Standard 13 Presentation

1. Reforms during the Progressive
Era
Standard 13

2. What was the Progressive Era?
• The Progressive Era in the United States
was a period of social activism and reform
that flourished from the 1890s to the
1920s.
• The main goal of the Progressive
movement was purification of government,
as the Progressives tried to expose and
undercut political machines and bosses.
• Journalists who wrote about the problems
and corruption were called Muckrakers

6. Meat Inspection Act, 1906
Pure Food and Drug Act,
1906

7. A Social Reformer

8. Ida Tarbell
• She was a muckraker (A writer who exposed
the dirty truth about things, like Upton Sinclair did.)
• She wrote “The History of Standard
Oil Company”
• She exposed the ruthless business
practices of Standard Oil Company

9. Illustration shows a "Standard Oil" storage tank as an octopus
with many tentacles wrapped around the steel, copper, and
shipping industries, as well as a state house, the U.S. Capitol, and
one tentacle reaching for the White House.

10. Jacob Riis
• Journalist who went through the slums in New
York and took pictures of how the poor lived.
• Published his pictures in a book entitled How
the Other Half Lives

13. Jane Addams
• She was a pioneer settlement worker and founder of Hull House
in Chicago, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in
woman suffrage and world peace.
• She was the most prominent woman of the Progressive Era and
helped turn the nation to issues of concern to mothers, such as
the needs of children, public health and world peace.
• She emphasized that women have a special responsibility to clean
up their communities and make them better places to live,
arguing they needed the vote to be effective.
• Addams became a role model for middle-class women who
volunteered to uplift their communities.
• She was the first American woman to be awarded the Nobel
Peace Prize.

14. Hull House
• 1889- "a community of university women"
whose main purpose was to provide social and
educational opportunities for working class
people in the surrounding neighborhood.
• The "residents" (volunteers at Hull) held classes
in literature, history, art, domestic activities
(such as sewing), and many other subjects.
• Hull House also held concerts that were free to
everyone, offered free lectures on current
issues, and operated clubs for both children and
adults.

15. Helping the Mentally Ill and
Reforming the Prison System
• Conditions in
the jails:
small, dark,
unheated
cells, no food
• Her solutions:
reported to
legislators,
inspect cells

16. The Temperance Movement
“Battling Demon Rum”
• Problems caused by
alcohol: domestic
battery, child abuse,
diseases, bankruptcy
• Possible Solutions:
getting people to
drink less, banning the
sale of alcohol.

17. Women Activists previously learned
• Abolitionists?
– Grimke Sisters
– Harriet Tubman
• Equal Rights? Right to vote?
– Elizabeth C Stanton
– Lucretia Mott
– Susan B Anthony

18. More Activists
• Elizabeth Blackwell: first woman
in America to earn a medical
degree
• Emma Willard: opened a high
school for girls in Vermont
• Mary Lyon: opened Mount Holyoke
Female Seminary in MA (first
women’s college)

20. Reforms of Elections
• Initiative was instrumental in
giving citizens the power to
create laws. (It is a bill
originated by people rather
than by lawmakers on the
ballot)

21. Reforms of Elections
• Referendum – a vote on
an initiative. It allows
voters to accept or
reject the initiative.

22. Reforms of Elections
• Recall – lets voters to remove
public officials from elected
positions by forcing them to
face another election before
the end of their term.

23. Reforms of Elections
• Direct Elections – 17th
Amendment – the people
would elect U.S. Senator
instead of state legislators

24. social reality
Jim Crow laws, laws at the local
and state level which segregated
whites from blacks and kept
African Americans as 2nd class
citizens and from voting.
poll taxes
literacy tests
grandfather clause

25. Jim Crow laws (typical)
• Barbers.
–No colored barber shall serve as a
barber (to) white girls or women
(Georgia).

26. Jim Crow laws (typical)
• Burial.
–The officer in charge shall not bury, or
allow to be buried, any colored
persons upon ground set apart or used
for the burial of white persons
(Georgia).

27. Jim Crow etiquette
(manners)
• A black male could not offer his
hand (to shake hands) with a white
male because it implied being
socially equal.

28. Jim Crow etiquette
(manners)
• Whites did not use courtesy titles of
respect when referring to blacks, for
example, Mr., Mrs., Miss., Sir, or
Ma'am. Instead, blacks were called by
their first names. Blacks had to use
courtesy titles when referring to whites,
and were not allowed to call them by
their first names.

29. social reality
Plessy vs.
Ferguson, 1896
Supreme Court legalized
segregation throughout
the nation.
•“Separate but Equal”
as long as public
facilities were equal
•Problem: Black
facilities never equal
to White facilities

30. W.E.B. Dubois
Harvard-educated professor who
focused on the need for a traditional
liberal arts education for African-
Americans who could then insist
upon equal treatment and rights
from white society.

31. W.E.B. Dubois
How do Black Americans overcome segregation?
Northern Perspective
• Fought for immediate Black equality in society
• Talented 10%: Demanded the top 10% of
the talented Black population be placed into the
“power positions”
• Gain equality by breaking into power
structure
• Founder of NAACP
 National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People

32. Begins in 1906 in a meeting at Niagara Falls,
Canada in opposition to Booker T.
Washington’s philosophy of accepting
segregation.
1. Encourage of Black pride
2. Uncompromising demand for full political and civil
equality
3. No acceptance of segregation----opposed Booker T.
Washington’s “gradualism”.
4. Gain acceptance of white reformers.
5. Formation of the NAACP in 1906 with Dubois as the
editor of the NAACP’s journal, The Crisis
6. Other Black groups formed to support Dubois,
National Urban League in 1911

34. Shrimp and Oyster Worker

35. Protest against child labor in a labor parade

36. Labor Laws
• In response in to poor working
conditions – workers organized into
labor unions and they got:
• Improved wages, work week, and child
labor laws
• Work place safety standards
• Establish a minimum wage for work

39. Big game animals
(elk, bison, and
deer) had already
been eliminated
from most of the
west and predators
(wolf, cougar, and
bear) were rapidly
disappearing.

40. In 1872, legislation identified
Yellowstone as the first national park.
Courtesy of Yellowstone National Park, National Park Service, DOI.

41. This legislation was part of the
Conservation Movement of the late 19th
Century.
Animals also lacked the protection they
needed.

42. President Theodore
Roosevelt was the
first president
to actively work to
improve wildlife
for wildlife
management.

43. His ideology laid the
groundwork for
wildlife conservation
in the United States.
Roosevelt’s work lead
to the development of
the National Wildlife
Refuge System.

44. Era of Preservation and Production or
Protection (1900 – 1929)
The Lacey Act (1900) lead the way in not
only protecting wildlife, but also habitat.
Among other restrictions, this act limited
market hunting by making it a federal
offense to transport illegally killed game
from one state to another.