The term biophotonics denotes a combination of biology and photonics, with photonics being the science and technology of generation, manipulation, and detection of photons, quantum units of light. Photonics is related to electronics and photons. Photons play a central role in information technologies such as fiber optics the way electrons do in electronics. Biophotonics can also be described as the "development and application of optical techniques, particularly imaging, to the study of biological molecules, cells and tissue". One of the main benefits of using optical techniques which make up biophotonics is that they preserve the integrity of the biological cells being examined.

3. TEAM
 Pranav Negi
 Sarthak Kala
 Tanish Garg
 Tushar Swami
 Vikas Prasad

4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude and respect to our teachers
Dr. Chhavi Bhatnagar and Ms. Sangeeta Yadav who gave us the golden opportunity to
present this wonderful presentation on the topic (Biophotonics), which also helped
us in doing a lot of Research and we came to know about new things. We are really
thankful to them.

5. WHAT
IS
BIOPHOTONICS ?

6.  Biophotonics - Biology + Photonics
 development & application of optical techniques to study biological
molecules, cells and tissue.
 Physists, Biologists, Mathematicians and Chemists – working together.
 allows researchers to see, measure, and analyse
living tissues that wasn’t possible before.
 years of research lead to the invention of several new
medical procedures
- X-Rays
- Laser Eye Surgery
- Endoscopy
Sources: http://www.photonics.com/Splash.aspx?PID=1

7. AREAS OF APPLICATION
LIFE SCIENCES
MEDICINE
AGRICULTURE
ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCE

8. MICROSCOPY

9. WHAT IS MICROSCOPY
 Microscopy- microscopes to view objects and areas of
objects that cannot be seen with the naked eyes.
 Three branches of microscopy:
1. Optical
2. Electron, and
3. Scanning Probe
 Optical microscopy involves passing visible
light transmitted through or reflected from the sample
through a single or multiple lenses to allow a magnified
view of the sample.
Sources: http://microscopy.duke.edu/learn/introtomicroscopy/confocalpinhole.jpg

10. CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY
• A laser is used to provide the excitation light
• The laser light (blue) reflects off a dichroic
mirror
• mirrors scan the laser across the sample
• The emitted light passes through the dichroic
and is focused onto the pinhole
• the microscope is really efficient at rejecting
out of focus fluorescent light
Sources: http://microscopy.duke.edu/learn/introtomicroscopy/confocalpinhole.jpg

11. Total Internal Reflection
Fluroscence Microscope
• A TIRFM uses an evanescent
wave to selectively illuminate
and excite fluorophores
• Incident light is totally
internally reflected at the glass
interface
• The evanescent electromagnetic
field decays exponentially from
the interface.
TIRFM diagram
1. Objective
2. Emission beam
(signal)
3. Immersion oil
4. Cover slip
5. Specimen
6. Evanescent wave
range
7. Excitation beam
8. Quartz prism
Sources: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tirfm.svg/350px-Tirfm.svg.png

12. OPTICAL TWEEZERS

13. OPTICAL TWEEZERS
 invented by Arthur Ashkin in 1970.
 used for trapping and manipulating micro
particles.
Idea
 to trap or manipulate single cells like bacteria
and manipulating organelles inside cells.
Principles
 Light exerts force on matter.
 Dielectric particles with high refractive indexes
such as glass, plastic beads and oil droplets are
attracted to intense regions of laser beam.
Sources: An Introductory Information about Optical Tweezers by Mustafa Yorulmaz

14. SINGLE BEAM OPTICAL TWEEZERS DUAL BEAM OPTICAL TWEEZERS
Sources: An Introductory Information about Optical Tweezers by Mustafa Yorulmaz

15. The Mechanism of trapping can be described in two different regimes
1) When wavelength of light is greater than size of particle.
2) When wavelength of light is smaller than size of particle.
Forces to hold the particle in
trap
GRADIENT FORCE
due to refraction of light (to
pull object).
SCATTERING FORCE
due to reflection of light (to
push object)
Sources: An Introductory Information about Optical Tweezers by Mustafa Yorulmaz

