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29th February 2012




Coupled heat and water transport in bare soils in semi-
arid and arid regions


                                 Thomas Berends

                          student Hydrology and Water Quality
           Supervisors: Dr. K. Metselaar, Dr. J.C. van Dam and MSc. E. Balugani
2/35



Content
   Problem definition
   Theory of Philip and de Vries
   Data
   Calibration
   Isothermal and thermal, liquid water and water vapour fluxes
   Implementation water vapour flow SWAP
   Coupled versus liquid models
   Design laboratory experiment
   Conclusion
   Recommendations
3/35



Problem definition
4/35



Problem definition
     Water balance                               Energy balance
  Precipitation     Evaporation   Latent heat flux   Net radiation   Sensible heat flux




              Liquid water        Water vapour
                                                               Soil heat flow
                  flow               flow
5/35



Problem definition
   How important is water vapour movement in coupled
    heat and water flux models for bare soils in semi-arid
    and arid regions on a daily time scale??

       Is the Hydrus-1D model able to simulate the field data?
       Can water vapour movement be implemented in the SWAP
        model to describe the coupled heat and water movement
        on a daily time scale?
       How to set up a laboratory experiment to measure
        accurately the variables for coupled heat and water
        movement models?
6/35



Theory



   Philip and de Vries (1957)
   The theory by Philip and de Vries couples the mass balance for
    water, the Richards equation, with a heat conservation
    equation based on Fickian diffusion process.
7/35



Theory

   Mass balance for water
8/35



Theory

   Richards’ equation (Philip and de Vries, 1957)
9/35



Theory

   Heat conservation equation
10/35



Theory

   Soil heat flux
11/35



Theory

   Heat storage
12/35



Theory

   Heat conservation equation (Nassar and Horton, 1992)
13/35



Theory

   Limitations of the theory of Philip and de Vries:
      Hysteresis with respect to the relation between soil water content and
        soil water pressure is not taken into account.
      Macroscopically the medium has to be homogeneous and isotropic.
      No solutes are present.
      Vapour movement by diffusion.
      In the gas phase free convection can be neglected.
      Total air pressure is uniform and constant.
      Thermodynamic equilibrium between liquid and water vapour.
14/35



Data
15/35



Data
   Soil profile
      Soil water content & soil temperature (TDR probe)
      Soil water pressure (MPS-1 sensors & POT sensor)


   Atmospheric conditions
      Air temperature & relative humidity (2 and 6 meter above surface)
      Wind speed (2 meter above surface)
      Short and long in- and outgoing radiation (2 meter above surface)
      Rain fall (Tipping buckets)
      Soil surface temperature (infrared sensor)


   Measurement time and interval
      2nd of May till 28th of September
      Hourly
16/35



Soil profile
17/35



Calibration
   The data from the month May used:
      Time series h & θ
      h versus θ
      No POT data
   Soil profile divided in four layers
      Calibrated parameters: α, n and l
      Mean, standard deviation and correlation matrix
18/35


Isothermal and thermal, liquid water and water vapour fluxes



                                                  Hydrus-1D
19/35


Isothermal and thermal, liquid water and water vapour fluxes



                                                    SWAP
20/35



Implementation water vapour flow SWAP
21/35



Implementation water vapour flow SWAP
22/35



Coupled versus liquid models – input of rain data
23/35



Coupled versus liquid models – without rain data
24/35



Coupled versus liquid models
25/35



Coupled versus liquid models
26/35



Coupled versus liquid models
27/35



Coupled versus liquid models

   HYPRESS soils
28/35



Coupled versus liquid models

   Result HYPRESS soils
29/35



Design laboratory experiment                                                    25 cm


   Soil column                                                                         100 cm
        Coarse sand (largest difference coupled-liquid & quickly drying out)
   Boundary conditions
        Mass balance for water
          • Top boundary condition: Ep is 10 mm/day for warm period, 0 mm/day for cold period
          • Bottom boundary condition is free flow
        Heat conservation equation
          • Top boundary condition: 12 hours of 40 degrees Celsius, 12 hours of 15 degrees
             Celsius
          • Zero soil heat flux is assumed as bottom boundary conditions
   Measurements
        Soil water pressure head, soil water content, soil temperature??
        Amount of measurement??
        Measurement depths??
30/35



Design laboratory experiment
31/35



Design laboratory experiment
32/35



Design laboratory experiment
33/35



Conclusion


1.   Thermal vapour flow is the important component of
     water vapour flow;
2.   During daytime thermal vapour flow is downward,
     during nighttime vapour flow is upward; on a daily
     basis these fluxes compensate each other;
3.   Coupled heat and water transport models don’t
     differ significantly from water transport models on a
     daily time scale.
34/35



Recommendations



   Data from several soil profiles
   Use for heat conservation equation flux in stead of state boundary conditions
   Convective water vapour flow
   Including airflow in the coupled mass and heat transfer, a third balance for the total
    gas phase
   No thermodynamic equilibrium between liquid water and water vapour
35/35




Thanks for your attention



      Questions?

