1. BUILDING SERVICES
(BLD 60903)
Project 2 – Building Services in Public Building
Group members:
Tan Wen Hao (0319923)
Wong Zhen Fai (0317890)
Tang Pei Kei (0318545)
Ong Min Junn (0317767)
Ong Jia Hui (0317752)
Aida Junita (0317766)
3. Class A Class E
class A fire extinguisher
class E fire extinguisher
Extinguishing System
Portable Extinguishers
A fire extinguisher is a device
used to extinguish or control
small fire, often in emergency
situations.
They are generally sited in
prominent positions on exit
routes to be visible from all
directions.
4. Extinguishing System
Hose Reel
Hose reel system serves as an
initial fire fighting aid that is
intended for the occupant to
use during the early stages of
fire.
They are usually located along
escape routes or beside exit
doors or staircases.
pipe painted with primer
& finished with red paint
rubber hose (pr EN 694)
length: 30m
diameter: 25mm
suitable for Class A fire
discharge flow rate and throw length
6 metre
30 l/min
nozzle
• jet and spray adjustable type
• 8mm diameter
5. Dry Riser System
A dry riser is a vertical empty
pipe that is intended to
distribute water to multiple
levels of a structure or building
as a component of the fire
suppression system.
It can be externally connected
to a pressurized water source
by firefighters to aid in putting
out the fire.
6. Fire Detector and Alarm System
Heat, Thermal Detectors
Thermal heat detectors contain a heat
sensing circuit that can sense rapid
increases in temperature. If
temperature increases too fast or
increases above a certain point, the
detector will communicate an alarm to
the fire alarm control panel.
max 5.3m
max 5.3m
Fire Alarm System
Fire alarm systems are designed to
provide warning of the outbreak of fire
and allow appropriate fire fighting
action to be taken before the situation
gets out of control.
Alarm sound: >= 100dB
Flash Period: <= 1.5s
Flash Intensity: >= 1.2WS
two-stage
signal indicator alarm system
signal indicator
speaker
7. ground floor plan first floor plan second floor plan
Legend:
fire extinguisher
hose reel
dry riser inlet
dry riser outlet
fire alarm
heat detector
9. Fire stopping system
-Fire protection on A/C system
Sheet metal duct: Made from
galvanized steel, these ducts can
be rectangular or round. One duct
section usually slides into another.
The ducts are highly fireproof
because of its good insulation
property and able to stand
extreme heat.
Components of systems:
Fire damper: A device designed to impede the
spread of fire through walls, floors and partitions.
Its construction includes a galvanized steel frame
and a fusible link, a heat sensitive device (usually
set at 165° F). When the fusible link opens it
releases the damper components to close. When
the damper components close the damper will
restrict the migration of fire. Fire damper products
are listed with hourly ratings. In this case, 1 ½
hour fire dampers are used to comply with the 1-
hour and 2 –hour fire stopping wall in this building
Smoke extraction duct: used in emergency
exhaust ventilation systems for forced extraction of
smoke and heated gases and simultaneous transfer
of heat generated by the fire away and beyond the
limits of the serviced spaces where the ignition
occurs. Such units are used in production, public,
residential, administrative and other spaces. Such
fans are capable of handling smoke and air mixtures
with temperatures up to 600 °С.
10. Fire stopping system
-Fire-stopping wall
Components of systems:
Fire-rated wall: Fire-rated walls can be used
to subdivide a building into separate fire areas
and are constructed in accordance with the
locally applicable building codes. Firewalls are
a portion of a building's passive fire protection
systems. Thermal and acoustic 60 minute fire
rated fire stops for installation within external
cavity and brick walls can be used in this
buiilding to restrict the spread of smoke and
flame and minimize the effect of flanking noise
at wall junctions.
Penetrating cable lines and pipes: an
assemblage of materials designed to
prevent the spread of fire and its
byproducts for a prescribed period of time
through openings which are made in floors
and walls to accommodate through
penetrating items such as ducts, metal and
plastic pipes, electrical conduit, cables,
cable trays
Intumescent Wall Paint: help keep
building as safe as possible in the event
of a fire with the application of fire
retardant coatings.
11. Part two of Ninth Schedule: Buildings storey buildings Figure 15: Nine schedule of UBBL (Limits of compatments and
minimum periods of fire resistance for elements of structure
12. Means of escape
-Exits (half hour and one hour door)
Components of systems:
Door material: The fire-rated door is made of wood with 60mm thick of chock
layer in between compressed with two sides of 20mm fire-treated wood block.
The thickness of door and material plays a big role in resisting heat and pressure
in both side of room. The layer of chock provides extra strength as a high heat
barrier while fire proof paint coated at surface of door helps withstand high
temperature to make sure the door bear the heat and fire for a longer period of
time.
Door closer: A door closer is a mechanical device that closes a door, in
general after someone opens it, or after it was automatically opened. Door
closers are most commonly installed on fire doors, which need to be closed in
case of fire, to help prevent the spread of fire and smoke. Door closer also
play a role in maintaining average cooling temperatures, since colder air does
not vent out for longer periods if the door remains closed for longer periods
on average.
