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“ Infection Preventionists: Ready for Disasters ” 
Ebola Virus Disease: The Outbreak 
Professor Tarek Tawfik Amin 
Epidemiology and Public Health 
Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University 
amin55@myway.com 
The 22nd Annual Conference of the Egyptian Society for Infection Control (ESIC) 
(APIC/Egypt Chapter) 
& The 5th Conference of the Eastern Mediterranean Regional Network for Infection 
Control (EMRNIC) 
1 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
Objectives 
Recognize the epidemiological features of Ebola Virus 
Disease (EVD). 
 Appreciate the role of infection control procedures in 
controlling EVD. 
Recognize the guidelines and procedures implied for 
infection control at different stages of patient’s 
management. 
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Causative agents 1 
Family Filoviridae, three genera: Cuevavirus, Marburgvirus, 
and Ebolavirus. 
Five species of Ebola: 
- Zaire, Bundibugyo, Sudan, Reston (Philippines) and Taï 
Forest (Cote de Ivories) . 
- Bundibugyo, Zaire, and Sudan associated with large 
outbreaks in Africa. 
- The 2014 West African outbreak belongs to the Zaire. 
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Reservoirs 
Non-human primates, duikers, bats, small rodents, and 
shrews. 
Past outbreaks, human contact with wild animals 
hunting, butchering and preparing meat from infected 
wild animals (“bush meat”). 
In 2014 epidemic the majority of cases are a result of 
human to human transmission. 
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Transmission 2 
Fruit bats (Pteropodidae family) are natural hosts. 
Contact with blood, bodily fluids: chimpanzees, gorillas, 
fruit bats, monkeys, forest antelope and porcupines “ ill or 
dead or in the rainforest”. 
Human-to-human transmission via direct contact with 
blood, bodily fluids, or contaminated surfaces and 
materials. 
HCPs infected while treating patients through close 
contact. 
Burial ceremonies, Corpse remains infectious for six days. 
 Semen for up to seven weeks 3 . 
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Hypothesis: Ebola transmission 
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Hypothesis : Marburg transmission 
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Historical outbreaks 4 
EVD in 1976 in two simultaneous outbreaks, Nzara, Sudan, and 
Yambuku, DR Congo (former Zaire), near Ebola river. 
West African is the largest and most complex outbreak (2014). 
Started in Guinea then spreading across borders to Sierra Leone 
and Liberia, air to Nigeria, and land to Senegal. 
Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia: weak health systems, lacking 
human and infrastructural resources, and facing long of conflict 
and instability. 
On August 8th , the WHO Director-General declared this 
outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. 
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Year Country Ebola virus species Cases Deaths Case fatality 
2012 DR Congo Bundibugyo 57 29 51% 
2012 Uganda Sudan 7 4 57% 
2012 Uganda Sudan 24 17 71% 
2008 DR Congo Zaire 32 14 44% 
2007 Uganda Bundibugyo 149 37 25% 
2007 DR Congo Zaire 264 187 71% 
2005 Congo Zaire 12 10 83% 
2004 Sudan Sudan 17 7 41% 
2003 Congo Zaire 35 29 83% 
2003 Congo Zaire 143 128 90% 
2001-2002 Congo Zaire 59 44 75% 
2001-2002 Gabon Zaire 65 53 82% 
2000 Uganda Sudan 425 224 53% 
1996 Gabon Zaire 60 45 75% 
1996 Gabon Zaire 31 21 68% 
1995 DR Congo Zaire 315 254 81% 
1994 Cote d'Ivoire Taï Forest 1 0 0% 
1994 Gabon Zaire 52 31 60% 
1979 Sudan Sudan 34 22 65% 
1976 Sudan Sudan 284 151 53% 
1976 DR Congo Zaire 318 280 88% 
10/28/14 
13 Tarek Amin
Ebola and Health care settings: 
Of the 2 870 Marburg and Ebola cases 
documented between June 1967 and June 2011, 
270 (9%) were health-care providers.3 
Started as small scattered outbreaks, usually 
spread within health care facility 
‘Amplification” 
Family members and HCPs are at the highest 
risk of infection. 
