Principles of Solar Oriented Design, that would help in designing the building in term of active and passive solar design strategies. It's a group assignment, thus, credits go to my group members too.

1. PRINCIPLES OF SOLAR ORIENTED DESIGN
NAME OF MEMBERS: Peh Peng Cheong MBE141009
Yu Tieng Wei MBE 141025
Chuah Pei Jin MB131045
MBEA2139-01 DESIGN PRE-THESIS 3

2. AIMS:
 To study the different principles of Solar Oriented Design (SOD)
and critically review that such design strategies are suitable and
sustainable for the present and future.
OBJECTIVES:
 To promote passive solar design strategies.
 To maximize use of solar energy in building environment.
 To minimize the negative impact of environmental through
building design.
 To improve thermal comfort for occupants.
AIM & OBJECTIVE

3. • Research on Solar Oriented Design Principles.
• Understand the application of Solar Energy to overcome
limitations.
• Understand the importance and usefulness of Solar Passive
design strategies.
• Review on its suitability to the present and future conditions.
METHODOLOGY

4. The world population is projected to grow from 6 billion in 1999 to 9 billion by 2044,
an increase of 50 % that is expected to require 45 years.
WHY BOTHER ABOUT PRINCIPLE?

5. Everything we do, directly
affect the environment,
as well as the energy
demand.
Source: http://biofuelenergy.yolasite.com & http://www.booneyliving.com/
WHY BOTHER ABOUT PRINCIPLE?

6. Source: http://www.encasement.com/
…because we have PROBLEMS
Source: David A. Bainbridge, Ken
Haggard, 2011
Current Dry Spell & last
year’s Devastating Flood
MALAYSIA (2015) The current dry spell
and last year’s devastating flood are
signs that Malaysians should not take
climate change and global warming
lightly, says Prime Minister Datuk Seri
Najib Razak.
Source: The Malaysian Insider, 2015
WHY BOTHER ABOUT PRINCIPLE?

7. BUILDINGS…main consumer of global energy
WHY BOTHER ABOUT PRINCIPLE?

8. “While more green buildings are being built, they are
only pale green and often perform little better than the
buildings they replace, for they often neglect the most
elementary feature of sustainable design: using the
SUN and climate resources for heating, cooling,
ventilation and daylighting.”
- David A. Bainbridge, Ken Haggard
SOLAR POWER …abundant, free, eco-friendly
WHY SOLAR ORIENTED DESIGN PRINCIPLES?

9. • Orientation
• Climate Zone
• Thermal Mass / Comfort
• Air Leakage
• Zoning
• Ventilation
• Insulation
• Glazing
• Shading
WHAT SOLAR ORIENTED DESIGN PRINCIPLES?

10. SOLAR GEOMETRY… Earth’s motion around the Sun
ORIENTATION

11. SOLAR POSITION …Earth relative to Sun at winter solstice
ORIENTATION

12. Diagram shows the key definition used when describing the Sun’s passage across site.
(by John Brennan)
Fundamental in design
building façade
Let in light;
Passive solar gain;
Reduce glare;
Reduce interior solar
heat gain.
ORIENTATION

13. Source: UK Meteorological Office
Construction, Ventilation techniques, Breezes,
Shaded Design
CLIMATE ZONE

14. Indirect heat gain & heat loss
THERMAL MASS / COMFORT

15. • Design building to provide access to sun, wind and light for as many
of the interior spaces as possible [daylight building, passively cooled
building and passive solar building]
• Zoning strategies to organize, locate and orient group of spaces with
similar needs.[heating zones, cooling zones, daylighting zone,
electric light zone, stratification zone ]
• Energy programming to identify the degree to which different types
of spaces require different levels of heating, cooling, lighting and
ventilation.
SPATIAL ZONING

16. • High-activity spaces should be
located on the south side to
benefit from the solar heat.
• Storage areas, garage and other
less-used spaces can act as
buffers along the north side.
• Entry-ways should be located
away from the wind.
• Pantry, kitchen, toilet and
bathrooms should located near
the water heater will save the
heat that would be lost from
longer water lines.
Strategic
Storage,
garage,
less used
space
High
activity
spaces
North
South
STRATEGIC