13. Ground floor First floor Second floor
Fire stopping wall diagram
Ground floor First floor Second floor
Half hour fire-rated
wood door
Half hour fire-rated
wood door one hour fire-rated
wood door
one hour fire-rated
steel door
Fire-stopping door diagram
UBBL Law 161: Fire-stopping
a. Any fire stop required by the provisions of this Part shall be so formed and
positioned as to prevent or retard the passage of flame.
b. Any fire stop shall ;
• if provided around a pipe or duct or in a cavity, be made of non-combustible
material or if it is in a floor or wall thick; and material, of timber not less than 37
millimetres
• if provided around a pipe or duct, be so constructed as not to restrict essential
thermal movement. of
a. Any fire stop formed as a seal at the junction of two or more element
structure shall be made of non-combustible material
UBBL Law 164:
All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically spring
operated type in the case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in the case
of sliding doors.
UBBL Law 173:
All exit doors shall be openable from the inside without the use of key or any special
knowledge or effort
Exit doors shall close automatically when released and all door devices including
magnetic door holders, shall release the doors upon power failure or actuation of the
fire alarm.
a single door 900 m wide x 2100 millimetres high maximum or constructed of solid hardwood core of not less
than 37 millimetres laminated with adhesives conforming to either BS 745 "Animal Glues or BS 1204
Synthetic resin adhesives (phenolic and aminoplastic) for wood" Part I, "Gap-filling adhesives or BS 1444,
"Cold setting casein glue for wood", faced both sides with plywood to a total thickness of not less than 43
millimetres with all edges finished with a solid edge strip full width of the door
14. Means of escape
-Emergency exits (room exits)
Room/ area Travel 8me Max. Travel Dist. Room/ area Travel 8me Max. Travel Dist.
Lobby 1 min 7.8M Human library 2 mins 8M
Staff office 1 min 8M M&E room 30 secs 3M
Theatre 5 mins 10M Director’s Office 4 mins 6M
Dining Lounge 2 mins 8.6M Library 6 mins 17M
Ground floor First floor Second floor
UBBL Law 165 travel distances: Provided that the travel distance from any
point in the room to the room door does not exceed 15 metres.
The maximum travel distances to exists and dead end limits shall be as
specified in the Seventh Schedule of these By-laws.
Maximum 30m of travel
distances required in
an elderly home.
Diagram of emergency exits
15. UBBL law 167 storey exits
Except as provided for in by-law 194 every compartment shall be provided with at least
two storey exits located as far as practical from each other and in no case closer than
4.5 metres and in such position that the travel distances specified in the Seventh
Schedule to these By-laws are not exceeded.
Means of escape
-Emergency exits (storey exits)
Ground floor First floor Second floor
Primary
emergency
stairs
Secondary
emergency
stairs
15M distances
from both stairs
Location Distances Width
UBBL law 168 Staircase
Except as provided for in by-law 194 every upper floor shall have means of egress via
at least two separate staircase.
Diagram of storey exits location
16. Means of escape
-Emergency exits sign
UBBL Law 172 emergency exits sign
Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and
shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment.
A sign reading "KELUAR" with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in
every location where the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not
immediately apparent.
Every exit sign shall have the word "KELUAR" in plainly legible letters not less than
150 millimetres high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than 18
millimetres wide, the lettering shall be in red against a black background.
Ground floor First floor Second floor
Diagram of location of “KELUAR” sign
19. Why Balanced ventilation system?
• Balanced combined ventilation system which the inlet
and outlet both which means that the air is supplied in
and extracted with the help of mechanical devices.
Hence, causing the pressure level in the internal
space to remain at neutral.
• The internal space of a building can be ventilated with
the use of two different sets of ductwork and also fan
system. It's not affected by the outdoor weather and
is known as a more efficient ventilation system.
Figure 1.1 SchemaOc Diagram shows the operaOon of the balanced
venOlaOon system in a building.
20. Multi-Point ERV with Partial Connection
to Central Air Handler
• Energy recovery ventilation systems provide
a controlled way of ventilating a home while
minimizing energy loss. They reduce the
costs of heating ventilated air in the winter by
transferring heat from the warm inside
exhaust air to the fresh (but cold) outside
supply air
• In the summer, an energy-recovery ventilator
may help to control humidity in the house by
transferring some of the water vapor in the
incoming air to the theoretically drier air that's
leaving the house.
Figure 1.2 Diagrams above shows one of the sample of mechanical
venOlaOon system.
Figure 1.3 Diagrams above shows the details of air movement in ERV
system.
22. Component
• Fan
Exhaust fan
• Filters
• Ductwork
Galvanized steel duct
• Fire Dampers
• Diffusers
Louvers air outlet,
Square air outlet
Figure 1.7 Drawings shows the mechanical venOlaOon in secOon of the proposed building.