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24th of October 2014, CDC, Current situation 
Country Total Cases 
Nigeria ! 20* 19* 8 
Spain 1 1 0 
United States 4 4 1 
Total 25 24 9 
Country Total Cases 
Laboratory- 
Confirmed Cases Total Deaths 
Mali 1 1 1 
Senegal ! 1* 1* 0 
Total 2 2 1 
Country Total Cases 
Laboratory- 
Confirmed Cases Total Deaths 
Laboratory- 
Confirmed 
Cases Total Deaths 
Guinea 1553 1312 926 
Liberia 4665 965 2705 
Sierra Leone 3896 3389 1281 
Total 10114 5666 4912 
•Countries with Travel-associated 
Cases 
•Countries with Travel-associated 
Cases and Localized 
Transmission 
•Countries with Widespread 
Transmission 
15 Tarek Amin 10/28/14 
http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/case-counts.html
Case 
definition 3 
Routine surveillance: 
Suspect case: 
Fever and no response to 
treatment for usual causes in 
the area, and at least one: 
bloody diarrhea, bleeding 
gums, purpura, bleeding into 
eyes, or hematuria. 
Confirmed Ebola : 
Laboratory confirmation 
(Ve+ IgM antibody, Ve+ 
PCR or viral isolation) 
Community-based 
surveillance: 
Pre-epidemic phase 
and outbreak. 
Alert case: fever and 
no response to 
treatment of usual 
causes of in the area, 
OR bleeding, bloody 
diarrhea, hematuria 
OR any sudden death. 
During outbreak: 
SUSPECT CASE: 
Alive or dead, high fever and 
contacted a suspected, 
probable or confirmed case; 
dead or sick animal. 
OR: sudden onset of high 
fever + at least 3: • headaches 
• vomiting • anorexia / loss of 
appetite • diarrhea • 
lethargy • stomach pain • 
aching muscles or joints • 
difficulty breathing or 
swallowing • hiccup 
OR: inexplicable bleeding 
OR: sudden, inexplicable 
death. 
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Case definition for exclusive use by hospitals and 
surveillance teams 3: 
PROBABLE CASE: 
Any suspected case 
evaluated by a clinician 
OR: Deceased suspected 
case having an 
epidemiological link with a 
confirmed case 
LABORATORY 
CONFIRMED CASE: 
Any suspected or probable cases 
with a positive laboratory 
result. 
- Virus RNA by RT- PCR, 
- IgM antibodies. 
18 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
Case contacts: With case in the Contacts 4 
last 21 days preceding the onset of symptoms: 
 Slept in the same household 
 Physical contact with case 
 Physical contact at the funeral, 
 Touched blood or body fluids 
 Touched his/her clothes or linens 
 Breastfed by the patient 
Dead or sick animals: 
With sick or dead animal in the 21 days 
preceding: 
 Physical contact with the animal 
 Animal’s blood or body fluids 
 Carved up the animal 
 Eaten raw bush-meat 
Laboratory contacts: Worked in a laboratory 21 days preceding onset 
of symptoms: 
 Direct contact with specimens collected from suspected Ebola patients 
 Direct contact with specimens collected from suspected Ebola animal 
 Contact with a hospital where Ebola cases being treated the 21 days. 
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Timeline of Infection Diagnostic tests available 
- Within a few days after symptoms ® Antigen-capture enzyme-linked 
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing 
® IgM ELISA 
® RT Polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR) 
® Virus isolation 
- Later in disease course or 
recovery · IgM and IgG antibodies 
- Deceased patients · Immunohistochemistry testing 
· PCR 
· Virus isolation 
Laboratory diagnosis 5 
21 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
Blood sampling: BSL4* 6 
 Acute phase: whole blood obtained within 7 days of onset. 
 Convalescent sera: collected at least 14 days after onset. 
Paired serum samples are ideal, usually collected 7-20 days 
apart. 
*Bio-safety level 4: level required for work with dangerous and exotic agents that pose a high individual risk of 
aerosol-transmitted laboratory infections, agents which cause severe to fatal disease in humans for which 
vaccines or other treatments are not available, such as Bolivian and Argentine hemorrhagic fevers, Marburg 
virus, Ebola virus, Lassa virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and others. 
22 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
Safety precautions: Category A, BSL4 facilities 7. 
Do not separate acute phase sera from blood clots . 
Sealed sterile dry Vacutainer tubes. 
In their original tube and stored at 4 ˚C for PCR / 
virus isolation 
23 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
Phases: opportunity for control 
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Outbrea measures 
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Controlling Infection in Health Care Setting: rules 1,2 
Strict standard precautions, regardless of diagnosis. 
Basic hand, respiratory hygiene, PPE, safe injection practices 
and safe burial practices. 
Extra infection control measures to prevent contact with 
patient’s blood and body fluids and contaminated surfaces or 
materials. 
In close encounter (1 m) face protection (face shield or 
medical mask and goggles), a clean, non-sterile long-sleeved 
gown, and gloves (sterile gloves for some procedures). 
