PHED 2022- Invitation to Health: Live It Now! Brief 9e

1. © Cengage Learning 2016© Cengage Learning 2016
An Invitation to Health: Building Your Future, Brief Edition, 9e
Dianne Hales
Alcohol and Tobacco
12

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After reading this chapter, the student
should be able to:
• Outline the patterns of alcohol
consumption among different populations
• Discuss the patterns, reasons, and perils
of drinking on campus
• Describe the characteristics of alcohol and
its effects on human health, including
serious disorders
Objectives

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• Review racial, ethnic, and gender
differences in alcohol-related risks
• Examine the health consequences of
alcohol-related disorders
• Compare the patterns of tobacco
consumption among the populations in
America, including college students
• Discuss gender, racial, and ethnic
differences in tobacco consumption
Objectives (cont’d.)

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• Identify immediate effects of tobacco
consumption on body and brain functions
• Evaluate the serious health risks and
dangers associated with cigarette smoking
• Review the health risks posed by different
forms of tobacco
• Compare the different ways of quitting
• Analyze the harmful effects of
environmental tobacco smoke on health
Objectives (cont’d.)

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• Alcohol causes more disability and
premature death than any cause other
than heart disease
• Many Americans use alcohol
– Most do not misuse or abuse it
• Types of people who should not drink at all
– Recovering alcoholics, pregnant women,
anyone who plans to drive, those younger
than 21, and those taking certain medications
Drinking in America

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• Motivations
– Feeling of relaxation
– To heighten the sense of masculinity or
femininity associated with drinking
– Social ease
– Role models
– Relationship issues
– Childhood abuse or trauma
– Unemployment
Why People Drink

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• Highest proportion of heavy drinkers and
those with alcohol abuse disorders
– 18 to 25 years old
• Abuse of alcohol
– Top health concern for college students
• College men drink more and more often
than college women
– Women’s drinking is on the rise
• Increases risk of sexual assault
Drinking on Campus

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• Ethyl alcohol (ethanol)
– Type of alcohol in beverages
• Hand sanitizers can contain as much as
60 percent alcohol
• Methyl (wood) alcohol is a poison
• Amount of alcohol in drinks varies
– Beer: five percent alcohol
– Wine: about 12 percent alcohol
– Distilled spirits: 50 percent alcohol
Understanding Alcohol

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• Directly and quickly absorbs into
bloodstream
– Carried to the heart, liver, and brain
– Metabolized by the liver
• Alcohol has nearly as many calories as fat
• Some effects on the brain
– Impaired perception and motor skills
– Dulled smell, taste, and temperature
sensation
The Impact of Alcohol on the Body

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• Women absorb 30 percent more alcohol
into bloodstream than men
– Due to smaller quantity of protective enzyme
• Result: women become intoxicated more easily
• Fetal alcohol syndrome
– Result of drinking while pregnant
• Race influences tendency to drink
– Whites drink more than African Americans
– Asian Americans tend not to drink at all
Alcohol, Gender, and Race

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• Some symptoms of alcohol use disorder
– Drinking larger amounts of alcohol or for a
longer time than intended
– Strong urge or craving to use alcohol
– Persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut
down
– Using alcohol in hazardous situations
• Alcoholism
– Chronic, progressive, and often fatal disease
Alcohol-Related Disorders

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• About 18 percent of Americans use some
form of tobacco
– Combustible (smokable) products most
dangerous
• Some reasons why people smoke
– Limited education
– Underestimation of risks
– Adolescent experimentation or rebellion
– Parental role models
Tobacco in America

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• 68 percent of college students have never
smoked
– 20 to 25 percent currently smoke
– Most smokers start before age 18
• White students have highest rates of
smoking
• Students may smoke to manage stress
• Social smokers
– Smoke less often than others
Tobacco Use on Campus

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• 35 percent of males in developed
countries smoke
– 50 percent in developing countries
• Some specific risks to men
– Increased risk of prostate cancer
– Reduced sexual performance
• Some specific risks to women
– Osteoporosis, fertility reduction, and early
menopause
Smoking, Gender, and Race

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• Nicotine: primary active component of
tobacco
– One of the most toxic poisons
– Directly affects the brain
• Tobacco companies have increased levels
of nicotine in cigarettes
• Tobacco produces tar, a carcinogen
• Smoke contains carbon monoxide
– 400 times the level considered safe
Tobacco’s Immediate Effects

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• Premature death
• Heart disease and stroke
• Cancer
– Smoking causes 80 percent of all cases of
lung cancer
• Respiratory diseases
• Gum disease
• Anxiety and panic attacks
Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking

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• Cigars
– Can cause lung and digestive tract cancer
• Water pipes (hookahs)
– Smoke passes through water prior to
inhalation
– Risks are similar to or greater than cigarettes
• Pipes
• Bidis
– Skinny, sweet-flavored cigarettes
Other Forms of Tobacco

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• Clove cigarettes
– Contain two-thirds tobacco and one-third
clove
• Smokeless tobacco
– Just as addictive as smoking
• Snus
– Similar to chewing tobacco
Additional Tobacco Forms

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• Physical benefits
– After 15 smoke-free years, risk of smoking-
related cancer drops to same level as those
who never smoked
• Mental benefits
– Quitters less likely to report anxiety or
depression
• Nicotine-replacement therapy
– Allows smokers to taper off gradually
– Various forms include patches and gum
Quitting Tobacco Use

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• Mainstream smoke
– Inhaled by smokers
• Sidestream smoke
– Inhaled by everyone around a smoker
– Contains twice as much tar and nicotine
• Thirdhand smoke
– Nicotine residue left on furniture, walls, and
carpet
Environmental Tobacco Smoke