles

12. Disaster Risk
Management (DRM)
is a cycle for which
planning for a
disaster
(prevention),
response to the
disaster, and
recovery from the
disaster must always
be in motion
The DRM Cycle

13. • Improvements within the heritage
profession
• Better integration between the heritage
profession and the larger disaster
reduction community
• Better relationships with local communities
and use of their skills and knowledge
How can we improve the situation?

14. • Coordination of activities
• Developing joint tools
• Sharing information
• Developing serious
research on both
“modern techniques” and
traditional knowledge
systems
• Developing best practices
• Developing capacity
building activities
Improvements within the Heritage Profession

15. • Emphasis on
management
planning/management
systems which take into
account disaster risk
(DRM)
• Maintenance and simple
solutions where
applicable
• More complex solutions
where necessary and
feasible
Improvements within the Heritage Profession

16. The global Disaster Risk
Reduction sector is currently
not concerned with the
heritage
HERITAGE
GLOBAL FIELD OF
RISK REDUCTION
The Heritage sector
does not know the
“language” of DR
Courtesy of Giovanni Boccardi, UNESCO WHC
Integrating with larger Disaster Reduction Community

17. • Speaking the same
language
• Heritage being
accepted as one of
many concerns
• Use of heritage as a
positive proactive
force at the
readiness,
response, and
recovery phases
Integrating with larger Disaster Reduction Community

18. • Using traditional building
materials and techniques
of construction
• Using traditional land
use planning
• Using existing
social/cultural decision-
making/leadership
• Learning from local
knowledge (myths,
taboos, warning
systems, planning)
Use of heritage during readiness phase

19. Use of heritage during readiness phase

20. Don’t Tear It Down
By Randolph Langenbach
Use of heritage during readiness phase

21. • Using heritage places
as meeting
points/shelter
• Using existing
social/cultural
decision-
making/leadership
structures in
response
Use of heritage during response phase

22. • Using traditional
knowledge for
planning, materials,
and know-how
• Using heritage as an
economic resource
through tourism
• Paying attention to
local needs
Use of heritage during recovery phase

23. • Using traditional
knowledge systems
(community as a
knowledge resource)
• Involving
communities in all
aspects of the
process from the
beginning (starting
with planning)
Improving relations with the Community

24. • Purpose
‒ Strengthen protection of
WH and contribute to
sustainable development
by integrating heritage into
risk reduction policies and
incorporate concern for
disaster reduction within
site Management Plans
‒ Provide guidance to
integrate risk reduction
into WH strategic planning
and management
New Approaches: World Heritage Strategy

25. • Objectives
1. Strengthening institutional support and
governance for reducing risks at World
Heritage properties;
2. Using knowledge, innovation and education
to build a culture of disaster prevention at
WH properties
3. Identifying, assessing and monitoring risks
from disasters at WH properties
4. Reducing underlying risk factors at WH
properties
5. Strengthening disaster preparedness at WH
properties
These follow closely the five priority areas of the
Hyogo Framework for Action
New Approaches: World Heritage Strategy

26. Available for download at:
http://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/630/
http://whc.unesco.org/fr/activities/630/
First Publication in a New Series of
Resource Manuals for World Heritage

27. • What is Disaster Risk Management (DRM) and why
is it important?
• What does a DRM plan consist of?
• How do you get started?
• How do you identify and assess disaster risks?
• How can you prevent disaster risks or mitigate their
impact?
• How do you prepare for and respond to
emergencies?
• How do you recover and rehabilitate your property
after a disaster?
• How do you implement, reassess and reappraise the
DRM plan?
Table of Contents

28. • Glossary of Disaster Management Terms
• Typology of Hazards
• Relevant Charters and Recommendations
• International Organizations and Research
Institutions
• Key References and Publications
Annexes

29. The manual is meant to:
• give an overall framework and approach to DRM
• help site managers develop DRM plans for their
properties
The manual is not meant to:
• Give detailed information on every type of hazard or
disaster situation (there is a list of key publications
where you can find more information on specific
issues)
The Purpose of the Manual

30. The Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Cycle

31. These can be separate (but linked) plans or
the DRM can be part of the overall
management plan
Possible links include visitor management, community
involvement, maintenance and monitoring to name a few
Where does DRM Fit Into Overall Planning

32. Components of a DRM plan

33. Relationship of the Plan to the DRM Cycle

34. • Site manager
• Site staff
• Local and national government
• Community leaders/communities
• Local scientists and researchers
• Health services
• Police, firefighters, and other
emergency response
organizations (local and national)
Core Team and Other Key Stakeholders

35. • Attributes that carry the OUV (SOUV)
• Geographical information
• Geological, hydrological, meteorological information
• Factors and processes for probable hazards (including
probable frequency)
• Thematic hazard maps, heritage risk maps, etc.
• Disaster histories
• Inventories of the heritage and also existing DRM
infrastructure
• Existing plans and planning mechanisms for DRM and
more generally for physical planning (at all levels)
• Institutions relevant to DRM and heritage
• Traditional knowledge systems
Information Needed to Identify Disaster Risks

36. Macedonia - Zone 3: 10% chance every 50 years
of a destructive earthquake.

38. Delhi’s Seismicity (Seismo‐tectonic Map around Delhi region, (after Sharma 2003) )
Source: Improving the Seismic Resistance of Cultural Heritage Buildings, EU‐India Economic Cross Cultural Programme

39. Delhi’s Seismicity (cont’d)
32.5
Epicenters in and around Delhi Region (100 Years)
31.5
30.5
29.5
Latitude ºN
28.5
27.5
26.5
Magnitude < 2
Magnitude 2 to 3
25.5
Magnitude 3 to 4
Magnitude 4 to 5
24.5 Magnitude 5 to 6
74.5 75.5 76.5 77.5 78.5 79.5 80.5 81.5 82.5 Magnitude > 6
Places
Longitude ºE
Slide Source: Prof C V R Murthy, IIT Kanpur

40. Delhi’s HISTORICAL SEISMICITY in brief
Date Magnitude
893 or 894 (Intensity XI, XII) -
15.07.1720 (intensity IX in Delhi) 6.5
01.09.1803 7.0
16.01.1842 5.5
05.03.1842 5.5
26.04.1848 6.0
04.04.1905 8.0
26.02.1906 7.0
14.04.1934 5.0
20.10.1937 6.0
10.10.1956 6.7
27.08.1960 6.0
20.06.1966 Delhi-Gurgaon Border 4.7
15.08.1966 5.6
13.02.1969 5.1
23.03.1984 5.1

41. Risk Analysis Process

42. Prioritizing Risks

43. • Creative activity to imagine possible disaster
scenarios
• Alternative scenarios should be developed
• Should be developed based on different types of
likely hazards coming alone or together
• Secondary or follow-on hazards should be
considered (e.g. fire after an earthquake)
• Should be written as narratives
Writing Disaster Scenarios

44. • Measures to prevent or mitigate disasters
– Ensure actions don’t have negative impact on OUV
– Use traditional knowledge systems
• Preparation and response
– Planning for the first 72 hours
– Roles and responsibilities of team members
– Establishing procedures and ensuring emergency
equipment
• Recovery and rehabilitation
– Assessing damage
– Planning for short and long term recovery
– Reviewing the planning and response
Planning Areas

45. Conserving Culture, Promoting Diversity
www.iccrom.org