Human and animal samples for investigations handled by 
trained staff and processed in suitably equipped laboratories. 
27 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
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DIRECT PATIENT CARE (FOR 
SUSPECTED OR CONFIRMED 
PATIENTS) 1,8 
PATIENT PLACEMENT, STAFF 
ALLOCATION AND VISITORS: 
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Suspected or confirmed cases in single isolation rooms (IRs). 
If IRs are unavailable, cohort patients in specific confined 
area keeping suspected and confirmed cases separate. At least 
1 meter distance between patient beds. 
Clinical and non-clinical personnel are assigned exclusively 
to patient care areas. 
 Restrict all non-essential staff from patient care areas. 
 Stopping visitor access to the patient, or limit their number. 
 Do not allow other visitors to enter the isolation 
rooms/areas and ensure adequate distance for observation 
(≈3 meters). 
 Before allowing visitors, screen for of EVD 
32 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
•HAND HYGIENE, PERSONAL 
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND 
OTHER PRECAUTIONS2,9. 
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Visitors use PPE and perform hand hygiene (HH) prior entry. 
HCPs, PPE before entering isolation areas. 
Scrub or medical suits NOT personal clothing. 
HH: 
1. before gloving and wearing PPE on entry. 
2. before any clean/aseptic procedures performed 
3. after any exposure with the patient’s blood and body fluids, 
4. after touching contaminated surfaces/items/equipment in the 
patient’s surroundings, 
5. after removal of PPE, upon leaving the care area. 
35 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
HH within the isolation rooms/areas. 
Before entering the isolation areas, PPE in dedicated 
changing zone. 
Correctly sized gloves. 
Changing gloves if heavily soiled while providing care to 
the same patient (HH immediately after removal). 
Change gloves, HH, moving from one patient to another in 
same room. 
Disposable, impermeable gown to cover clothing and 
exposed skin. 
Medical mask and eye protection to prevent splashes. 
36 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
Rubber boots. 
If NOT, overshoes, removed while wearing gloves. 
 Strenuous activity (respirator) or tasks in which contact 
with blood and body fluids is anticipated (waterproof 
apron over the gown). 
Avoid aerosol-generating procedures, use a respirator. 
Before exiting isolation room/area, carefully remove and 
dispose PPE into waste containers and perform HH. 
Avoid any contact between the soiled items (e.g. gloves, 
gowns) and any area of the face or non-intact skin. 
37 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
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Do not recycle any single-use disposable PPE. 
Dedicated equipment (e.g. stethoscopes) for each 
patient. 
If NOT decontaminate between each patient contact. 
 Waste generated should be treated as infectious waste. 
Items and equipment should not be moved between 
isolation rooms/areas and other areas of HCF. 
Patient charts and records should be kept outside the 
isolation rooms/areas to avoid their contamination. 
39 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
INJECTION SAFETY AND 
MANAGEMENT OF SHARPS 3,10 
40 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
Injection and medication equipment disposed of at point of care. 
 Limit the use of needles and other sharp objects. 
 Limit the use of phlebotomy and laboratory testing to minimum. 
a) Never recapping . 
b) Never direct the point of a used needle towards any part of the body. 
c) Do not remove used needles from syringes by hand, bend, break or 
manipulate. 
d) Dispose sharps in puncture-resistant containers. 
e) Containers are placed upright to the immediate (‘point of use’). 
• Kidney dish or similar to carry to the sharps container. 
• Containers placed in an area not easily accessible by visitors, 
particularly children . 
41 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
ENVIRONMENTAL CLEANING 1,2,11,12 
42 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
1- PPE 
Heavy duty/rubber gloves, impermeable gown and closed 
shoes (e.g. boots) when cleaning the environment and 
handling infectious waste. 
 Facial protection (mask and goggle or face shield) and 
overshoes if boots are unavailable. 
Respirator: 
- Blood and body fluids is anticipated (cleaning surfaces heavily 
soiled with vomit or blood) or 
- Cleaning areas closer < 1 meter from a patient with 
symptoms like diarrhoea, bleeding or vomiting, etc.). 
43 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
2- CLEANING PROCESS 
 Environmental surfaces or objects contaminated cleaned 
and disinfected using (e.g. a 0.5% chlorine solution). 
Change cleaning solutions and refresh equipment 
frequently. 
Clean floors and horizontal work surfaces at least once a 
day with clean water and detergent. 
Dry sweeping never be done. 
Rags not be shaken out and surfaces should not be cleaned 
with dry rags. 
From “clean” areas to “dirty” areas. 
Do not spray (fog) occupied or unoccupied clinical areas 
with disinfectant. 