17. • The lane community college health and wellness building in Eugene,
Oregon by SRG Partnership
• By using zoning principles and distribution pathways – daylight and
naturally ventilated building
• Divided in to two parts – night cooling the thermal mass
• Sliding door located in the central hallway is closed at night to ensure
that ventilation air travel the planned route through each separate
zone of the building so that the thermal mass in each zone receives
adequate night ventilation to remove heat collected during daytime
use.
Source: Brown, G., & DeKay, M. (2001). Sun, wind & light: Architectural design strategies (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.
CASE STUDY

18. • Indoor air Quality
• Maintain Quality of indoor air by replacing indoor air with
outdoor fresh air
• Removal of CO2, odour, moisture and avoid mould &
condensation
• Thermal comfort ventilation
• Prevent discomfort due to warmth and wetness
• Cools by removing heat by convection and forced convection
• Remove moisture
• Structural ventilation
• Cool the structure by passing air over walls, ceilings etc,
removing heat
• Night ventilation – using cold night air to cool structures during
the night
VENTILATION

19. WHY WE NEED VENTILATION?

20. In Universal Building By Law 1984, Part 3, under Natural Lighting and Ventilation
Headings, item no 39 reads:
• “Every Room designed, adapted or used for residential, business or other purposes
except hospitals and schools shall be provided with natural lighting and natural
ventilation by means of one or more windows having a total area of not less than
10% of the clear floor area of such room and shall have openings capable of
allowing a free uninterrupted passage of air not less than 10% of such floor area”
• “Every water-closet, latrine, urinal or bathroom shall be provided with natural
lighting and natural ventilation by means of one or more openings having a total
area of not less than 0.2 square meter per water-closet, urinal latrine or bathroom
and such opening shall be capable of allowing a free uninterrupted passage of air.”
REGULATION

21. Source: Code of practice for design of buildings: Ventilation principles and designing for natural ventilation. (1980).
London: British Standards Institution.
REGULATION

22. Ventilation Principle#1
• Air will always flow from the region of high
pressure to region of low pressure
Ventilation Principle#2
• Air has mass and thus momentum and
tend to continue in its direction until
altered by obstruction or adjacent airflow
Ventilation Principle#3
• The overall effect of wind at a site is so
large that locally deflected airflow(by
trees for example) will tend to return to
the direction and speed of site wind
High pressure Low pressure
HOW VENTILATION WORKS?

23. Bernoulli effect: A decrease in pressure when air is accelerated in
order to cover a greater distance than adjacent air flow. It reduces
pressure on the top of the wing as the air is accelerated creating “lift”.
VENTILATION

24. Venturi effect: Acceleration occurs when laminar flow is constricted in
order to pass through an opening .
VENTILATION

25. Stack effect: Warm air in the building become more buoyant that
outside air, rising to escape out of opening high in the building.
VENTILATION

26. Trickle ventilation: background ventilation pass through gaps in doors,
windows, walls etc
Source: Sun, Wind, and Light, by G.Z. Brown and Mark DeKay, published by Wiley
VENTILATION

27. Interior partition
VENTILATION

28. Windows placement
VENTILATION

29. Opening in opposite walls
Source: Sun, Wind, and Light, by G.Z. Brown and Mark DeKay, published by Wiley
VENTILATION

30.  Air gaps along the ridgeline or between tiles
often provide sufficient ventilation. Gable or
eaves vents may also be used.
 Utilize the attic volume occupied by roof
trusses as a ventilated space.
 Ventilated roof spaces in tropical climates
under metal roofing can result in excessive
condensation within the roof space at night.
 To prevent condensation dripping off the
underside of metal roofing onto the ceiling
by installing reflective foil sharking similar to
that used under roof tiles, or using a foil-
backed building blanket (anti-condensation
blanket) under the metal roof, or closing the
vents at night to prevent night air from
entering the roof space.
ROOF VENTILATION

31. Source:
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Y5dRdhG69_Y/TN2iJu7Tk5I/AAAAAAAA
ABk/HezkGxoGhvQ/s1600/climate.bmp
 A building raised on piles over the surface
of the soil or a body water.
 This allows for ventilation and cool air to
flow under the house, protects the main
structure from termites and other pests,
and enables the natural flow of water in
times of torrential rain.
 It can catch winds of a higher velocity.
 Material of the floor such as timber strip,
which have gaps between bring the air
to the interior space .
ON STILT VENTILATION

32. Air Brick (vent block)
• To provide ventilation below suspended
ground floor
• To be used with cavity sleeves for ventilation
thought external wall to a building interior
MATERIALS