16. CASE 1 When λ >> d (λ = wavelength of light , d= size of particle)
 Due to the Electric Field of the light there is a induced electric dipole moment
in the molecule.
 Electric Dipole moment is given by :- μ=αE
Sources: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MxmDzUSpXsY

17.  Stable Trapping requires that the Gradient
force must be greater than the Scattering
force.
 Increase in the N.A (Numerical Aperture) of
the lens reduces the dimensions of the focal
spot and increasing the gradient strength.
 For a trapped particle the effect of
scattering force is to move the equilibrium.
Balancing the two Forces:-
Sources: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tirfm.svg/350px-Tirfm.svg.png

18. CASE 2 When λ << d
 In this case it is possible to describe the interaction using Ray optics.
 Conservation of linear momentum.
Sources: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MxmDzUSpXsY

19. Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_tweezers

20. OPTICAL TOMOGRAPHY

21. OPTICAL TOMOGRAPHY
 Optical tomography - a form of CT (computed
tomography).
 creates a digital volumetric model of an object by
reconstructing images made from light transmitted
and scattered through an object.
 uses near infrared (NIR) light as the probing
radiation.
Optical tomography is used mostly in
medical imaging research.
Sources: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/FEL_principle.png

22.  Optical tomography relies on the
object under study being at least
partially light-transmitting or
translucent.
 hence, works best on soft tissue,
such as breast and brain tissue.
 soft tissues are highly scattering
but weakly absorbing in the near-
infrared and red parts of the
spectrum, so that this is the
wavelength range usually used.
PRINCIPLE
Sources: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/FEL_principle.png

23. OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY
 one of a class of optical tomographic techniques.
 OCT helps in a non contact, non invasive, micron resolution cross-sectional study of
retina which correlates very well with the retinal histology
Sources: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alexei_Gorbatov/publication/

24. based on the principle of Michelson
Interferometry.
Low Coherence infra red light
coupled to a fiber optic travels
through a beam splitter and is
directed through a ocular media to
the retina and a reference mirror.
The distance between the beam
splitter and the reference mirror is
continuously varied.
When the distance between the light source and the retina tissue = distance between the
light source and the reference mirror and interacts to produce an interference pattern.
The Interference is measured by a photodetector and processed into a signal. A 2D image is
built as the light source moves along the retina .
Sources: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alexei_Gorbatov/publication/

25. Highly Reflective structures are shown in bright colours (white & red) and those with
low reflectivity are represented by dark colours (black & blue).
Intermediate reflectivity is shown in green.
Sources: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alexei_Gorbatov/publication/

26. DOI & DOT
 Diffuse optical imaging (DOI) is a method of imaging using near-infrared
spectroscopy (NIRS) or fluorescence-based methods.When used to create 3D
volumetric models of the imaged material DOI is referred to as diffuse optical
tomography, whereas 2D imaging methods are classified as diffuse optical
topography.
 DOI techniques monitor changes in concentrations of oxygenated and
deoxygenated hemoglobin and may additionally measure redox states of
cytochromes.
Sources: http://www.ee.iitkgp.ac.in/ispschool/ispws2015/

27. LASER
The acronym laser stands for "light amplification by stimulated emission of
radiation."
A laser is a coherent and focused beam of photons, means that it is all one
wavelength, unlike ordinary light which showers on us in many wavelengths.
Lasers work as a result of resonant effects.
Sources: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/optmod/qualig.html

28. TYPES OF LASERS
1. Gas Laser : A gas laser is a laser in which an electric current is discharged
through a gas to produce coherent light. Like helium–neon laser (HeNe),
carbon dioxide (CO2) lasers , Argon-ion lasers.
Red HeNe lasers have many industrial and scientific uses.
Widely used in laboratory demonstrations in the field of optics because of their
relatively low cost and ease of operation.
Sources: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/optmod/qualig.html

29. 2. Excimer lasers : sometimes more correctly called an exciplex laser, is a form of
ultraviolet laser which is commonly used in the production of microelectronic
devices, semiconductor based integrated circuits or “chips”, eye surgery, and
micromachining.
3. Chemical lasers : Chemical lasers are powered by a chemical reaction
permitting a large amount of energy to be released quickly. Such very high
power lasers are especially of interest to the military
4. Free-electron lasers : It consists of an electron beam propagating through a
periodic magnetic field. Today such lasers are used for research in materials
science, chemical technology, biophysical science, medical applications, surface
studies, and solid-state physics.
Sources: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/optmod/qualig.html