44 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
3- LINEN 
Handling soiled linen from patients, use PPE and facial 
protection. 
 Clearly-labeled, leak-proof bags or buckets at the site of 
use. 
Never be carried against the body. 
 Transported directly to the laundry area in its 
container. 
Washing contaminated linen by hand discouraged. 
 Burn the linen to avoid any unnecessary risks. 
45 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
•Waste Management 
1- PPE 
 PPE and facial protection. 
Goggles provide greater protection than visors from 
splashes. 
Avoid splashing when disposing of liquid infectious waste. 
46 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
2- WASTE MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES 
Segregated at point of generation. 
 Puncture resistant waste containers. 
 Solid, non-sharp, infectious waste in leak-proof waste bags covered 
bins. 
Bins should never be carried against the body (e.g. on the shoulder). 
Designated pit of appropriate depth (2 m) and filled to a depth of 1– 
1.5 m, covered with 10 to 15 cm soil layer. 
 Controlled access. 
Feces, urine and vomit, and liquid waste, disposed sewer or latrine. 
47 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
NON-PATIENT CARE ACTIVITIES 1,12 
48 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
A. DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY ACTIVITIES: 
Laboratory sample processing under a safety cabinet 
or at least a fume cabinet with exhaust ventilation. 
No procedures on the open bench. 
Micro-pipetting and centrifugation are prohibited. 
PPE, particulate respirator when aliquotting, 
centrifugation. 
Discard apron or gown immediately. 
Specimens in clearly-labeled, non-glass, leak-proof 
containers . 
Disinfect all surfaces of specimen containers. 
49 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
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B. MOVEMENT AND BURIAL OF HUMAN REMAINS . 
PPE , rubber boots to handle. 
Plug the natural orifices. 
Double bag, wipe surface with disinfectant (e.g., 0.5% 
chlorine solution) and seal and label. 
Immediately move the body to the mortuary. 
Remains should not be sprayed, washed or embalmed. 
Washing for “clean burials” should be discouraged. 
Buried promptly. 
51 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS 
Limited to essential evaluations by trained personnel. 
Eye protection, PPE. 
 Performing autopsies, particulate respirator . 
 Specimens in clearly-labeled, non-glass, leak-proof 
containers. 
External surfaces of specimen containers disinfected prior 
transport. 
 Tissue or body fluids for disposal carefully placed in clearly 
marked, sealed containers for incineration. 
52 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
MANAGING EXPOSURE TO VIRUS THROUGH BODY FLUIDS 
INCLUDING BLOOD 
53 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
a) Immediately and safely stop any current tasks, 
b) Leave the patient care area, 
c) Safely remove PPE 
d) Wash the affected skin or percutaneous injury site with soap and 
water. 
e) Irrigate mucous membranes with copious amounts of water. 
f) Immediately report the incident. 
g) Medically evaluated (e.g., HIV), receive follow-up care, including 
fever monitoring, twice daily for 21 days after the incident. 
h) Consultation for exposed person develops fever within 21 days of 
exposure. 
i) Suspected of being infected , isolated, with same management 
recommendations until a negative diagnosis is confirmed. 
j) Contact tracing is essential. 
54 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
References 
1) 1 Interim manual - Ebola and Marburg virus disease epidemics: preparedness, alert, control, and evaluation World Health Organization, 
Geneva, 2014; Available from: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/manual_EVD/en/ 
2) 2 Clinical Management of Patients with Viral Haemorrhagic Fever: A pocket Guide for the Front-line Health Worker. World Health 
Organization, Geneva, 2014. 
3) 3 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings. Centers for Disease Control 
and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 2007; Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/HAI/prevent/prevent_pubs.html 
4) 4 Standard precautions in health care AIDE-MEMOIRE. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2007; Available from: 
http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/standardprecautions/en/. 
5) 5 Hand Hygiene Posters. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2009. ; Available from: 
http://www.who.int/gpsc/5may/tools/workplace_reminders/en/ 
6) 6 Glove Use Information Leaflet. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2009.; Available from: 
http://www.who.int/gpsc/5may/tools/training_education/en/ 
7) 7 Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Hospitalized Patients with Known or Suspected Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever in 
U.S. Hospitals. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; Available from: 
http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/hcp/infection-prevention-and-control- recommendations.html 
8) 8 Guide to Local Production: WHO-recommended Handrub Formulations. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2010; Available from: 
http://www.who.int/gpsc/5may/tools/system_change/en/. 