33. Stilted house
 catches winds of high velocity.
Fully Open Window along the House
 Can allow ventilation at body level
CASE STUDY

34. Roof Joints (Double Roof )
 The ventilation through roof joint can let the fresh
and hot air go in and out from interior
 provide good ventilation to interior
 Hot air flow upwards and exit
Opening on Top of Window
 To allow the air to pass through into
the building when the window is close
CASE STUDY

35. • Air leakage occurs when outside air enters and conditioned air leaves indoor
uncontrollably through cracks and openings. It is unwise to rely on air leakage for
ventilation.
• During cold or windy weather, too much air may enter the house. When it's
warmer and less windy, not enough air may enter, which can result in poor
indoor air quality.
• Gaps in insulation and thermal bridging are also a substantial source of heat loss
or gain and can cause both draughts and condensation.
• Air leakage also contributes to moisture problems that can affect occupants’
health and the structure’s durability. Through sealing cracks and openings
reduces drafts and cold spots, improving comfort.
• The challenge is to identify where weather sealing can be improved and then
develop appropriate methods of construction, repair and detailing.
AIR LEAKAGE

36. • Air typically leaks through:
• unsealed or poorly sealed doors
and windows
• the poor design or omission of
airlocks
• unsealed vents, skylights and
exhaust fans
• gaps in or around ceiling insulation
and around ceiling penetrations
• gaps around wall penetrations
(e.g. pipes, conduits, power
outlets, switches, air conditioners)
• gaps between envelope element
junctions (e.g. floor−wall or
wall−ceiling)
• poorly fitted or shrunken
floorboards.
Common leakage points
Source: SEAV
WHERE ARE THE AIR LEAKAGE?

37. • Caulk or weatherstripping are two most effective way to
improve the energy efficiency while maintaining healthy
indoor air quality.
• Weatherstripping is used to seal components that move,
such as doors and operable windows.
• Caulking seal air leaks through crack, gaps or joints less
that one quarter inch wide between stationary building
components and material such as around door and
window frames.
• Type of caulk : Silicone (Household, construction),
Polyurethane, expandable spray foam, Water-based
foam sealant, Butyl rubber, Latex, Oil or resin-based.
• Caulking compounds vary in strength, properties, and
prices. Water-based caulk can be cleaned with water,
while solvent-based compounds require a solvent for
cleanup.
Caulk
Weatherstripping
HOW TO SOLVE AIR LEAKAGE?

38. • Acts as a barrier to heat flow
• It is a material that blocks or slows the flow
of heat through the building envelope.
Insulation is vital to most green building
design because it allows spaces to retain
what heat they have, while avoid gaining
excess heat from outside.
• It is essential for comfortable indoor quality
for us
• To reduces greenhouse gas emissions.
• To reduces heating and cooling costs by
reducing heat losses and gains through
building envelope.
• weatherproofing and eliminate moisture
problems such as condensation; some
types of insulation also have soundproofing
qualities.
Ceiling 25-35%
Wall 15-25%
Floor 10-20%
Windows 25-35%
Air leakage 5-25%
Source: SEAV 2002
INSULATION

39. 1. In unfinished attic spaces,
insulate between and over
the floor joists to seal off
living spaces below.
2. In finished attic rooms with
or without dormer, insulate
Extend insulation into joist
space to reduce air flows.
3. All exterior walls
4. Floors above cold spaces,
such as vented crawl
spaces and unheated
garages.
5. Band joists.
6. Replacement or storm
windows and caulk and
seal around all windows
and doors.
Source: Oak Ridge National Laboratory
WHERE TO INSULATE IN A BUILDING?

40. • Bulky materials resist conductive and -- to
a lesser degree -- convective heat flow in
a building cavity. Rigid foam boards trap
air or another gas to resist conductive
heat flow.
• Bulk insulation includes materials such as
glass wool, wool, cellulose fibre, polyester
and polystyrene.
• All bulk insulation products come with one
material R-value for a given thickness.
Indoor
Outdoor
Reflective insulation and heat flow.
Source: SEAV 2002
INSULATION TYPES AND APPLICATIONS

