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1. CONTRACEPTIONS
PRESENTED BY: RIBU SAM JOHN
GROUP: 17

2. What is
Contraception ?
• Contraception is defined as the
intentional prevention of conception
through the use of various devices,
sexual practices, chemicals, drugs, or
surgical procedures.

3. HISTORY OF FEMALE CONTRACEPTIVES

4. HISTORY OF MALE CONTRACEPTIVES

5. Features of
an Ideal
Contraceptive
• Safe
• Inexpensive
• Reversible
• Simple to administer
• No side effects
• effective for preventing STD’s

6. CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS
TEMPORARY PERMANENT
 Barrier  Vasectomy
 IUD’s  Tubectomy
 Hormonal
 Natural

7. BARRIER METHOD
They prevent sperm from entering a woman's uterus.
They include:
 Condom
 Diaphragm
 Cervical cap
 Spermicide- cream, gel, foam & suppositories

8. MECHANICAL METHODS
• Male condoms
It is a thin sheath that covers the penis to collect sperm and prevent it from entering
the vagina. Male condoms are generally made of latex or polyurethane
• Female condoms
These are thin, flexible plastic pouches. Prevent sperm from entering the uterus.
• Diaphragm. –
Each diaphragm is a shallow, flexible cup made of latex or soft rubber that is inserted
into the vagina before intercourse, blocking sperm from entering the uterus.

9. • Cervical caps
A cervical cap is a small cup made of silicone that fits over the cervix. The
cervical cap keeps sperm from entering the uterus by covering the cervix.
Advantages.
• Inexpensive.
• Do not require medical consultation.
Disadvantages.
• Demonstration by trained person needed for proper use.
• Failure most common – due to displacement of device.
• Cervicitis ( inflammation of cervix) & local irritation.

10. • Spermicidal agents - destroy sperms.
• Ricinoleic acid
• Nanoxynol-9.
• Octoxynol-3.
• Available in different forms– foam tablet, pastes, creams, jellies & vaginal
sponge
• TODAY --Polyurethane sponge impregnated with nonoxynol- 9.
• Advantages – inexpensive, well tolerated, provide good protection.
• Disadvantages – messiness, local irritation & burning sensation.
CHEMICAL METHODS

11. INTRAUTERINE DEVICES (IUDs)
 A small device that is inserted and left inside the uterus to
prevent pregnancy.
 Also known as intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD)
 The world's most widely used method of reversible birth control
• MOA:
• Prevent fertilization by creating a local sterile inflammatory
condition- prevent implantation

12. TYPES OF IUDS
LNG IUD – MIRENA Lippes loop

13. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 Inexpensive
 Reversible
 Long-lasting
 Easy to insert
 Inserted at the time of menses
 Does not interfere with lactation
 Bleeding
 Pain
 Pelvic infection
 Uterine perforation
 Expulsion
 Ectopic pregnancy
IU CD

14. HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES
• Combined pill
• Progestogen only pill
• Post-coital pill
1) Oral Contraceptive Pills ( OCPs)
• Injectable preparations
• Subcutaneous implants
• Vaginal rings
2) Depots ( slow releasing formulation)

15. Combined pills
 Contain ethinyloestradiol & a progestogen (nor-ethioesterone, norethynodrel).
 eg: MALA-N & MALA-D
PROGESTOGEN ONLY PILL ( MINI PILL )
 Contains only progestin
 It thickens the cervical mucus and makes the lining of the uterus less receptive to
implantation
Post-coital pill ( emergency contraception pill)
 Recommended within 48 -72hours of an unprotected intercourse.
 They work primarily by delaying or preventing ovulation.
 ECPs contain either levonorgestrel or ulipristal
Oral Contraceptive Pills ( OCPs )

16. Depot formulations
 Injectables:
 DMPA ( Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate ) -150 mg IM in every 3 months
 Works by stopping the ovaries from releasing an egg ( ovulation ).
 Subdermal implants:
• Norplant -6 silastic capsules, each containing 35 mg of levonorgestrel
• Protection for 5 years
 Vaginal rings
• It is a small, flexible, plastic ring
• prevents pregnancy by continuously releasing synthetic estrogen and progestin

17. NATURAL METHOD
 Abstinence
 Coitus interruptus: withdrawal of the penis before ejaculation
 Rhythm method : this method is based on the identification of fertile period of a cycle and to abstain from
sexual intercourse during that period
 Basal body temperature method : involves taking the temperature every morning to predict ovulation.
 Cervical mucus: the cervical mucus method helps track the ovulation days based on the quality of the
mucus around the cervix
 Lactational amenorrhea : during exclusive breastfeeding and 1st 6 months postpartum

18. PERMANENT METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION
VASECTOMY:
 It is a surgical procedure for male sterilization (bilateral
ligation of the vas deferens)
 It does not affect the testes and it does not affect sexual ability.
 Advantages: safe & convenient method
 Disadvantages: some patients develop antibodies against sperm
after vasectomy

19. TUBECTOMY
 This is also known as voluntary surgical
contraception or tubal ligation or minilap.
 It consist of blocking both the fallopian
tubes.
 It is simple, safe, very effective, convenient
and permanent method of contraception
for women
 Does not protect against STD’s

20. (The number of contraceptive failures per 100 women-years of exposure)

21. REFERENCES
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3307935/
• https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/index.htm
• https://medlineplus.gov/birthcontrol.html
• https://www.nhsinform.scot/healthy-living/contraception

22. THANK YOU