9) 9 Hoffman PN, Bradley C, Ayliffe GAJ, Health Protection Agency (Great Britain). Disinfection in healthcare. 3rd ed. Malden, Mass: 
Blackwell Pub.; 2004. 
10) 10 How to safely collect blood samples from persons suspected to be infected with highly infectious blood-borne pathogens (e.g. Ebola) 
World Health Organization. 
11) 11 WHO best practices for injections and related procedures toolkit. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2010; Available from: 
http://www.who.int/injection_safety/toolbox/9789241599252/en/ 
12) 12 Management of Hazard Group 4 viral haemorrhagic fevers and similar human infectious diseases of high consequence. Department of 
Health, United Kingdom, 2012; Available from: http://www.dh.gov.uk/publications. 
55 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
Thank you 
56 Tarek Amin 10/28/14

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Ebola virus disease

  • 1. “ Infection Preventionists: Ready for Disasters ” Ebola Virus Disease: The Outbreak Professor Tarek Tawfik Amin Epidemiology and Public Health Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University amin55@myway.com The 22nd Annual Conference of the Egyptian Society for Infection Control (ESIC) (APIC/Egypt Chapter) & The 5th Conference of the Eastern Mediterranean Regional Network for Infection Control (EMRNIC) 1 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 2. Objectives Recognize the epidemiological features of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD).  Appreciate the role of infection control procedures in controlling EVD. Recognize the guidelines and procedures implied for infection control at different stages of patient’s management. 2 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 3. Causative agents 1 Family Filoviridae, three genera: Cuevavirus, Marburgvirus, and Ebolavirus. Five species of Ebola: - Zaire, Bundibugyo, Sudan, Reston (Philippines) and Taï Forest (Cote de Ivories) . - Bundibugyo, Zaire, and Sudan associated with large outbreaks in Africa. - The 2014 West African outbreak belongs to the Zaire. 3 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 4. 4 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 5. 5 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 6. Reservoirs Non-human primates, duikers, bats, small rodents, and shrews. Past outbreaks, human contact with wild animals hunting, butchering and preparing meat from infected wild animals (“bush meat”). In 2014 epidemic the majority of cases are a result of human to human transmission. 6 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 7. 7 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 8. 8 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 9. Transmission 2 Fruit bats (Pteropodidae family) are natural hosts. Contact with blood, bodily fluids: chimpanzees, gorillas, fruit bats, monkeys, forest antelope and porcupines “ ill or dead or in the rainforest”. Human-to-human transmission via direct contact with blood, bodily fluids, or contaminated surfaces and materials. HCPs infected while treating patients through close contact. Burial ceremonies, Corpse remains infectious for six days.  Semen for up to seven weeks 3 . 9 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 10. Hypothesis: Ebola transmission 10 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 11. Hypothesis : Marburg transmission 11 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 12. Historical outbreaks 4 EVD in 1976 in two simultaneous outbreaks, Nzara, Sudan, and Yambuku, DR Congo (former Zaire), near Ebola river. West African is the largest and most complex outbreak (2014). Started in Guinea then spreading across borders to Sierra Leone and Liberia, air to Nigeria, and land to Senegal. Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia: weak health systems, lacking human and infrastructural resources, and facing long of conflict and instability. On August 8th , the WHO Director-General declared this outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. 12 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 13. Year Country Ebola virus species Cases Deaths Case fatality 2012 DR Congo Bundibugyo 57 29 51% 2012 Uganda Sudan 7 4 57% 2012 Uganda Sudan 24 17 71% 2008 DR Congo Zaire 32 14 44% 2007 Uganda Bundibugyo 149 37 25% 2007 DR Congo Zaire 264 187 71% 2005 Congo Zaire 12 10 83% 2004 Sudan Sudan 17 7 41% 2003 Congo Zaire 35 29 83% 2003 Congo Zaire 143 128 90% 2001-2002 Congo Zaire 59 44 75% 2001-2002 Gabon Zaire 65 53 82% 2000 Uganda Sudan 425 224 53% 1996 Gabon Zaire 60 45 75% 1996 Gabon Zaire 31 21 68% 1995 DR Congo Zaire 315 254 81% 1994 Cote d'Ivoire Taï Forest 1 0 0% 1994 Gabon Zaire 52 31 60% 1979 Sudan Sudan 34 22 65% 1976 Sudan Sudan 284 151 53% 1976 DR Congo Zaire 318 280 88% 10/28/14 13 Tarek Amin
  • 14. Ebola and Health care settings: Of the 2 870 Marburg and Ebola cases documented between June 1967 and June 2011, 270 (9%) were health-care providers.3 Started as small scattered outbreaks, usually spread within health care facility ‘Amplification” Family members and HCPs are at the highest risk of infection. 14 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 15. 24th of October 2014, CDC, Current situation Country Total Cases Nigeria ! 20* 19* 8 Spain 1 1 0 United States 4 4 1 Total 25 24 9 Country Total Cases Laboratory- Confirmed Cases Total Deaths Mali 1 1 1 Senegal ! 1* 1* 0 Total 2 2 1 Country Total Cases Laboratory- Confirmed Cases Total Deaths Laboratory- Confirmed Cases Total Deaths Guinea 1553 1312 926 Liberia 4665 965 2705 Sierra Leone 3896 3389 1281 Total 10114 5666 4912 •Countries with Travel-associated Cases •Countries with Travel-associated Cases and Localized Transmission •Countries with Widespread Transmission 15 Tarek Amin 10/28/14 http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/case-counts.html