30. Foster Resonance Energy
Transfer (FRET)

31. What is FRET ? FRET DEFINITION
FRET is a mechanism describing energy
transfer between two light sensitive
molecules (chromophores).
An energy transfer through non-radiative
dipole–dipole coupling.
The efficiency of this energy transfer is
inversely proportional to the sixth power of
the distance between donor and acceptor,
making FRET extremely sensitive to small
changes in distance.
CHROMOPHORE
A chromophore is the part of
a molecule responsible for its
color.
The color arises when a
molecule absorbs certain wavel
engths of visible light and
transmits or reflects others.
Sources: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/fluorescence/

32. THEORETICAL INTRODUCTION
The FRET efficiency (E) is the
quantum yield of the energy
transfer transition:
𝐸 =
1
1+(𝑟/𝑅)6
E = Fret efficiency,
r = donor to acceptor separation and
R = Foster distance of the pair (at which
efficiency is 50%)
The FRET efficiency depends on :
•The distance between the donor and
the acceptor (typically in the range of
1–10 nm).
•The spectral overlap of the
donor emission spectrum and the
acceptor absorption spectrum.
•The relative orientation of the donor
emission dipole moment and the
acceptor absorption dipole moment.
Sources: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/fluorescence/

33. MEASURING EFFICIENCY
SENSITIZED EMISSION
 To measure the variation in acceptor emission intensity, when the donor and
acceptor are in proximity (1–10 nm)
 Due to the interaction of the two molecules, the acceptor emission will increase
because of the intermolecular FRET from the donor to the acceptor.
 When a twist or bend of the protein brings the change in the distance or relative
orientation of the donor and acceptor, FRET change is observed.
Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rster_resonance_energy_transfer

34. PHOTOBLEACHING EFFECT
 Measuring photobleaching rates of the donor in the presence and absence of
an acceptor.
 This method can be performed on most
fluorescence microscopes:
 Shine the excitation light (of a frequency
that will excite the donor but not the
acceptor significantly) on specimens with
and without the acceptor fluorophore and
monitors the donor fluorescence over time.
Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rster_resonance_energy_transfer

35. APPLICATIONS OF FRET
 FRET has countless applications in biology and chemistry.
 FRET can be used to measure distances and detect
interactions between proteins.
 FRET has been used to detect of genes and cellular
structures.
 Based on the mechanism of FRET a variety of novel
chemical sensors and biosensors have been developed
e.g., PHOGEMON.
Sources: http://www.fret.lif.kyoto-u.ac.jp/e-phogemon/phomane.htm

36. BIOPHOTONICS – MOVING AHEAD
 Microscopy equipment can not only useful when dealing with tissues or performing
tests on free cells.
 used extensively in microelectronics, nanophysics, and mineralogy.
MICROELECTRONICS
 PCB designing and Semiconductor fabrication require
high precision and accuracy.
 and optical microscopes are capable of that.
Therefore, preferred in industries because of true depth
perception, increasing the production efficiency, and
also causes less eyes straining after a long use.
Sources: http://www.fret.lif.kyoto-u.ac.jp/e-phogemon/phomane.htm

37. OPTICALTWEEZERS
confinement and organization (e.g. for cell sorting), tracking of movement (e.g. bacteria),
application and measurement of small forces, and altering of larger structures (such as
cell membranes).
NEW TECHNIQUES LIKE OCT ARE TAKING IT EVEN FURTHER AHEAD
 because of its resolution power being 10 times higher than other existing modalities
such as ultrasounds and x-ray.
 Fiber-based OCT systems are particularly adaptable to industrial environments.
 as they can access and scan interiors of hard-to-reach environments
like radioactive and hot rooms.
Sources: http://www.fret.lif.kyoto-u.ac.jp/e-phogemon/phomane.htm

38. Appendix
Works cited
Additional supporting data