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Coupled heat and water transport in the vadose zone

  • 1. 29th February 2012 Coupled heat and water transport in bare soils in semi- arid and arid regions Thomas Berends student Hydrology and Water Quality Supervisors: Dr. K. Metselaar, Dr. J.C. van Dam and MSc. E. Balugani
  • 2. 2/35 Content  Problem definition  Theory of Philip and de Vries  Data  Calibration  Isothermal and thermal, liquid water and water vapour fluxes  Implementation water vapour flow SWAP  Coupled versus liquid models  Design laboratory experiment  Conclusion  Recommendations
  • 4. 4/35 Problem definition Water balance Energy balance Precipitation Evaporation Latent heat flux Net radiation Sensible heat flux Liquid water Water vapour Soil heat flow flow flow
  • 5. 5/35 Problem definition  How important is water vapour movement in coupled heat and water flux models for bare soils in semi-arid and arid regions on a daily time scale??  Is the Hydrus-1D model able to simulate the field data?  Can water vapour movement be implemented in the SWAP model to describe the coupled heat and water movement on a daily time scale?  How to set up a laboratory experiment to measure accurately the variables for coupled heat and water movement models?
  • 6. 6/35 Theory  Philip and de Vries (1957)  The theory by Philip and de Vries couples the mass balance for water, the Richards equation, with a heat conservation equation based on Fickian diffusion process.
  • 7. 7/35 Theory  Mass balance for water
  • 8. 8/35 Theory  Richards’ equation (Philip and de Vries, 1957)
  • 9. 9/35 Theory  Heat conservation equation
  • 10. 10/35 Theory  Soil heat flux
  • 11. 11/35 Theory  Heat storage
  • 12. 12/35 Theory  Heat conservation equation (Nassar and Horton, 1992)
  • 13. 13/35 Theory  Limitations of the theory of Philip and de Vries:  Hysteresis with respect to the relation between soil water content and soil water pressure is not taken into account.  Macroscopically the medium has to be homogeneous and isotropic.  No solutes are present.  Vapour movement by diffusion.  In the gas phase free convection can be neglected.  Total air pressure is uniform and constant.  Thermodynamic equilibrium between liquid and water vapour.
  • 15. 15/35 Data  Soil profile  Soil water content & soil temperature (TDR probe)  Soil water pressure (MPS-1 sensors & POT sensor)  Atmospheric conditions  Air temperature & relative humidity (2 and 6 meter above surface)  Wind speed (2 meter above surface)  Short and long in- and outgoing radiation (2 meter above surface)  Rain fall (Tipping buckets)  Soil surface temperature (infrared sensor)  Measurement time and interval  2nd of May till 28th of September  Hourly
  • 17. 17/35 Calibration  The data from the month May used:  Time series h & θ  h versus θ  No POT data  Soil profile divided in four layers  Calibrated parameters: α, n and l  Mean, standard deviation and correlation matrix
  • 18. 18/35 Isothermal and thermal, liquid water and water vapour fluxes Hydrus-1D
  • 19. 19/35 Isothermal and thermal, liquid water and water vapour fluxes SWAP
  • 22. 22/35 Coupled versus liquid models – input of rain data
  • 23. 23/35 Coupled versus liquid models – without rain data
  • 27. 27/35 Coupled versus liquid models  HYPRESS soils
  • 28. 28/35 Coupled versus liquid models  Result HYPRESS soils
  • 29. 29/35 Design laboratory experiment 25 cm  Soil column 100 cm  Coarse sand (largest difference coupled-liquid & quickly drying out)  Boundary conditions  Mass balance for water • Top boundary condition: Ep is 10 mm/day for warm period, 0 mm/day for cold period • Bottom boundary condition is free flow  Heat conservation equation • Top boundary condition: 12 hours of 40 degrees Celsius, 12 hours of 15 degrees Celsius • Zero soil heat flux is assumed as bottom boundary conditions  Measurements  Soil water pressure head, soil water content, soil temperature??  Amount of measurement??  Measurement depths??
  • 33. 33/35 Conclusion 1. Thermal vapour flow is the important component of water vapour flow; 2. During daytime thermal vapour flow is downward, during nighttime vapour flow is upward; on a daily basis these fluxes compensate each other; 3. Coupled heat and water transport models don’t differ significantly from water transport models on a daily time scale.
  • 34. 34/35 Recommendations  Data from several soil profiles  Use for heat conservation equation flux in stead of state boundary conditions  Convective water vapour flow  Including airflow in the coupled mass and heat transfer, a third balance for the total gas phase  No thermodynamic equilibrium between liquid water and water vapour
  • 35. 35/35 Thanks for your attention Questions?