  • 16. Case definition 3 Routine surveillance: Suspect case: Fever and no response to treatment for usual causes in the area, and at least one: bloody diarrhea, bleeding gums, purpura, bleeding into eyes, or hematuria. Confirmed Ebola : Laboratory confirmation (Ve+ IgM antibody, Ve+ PCR or viral isolation) Community-based surveillance: Pre-epidemic phase and outbreak. Alert case: fever and no response to treatment of usual causes of in the area, OR bleeding, bloody diarrhea, hematuria OR any sudden death. During outbreak: SUSPECT CASE: Alive or dead, high fever and contacted a suspected, probable or confirmed case; dead or sick animal. OR: sudden onset of high fever + at least 3: • headaches • vomiting • anorexia / loss of appetite • diarrhea • lethargy • stomach pain • aching muscles or joints • difficulty breathing or swallowing • hiccup OR: inexplicable bleeding OR: sudden, inexplicable death. 16 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 17. 17 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 18. Case definition for exclusive use by hospitals and surveillance teams 3: PROBABLE CASE: Any suspected case evaluated by a clinician OR: Deceased suspected case having an epidemiological link with a confirmed case LABORATORY CONFIRMED CASE: Any suspected or probable cases with a positive laboratory result. - Virus RNA by RT- PCR, - IgM antibodies. 18 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 19. Case contacts: With case in the Contacts 4 last 21 days preceding the onset of symptoms:  Slept in the same household  Physical contact with case  Physical contact at the funeral,  Touched blood or body fluids  Touched his/her clothes or linens  Breastfed by the patient Dead or sick animals: With sick or dead animal in the 21 days preceding:  Physical contact with the animal  Animal’s blood or body fluids  Carved up the animal  Eaten raw bush-meat Laboratory contacts: Worked in a laboratory 21 days preceding onset of symptoms:  Direct contact with specimens collected from suspected Ebola patients  Direct contact with specimens collected from suspected Ebola animal  Contact with a hospital where Ebola cases being treated the 21 days. 19 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 20. 20 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 21. Timeline of Infection Diagnostic tests available - Within a few days after symptoms ® Antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing ® IgM ELISA ® RT Polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR) ® Virus isolation - Later in disease course or recovery · IgM and IgG antibodies - Deceased patients · Immunohistochemistry testing · PCR · Virus isolation Laboratory diagnosis 5 21 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 22. Blood sampling: BSL4* 6  Acute phase: whole blood obtained within 7 days of onset.  Convalescent sera: collected at least 14 days after onset. Paired serum samples are ideal, usually collected 7-20 days apart. *Bio-safety level 4: level required for work with dangerous and exotic agents that pose a high individual risk of aerosol-transmitted laboratory infections, agents which cause severe to fatal disease in humans for which vaccines or other treatments are not available, such as Bolivian and Argentine hemorrhagic fevers, Marburg virus, Ebola virus, Lassa virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and others. 22 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 23. Safety precautions: Category A, BSL4 facilities 7. Do not separate acute phase sera from blood clots . Sealed sterile dry Vacutainer tubes. In their original tube and stored at 4 ˚C for PCR / virus isolation 23 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 24. Phases: opportunity for control 24 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 25. Outbrea measures 25 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 26. 26 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 27. Controlling Infection in Health Care Setting: rules 1,2 Strict standard precautions, regardless of diagnosis. Basic hand, respiratory hygiene, PPE, safe injection practices and safe burial practices. Extra infection control measures to prevent contact with patient’s blood and body fluids and contaminated surfaces or materials. In close encounter (1 m) face protection (face shield or medical mask and goggles), a clean, non-sterile long-sleeved gown, and gloves (sterile gloves for some procedures). Human and animal samples for investigations handled by trained staff and processed in suitably equipped laboratories. 27 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 28. 28 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 29. 29 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 30. DIRECT PATIENT CARE (FOR SUSPECTED OR CONFIRMED PATIENTS) 1,8 PATIENT PLACEMENT, STAFF ALLOCATION AND VISITORS: 30 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 31. 