41. • Reflective insulation mainly resists radiant heat
flow due to its high reflectivity and low emissivity
(ability to re-radiate heat). It relies on the
presence of an air layer of at least 25mm next
to the shiny surface. The thermal resistance of
reflective insulation varies with the direction of
heat flow through it.
• Reflective insulation is usually shiny aluminium
foil laminated (RFL) onto paper or plastic and is
available as sheets (sarking), concertina-type
batts and multi-cell batts.
• Dust settling on the reflective surface greatly
reduces performance. Face reflective surfaces
downwards or keep them vertical. The anti-
glare surface of single sided foil sarking should
always face upwards or outwards.
Indoor Outdoor
Bulk insulation traps air in still layers.
Source: SEAV 2002
INSULATION TYPES AND APPLICATIONS

42. Batting / Blankets Blown-in/ Loose-Fill
Foamed in Place Rigid Board
INSULATION MATERIALS

43. According to Carmody & Haglund (2006),
• Exterior shading devices result in energy savings by reducing direct
solar gain through windows.
• By using exterior shading devices with less expensive glazings, it is
sometimes possible to obtain performance equivalent to unshaded
higher performance glazing.
• Electricity demand is also reduced by exterior shading devices
resulting in lower charges from utilities and reduced mechanical
equipment costs.
• Finally, exterior shading devices have the ability to reduce glare in an
interior space without the need to lower shades or close blinds.
BENEFITS OF EXTERNAL SHADING DEVICES

44. Factor of Application
Location of building
Window Orientation
Window Size
Impact of Application
Energy Use
Peak Demand
Glare
Carmody & Haglund (2006)
conducted the study for external
shading devices using DOE-2.1E
program, which is the building
industry standard that requires as
input a geometrical description of
the building and a physical
description of the building
construction, mechanical
equipment, end-use load
schedules, utility rates, and hourly
weather data to determine the
energy consumption of the
building. Prototypes were also built.
DOE-2 has been used to develop
American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE) 90.1 and
California Title-24 Energy-Efficiency
Standards and to design many
commercial buildings over the past
twenty years.
SHADING DDEVICES

45. • Deep overhang varies from 25.6% energy saving when applied to a
clear double glazed window compared to 11.3% when applied to a
triple glazed low-E window.
• The key to this difference is that clear double glazing has a Solar Heat
Gain Coefficient (SHGC) of 0.60 meaning that 60% of the solar heat
gain is transmitted through the glass while 40% is blocked, while triple
glazed low-E glazing has an SHGC of 0.22 meaning only 22% of the
solar heat gain is transmitted and 78% is blocked by the glass. In effect,
the higher performance glazing is already diminishing the solar gain
quite a bit before the external shading device is applied.
ENERGY USE

46. • The percent savings resulting from using a deep overhang varies
from 44.1% when applied to a clear double glazed window
compared to 18.8% when applied to a triple glazed low-E window.
• The overhang still makes a substantial difference on peak demand
when tested but still depends on conditions.
PEAK DEMAND

47. • The greatest glare reduction occurs with a combination of a deep
overhang with vertical fins.
• A key advantage of external shading devices is that they can provide
glare reduction without the need to lower shades or
close blinds. This means that daylight and view are not diminished
by dark tinted glazing or blocked by interior shades.
• With exterior shading devices, glare control does not depend on user
operation.
• External shading devices can play an important role in creating more
sustainable buildings with less energy use and peak demand as well
as improved glare conditions for the building occupants.
GLARE

48. Why apply these principles? Sustainable?
• Responsive design to climate, end users’ comfort, building
typology, etc.
• Productive and conducive space
• Responsibility as designers to educate people through application
in design.
• Being responsive comes with new challenges, new challenges
come with new ideas, new ideas come with new design solutions.
• Saves client’s operational cost in the long run (depends on
building use), lesser maintenance on machineries required to
operate the building.
SHADING DEVICES + GLAZING IN DETAIL

49. • External Shading Devices in Commercial Buildings. London: Corporation of
London
• David A. Bainbridge, Ken Haggard. (2011). Passive Solar Architecture: Heating,
Cooling, Ventilation, Daylighting, and more using Natural Flows. USA: Chelsea
Green Publishing Company
• Michael J. Crosbie, Steven Winter Associates. (1998). The Passive Solar Design
and Construction Handbook. USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Code of practice for design of buildings: Ventilation principles and designing for
natural ventilation. (1980). London: British Standards Institution.
• http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Y5dRdhG69_Y/TN2iJu7Tk5I/AAAAAAAAABk/HezkGxo
GhvQ/s1600/climate.bmp
• Brown, G., & DeKay, M. (2001). Sun, wind & light: Architectural design
strategies (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.
REFERENCE