1.
‫بسم ال الرحمن الرحيم‬
Integrating risk and healthpromotion counseling
Preventive Dentistry
PDS 332

2.
Lecture outline

Patient education

Theories of learning


Behaviorism
Cognitivism
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Humanism
Social learning theory
Adult learning
Communication


Gestaltism
Relativism
Nonverbal communication
Counseling
Educational methods for patient instruction
Oral health education in practice

3.
Learning outcomes



Define patient education and counseling
strategies appropriate for risk reduction
and health promotion.
Examine communication techniques for
oral health promotion.
Discuss issues in selecting patient
education materials and methods.

4.

What is health promotion?

Why is dentistry involved in health
promotion and how?

5.
Patient education




Patient education is considered part of
comprehensive patient care
Health behaviors are mediators of health
status
Compliance is an issue of power and
control
Adherence suggests choice and a
relationship between the provider and the
patient that is based on trust and respect

6.
Patient education

Patient education has four tenets:
1.
2.
3.
4.
A necessity for quality health care
The patient’s right to receive education and
possibly counseling
It has the potential to increase the efficacy of
the health care delivery system
Providers have the responsibility to provide
“knowledge” to the patient

7.
Theories of learning
Orientation
Tenets
Application
Behaviorism
Learning results from
reinforcement and can lead to
behavioral changes
Behavior modification
Cognitivism
Learning results from reasoning
based on subjective values and
associated identified action
leading to desired outcomes
Gestaltism
Relativeism
Humanism
Learning is continuous because
of human potential and desire
for growth
Patient-centered models
Motivational interviewing
Social Learning Theory
Learning occurs in response to
modeling and observation of
normative social environments
Social cognitive theory
Self-efficacy

8.
Theories of learning


Behaviorism
Learning that results
Cognitivism from reinforcements that
behaviors
Gestaltism
In patient education, cause and effect




Relativism
Humanism
Social learning theory
activate desired

9.
Theories of learning


Behaviorism
Cognitivism
Behavior is determined more as a function of the subjective
 Gestaltism
value of an outcome and the expectation that a specific action
 Relativism
will achieve that outcome. Thus, reasoning is required to
explain the behavior.
Humanism
 In patient education, outcomes are used as behavioral
Social learning theory
objectives which demonstrates a level of patient competency.


10.
Theories of learning


Behaviorism
Cognitivism
Gestaltism
 Relativism
Holistic view

Problem-solving approach, that include insight coupled with
 Humanism
motivation
 Social learning the patient's experiences by
In patient education, guide theory
promoting an awareness of the present.
Metaphors are used here

11.
Theories of learning


Behaviorism
Cognitivism
Gestaltism
 Relativism

Central theme in education
 Humanism
Present and perceptual realities are emphasized as a
 Socialfor learning.
motivator learning
theory

12.
Theories of learning


Behaviorism
Cognitivism
Gestaltism
 Relativism



Humanism
Learning from the perspective of human
Social learning theory potential for growth
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

13.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Self
actualization
Opportunity for creativity,
innovation, challenges,
higher level learning
Self esteem
Recognition of intelligence,
prestige, status
Social needs
Need for safety and security
Physical survival needs
Love, affection,
acceptance
Physical safety, economic
security, comfort, peace
Water, food, sleep,
warmth, health

14.
Theories of learning
Emphasizes the importance of observing and modeling the
 behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others.
Behaviorism
Human behavior through modeling
 Cognitivism
In patient education, it brings psychology and health behavior
 Gestaltism
together in a synergetic fashion



Relativism
Humanism
Social learning theory

15.
Conceptual model of social
cognitive theory and self-efficacy
Behavior
Personal factors
(cognitive, emotional, and
biological events)
Environmental factors

16.
Theories of learning

Adult learning

When you plan and choose patient education
materials and models, you have to consider:
The trauma of the disease
 The press of time
 The freedom of choice
 The active participation
 Social/psychological setting

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Intentional change
“a choice to change”

17.
Principles of adult learning

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People learn when they perceive a need to learn
Learning takes place when the learner is able to relate a
previous experience to the present experience
Patients learn more effectively when they are actively
involved in the learning
People learn more when their senses are stimulated
People learn the best when they know the goals of
learning and perceive they are realistic and attainable
Learning takes place when there is an optimal stress
level
Patients learn best when they are encouraged to take
responsibility

18.
Communication


It includes all methods used to convey
thoughts, feelings, and attitudes among
people
A process of sending and receiving
messages or transmission of ideas to
achieve mutual understanding between a
communicator and a listener

19.
Communication


It involves processes of encoding,
transmission, decoding and synthesis of
information
A process of sending and receiving
messages or transmission of ideas to
achieve mutual understanding between a
communicator and a listener

20.
Model of communication
Noise
Language
Physical
Psychological
Biological
Information
sender
(Source)
Message
Feedback
Target
(receiver)

21.
Communication

How can communication skills be tailored
to meet the needs of dental clinical
settings?

Verbal vs. nonverbal communication
Paralanguage
 Nonverbal and verbal behaviors have to be
consistent


22.
Counseling

Effective counseling depends on:
Skills in communications
 Techniques in listening
 Establishing rapport


Listening skills and the 3Cs
Confirmation
 Confrontation
 Commitment


23.
Counseling

Listening is synonymous with
Openness
 Concentration
 Comprehension


Verbal interventions could be helpful
Reflecting
 Interpreting
 paraphrasing


24.
Educational methods for patient
instruction

What are the educational methods that you are
aware of?

Learning has different levels:






Recall
Understanding
Application
analysis
Synthesis
Evaluation

25.
Educational methods for patient
instruction

People remember approximately:
30% of what they see
 20% of what they hear
 10% of what they read


Guidelines
The more senses stimulated, the better
 Active participation will retain more
information
 Time restrictions guide the type of method


26.
Educational methods for patient
instruction



Health literacy is composite term used to
describe a range of outcomes associated
with health education and communication
activities
It is not only the transfer of information
Bidirectional relationship between health
and social, economic, and environmental
variables

27.
Oral health education in practice






Interdisciplinary approach
Anticipatory guidance
Time constraints
Emphasis on psychological approach
Tobacco use
Models for oral health education should include:




Risk assessment
Tailor education or counseling plan
Implementation of the plan
Continuous evaluation and follow-up

28.
Summary



Effective of oral health promotion is
questionable
Chair-side oral health promotion is the
most effective among other models
The trend in dental health care should be
towards prevention