31 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 32. Suspected or confirmed cases in single isolation rooms (IRs). If IRs are unavailable, cohort patients in specific confined area keeping suspected and confirmed cases separate. At least 1 meter distance between patient beds. Clinical and non-clinical personnel are assigned exclusively to patient care areas.  Restrict all non-essential staff from patient care areas.  Stopping visitor access to the patient, or limit their number.  Do not allow other visitors to enter the isolation rooms/areas and ensure adequate distance for observation (≈3 meters).  Before allowing visitors, screen for of EVD 32 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 33. •HAND HYGIENE, PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND OTHER PRECAUTIONS2,9. 33 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 34. 34 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 35. Visitors use PPE and perform hand hygiene (HH) prior entry. HCPs, PPE before entering isolation areas. Scrub or medical suits NOT personal clothing. HH: 1. before gloving and wearing PPE on entry. 2. before any clean/aseptic procedures performed 3. after any exposure with the patient’s blood and body fluids, 4. after touching contaminated surfaces/items/equipment in the patient’s surroundings, 5. after removal of PPE, upon leaving the care area. 35 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 36. HH within the isolation rooms/areas. Before entering the isolation areas, PPE in dedicated changing zone. Correctly sized gloves. Changing gloves if heavily soiled while providing care to the same patient (HH immediately after removal). Change gloves, HH, moving from one patient to another in same room. Disposable, impermeable gown to cover clothing and exposed skin. Medical mask and eye protection to prevent splashes. 36 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 37. Rubber boots. If NOT, overshoes, removed while wearing gloves.  Strenuous activity (respirator) or tasks in which contact with blood and body fluids is anticipated (waterproof apron over the gown). Avoid aerosol-generating procedures, use a respirator. Before exiting isolation room/area, carefully remove and dispose PPE into waste containers and perform HH. Avoid any contact between the soiled items (e.g. gloves, gowns) and any area of the face or non-intact skin. 37 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 38. 38 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 39. Do not recycle any single-use disposable PPE. Dedicated equipment (e.g. stethoscopes) for each patient. If NOT decontaminate between each patient contact.  Waste generated should be treated as infectious waste. Items and equipment should not be moved between isolation rooms/areas and other areas of HCF. Patient charts and records should be kept outside the isolation rooms/areas to avoid their contamination. 39 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 40. INJECTION SAFETY AND MANAGEMENT OF SHARPS 3,10 40 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 41. Injection and medication equipment disposed of at point of care.  Limit the use of needles and other sharp objects.  Limit the use of phlebotomy and laboratory testing to minimum. a) Never recapping . b) Never direct the point of a used needle towards any part of the body. c) Do not remove used needles from syringes by hand, bend, break or manipulate. d) Dispose sharps in puncture-resistant containers. e) Containers are placed upright to the immediate (‘point of use’). • Kidney dish or similar to carry to the sharps container. • Containers placed in an area not easily accessible by visitors, particularly children . 41 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 42. ENVIRONMENTAL CLEANING 1,2,11,12 42 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 43. 1- PPE Heavy duty/rubber gloves, impermeable gown and closed shoes (e.g. boots) when cleaning the environment and handling infectious waste.  Facial protection (mask and goggle or face shield) and overshoes if boots are unavailable. Respirator: - Blood and body fluids is anticipated (cleaning surfaces heavily soiled with vomit or blood) or - Cleaning areas closer < 1 meter from a patient with symptoms like diarrhoea, bleeding or vomiting, etc.). 43 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 44. 2- CLEANING PROCESS  Environmental surfaces or objects contaminated cleaned and disinfected using (e.g. a 0.5% chlorine solution). Change cleaning solutions and refresh equipment frequently. Clean floors and horizontal work surfaces at least once a day with clean water and detergent. Dry sweeping never be done. Rags not be shaken out and surfaces should not be cleaned with dry rags. From “clean” areas to “dirty” areas. Do not spray (fog) occupied or unoccupied clinical areas with disinfectant. 44 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 45. 3- LINEN Handling soiled linen from patients, use PPE and facial protection.  Clearly-labeled, leak-proof bags or buckets at the site of use. Never be carried against the body.  Transported directly to the laundry area in its container. Washing contaminated linen by hand discouraged.  Burn the linen to avoid any unnecessary risks. 45 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 46. •Waste Management 1- PPE  PPE and facial protection. Goggles provide greater protection than visors from splashes. Avoid splashing when disposing of liquid infectious waste. 46 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 47. 2- WASTE MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES Segregated at point of generation.  Puncture resistant waste containers.  Solid, non-sharp, infectious waste in leak-proof waste bags covered bins. Bins should never be carried against the body (e.g. on the shoulder). Designated pit of appropriate depth (2 m) and filled to a depth of 1– 1.5 m, covered with 10 to 15 cm soil layer.  Controlled access. Feces, urine and vomit, and liquid waste, disposed sewer or latrine. 47 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 48. NON-PATIENT CARE ACTIVITIES 1,12 48 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 49. A. DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY ACTIVITIES: Laboratory sample processing under a safety cabinet or at least a fume cabinet with exhaust ventilation. No procedures on the open bench. Micro-pipetting and centrifugation are prohibited. PPE, particulate respirator when aliquotting, centrifugation. Discard apron or gown immediately. Specimens in clearly-labeled, non-glass, leak-proof containers . Disinfect all surfaces of specimen containers. 49 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 50. 50 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 51. B. MOVEMENT AND BURIAL OF HUMAN REMAINS . PPE , rubber boots to handle. Plug the natural orifices. Double bag, wipe surface with disinfectant (e.g., 0.5% chlorine solution) and seal and label. Immediately move the body to the mortuary. Remains should not be sprayed, washed or embalmed. Washing for “clean burials” should be discouraged. Buried promptly. 51 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 52. POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS Limited to essential evaluations by trained personnel. Eye protection, PPE.  Performing autopsies, particulate respirator .  Specimens in clearly-labeled, non-glass, leak-proof containers. External surfaces of specimen containers disinfected prior transport.  Tissue or body fluids for disposal carefully placed in clearly marked, sealed containers for incineration. 52 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 53. MANAGING EXPOSURE TO VIRUS THROUGH BODY FLUIDS INCLUDING BLOOD 53 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 54. a) Immediately and safely stop any current tasks, b) Leave the patient care area, c) Safely remove PPE d) Wash the affected skin or percutaneous injury site with soap and water. e) Irrigate mucous membranes with copious amounts of water. f) Immediately report the incident. g) Medically evaluated (e.g., HIV), receive follow-up care, including fever monitoring, twice daily for 21 days after the incident. h) Consultation for exposed person develops fever within 21 days of exposure. i) Suspected of being infected , isolated, with same management recommendations until a negative diagnosis is confirmed. j) Contact tracing is essential. 54 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 55. References 1) 1 Interim manual - Ebola and Marburg virus disease epidemics: preparedness, alert, control, and evaluation World Health Organization, Geneva, 2014; Available from: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/manual_EVD/en/ 2) 2 Clinical Management of Patients with Viral Haemorrhagic Fever: A pocket Guide for the Front-line Health Worker. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2014. 3) 3 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 2007; Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/HAI/prevent/prevent_pubs.html 4) 4 Standard precautions in health care AIDE-MEMOIRE. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2007; Available from: http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/standardprecautions/en/. 5) 5 Hand Hygiene Posters. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2009. ; Available from: http://www.who.int/gpsc/5may/tools/workplace_reminders/en/ 6) 6 Glove Use Information Leaflet. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2009.; Available from: http://www.who.int/gpsc/5may/tools/training_education/en/ 7) 7 Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Hospitalized Patients with Known or Suspected Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever in U.S. Hospitals. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/hcp/infection-prevention-and-control- recommendations.html 8) 8 Guide to Local Production: WHO-recommended Handrub Formulations. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2010; Available from: http://www.who.int/gpsc/5may/tools/system_change/en/. 9) 9 Hoffman PN, Bradley C, Ayliffe GAJ, Health Protection Agency (Great Britain). Disinfection in healthcare. 3rd ed. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Pub.; 2004. 10) 10 How to safely collect blood samples from persons suspected to be infected with highly infectious blood-borne pathogens (e.g. Ebola) World Health Organization. 11) 11 WHO best practices for injections and related procedures toolkit. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2010; Available from: http://www.who.int/injection_safety/toolbox/9789241599252/en/ 12) 12 Management of Hazard Group 4 viral haemorrhagic fevers and similar human infectious diseases of high consequence. Department of Health, United Kingdom, 2012; Available from: http://www.dh.gov.uk/publications. 55 Tarek Amin 10/28/14
  • 56. Thank you 56 Tarek Amin 10/28/14