Figure 1.8 Picture shows the component of typical
residenOal mechanical venOlaOon system.
Air Handler
23. Fan
Fan serves the purpose of removing hot, humid and polluted air, it's often used to bring in outdoor air to encourage
ventilation and cool the internal spaces of a building.
Propeller Fan/ Exhaust Fan
Advantages:
-Usually used without ducting
-Remove large amount of air
-Low cost of installation
Located in the elevator control , usually is connected to a
temperature thermostat, it will be switched on automatically once
the detector detected a high temperature in the room.
Plays the role of removing the hot air from the control room to
prevent overheating of the wire and mechanical components in the
room.
24. According to Building By-Laws 1984 Clause 258 THIRD
SCHEDULE (By-law 41)
12. Fresh Air Changes
(1) The minimum scale of fresh air ventilation in conjunction with
recirculated, filtered and conditioned air meeting with the
requirements of ASHRAE STANDARD 62-73 shall be as
follows: Commercial premises 0.14 cm per occupant
(2) The minimum scale of fresh air ventilation in conjunction with
the mechanical ventilation systems shall be as follows:
Commercial premises (excluding laundry and boiler houses)
0.28 cm per occupant
Figure 1.9 Drawing above shows the zoom in floor plan of WC, M&E
and Pantry, emphasizing the exhaust fan.
Figure 1.9 Drawing above shows the zoom in floor plan of WC in second floor plan, emphasizing
the exhaust fan.
25. Ductwork
lt serves the function of channeling air into a room or out from a room, ductwork comes in different shapes and sizes
which will also affect the efficiency and sustainability. They are usually made from aluminum, copper and galvanized
materials t's often connected to the central supply fan or central exhaust fan of the mechanical ventilation system
Galvanized-Steel Duct
The galvanized steel ducts are used in air distribution
systems where the ducts are fabricated with galvanized
steel metal.
Galvanized steel is steel sheet metal that has been treated
with zinc to form a coating on the surface of the metal.
Most commonly in used.
26. Dampers
Damper is the valve that serves the purpose of regulating the air flow inside a ducting or other air handling equipment.
It also help to regulate the internal temperature of a room. The operation time can be controlled with the use of
thermostat system.
Fire Damper
Fire damper can be seen installed at a higher level on the
external walls in the stairwell. It is to prevent the fire from
spreading out to the building next to it.
It acts as a pressure relief damper which helps to reduce the
pressure created by supply ventilation pressured staircases
system. The economizer-damper controller sends a signal to
control outside-, return-, and relief-air dampers, with the return-
air dampers operating opposite of the outside- and relief-air
dampers. It is connecting with the supply air ducting.
Air Pressure Relief Damper
27. According to Building By-Laws 1984 Clause 199 Ventilation of staircase enclosures in
buildings not exceeding 18 metres
Ventilation of staircase enclosures in buildings not exceeding 18 metres. In buildings not
exceeding 18 metres above ground staircase level. enclosures may be unventilated
provided that access to them at all levels except the top floor is through ventilated lobbies
and the staircase enclosures are permanently ventilated at the top with at least 5% of the
area of the enclosures.
Therefore, fire damper does not propose in our building.
28. Diffuser
It’s the mechanical devices that usually located at the end of a ductwork system which air is been released from. It's a
typical outlet used for air to release from the connecting ductwork. They come in different sizes and shapes which serve
different functions as well.
Square air diffuser
This particular square air diffuser functions as a medium to
supply chilled air into the rooms.
Usually located at the ceiling
Single grill air outlet
This serves as an outlet for the hot air drew by the exhaust fan
in the utility rooms like the telecom room, elevator control room,
and electrical supply room.
It prevents overheating from damaging the mechanical devices
in these rooms. It also acts as outlet for humid air drew out from
the water supply system.
40. PACKAGED UNIT SYSTEM
WHY AIR-COOLED?
Placed outdoor where atmospheric air is
available. Fan inside sucks outdoor air
and blows in to condenser coil to cool it.
Packaged unit is placed near prevailing wind direction to
get frequent supply of air.
Cooling Unit
Prevailing wind direction
Placed above ceiling
Place on ground level
with minimal obstruction
Noise will not affect users
Condenser Coil
41. Packaged Unit Cross Section
PACKAGED UNIT SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
OUTDOOR UNIT INDOOR UNIT
Contains condenser, condenser
coils, compressor, blower fans.
Contains expansion valve,
evaporator, air handling blower and
filter. May be placed at ground floor
or above ceiling.
R e f r i g e r a n t P i p i n g
45. estimated dimensions + sizes
The following are the estimated dimensions and sizes of spaces required for mechanical transportation system in
the elderly community center:
mechanical transportation system | project 2 – building services in public buildings
Figure 3: Lift car requirement from MS 1184:2002
Figure 1: Ground floor plan of elderly community
center
Figure 2: Estimated dimensions/sizes of elevator
proposed
Location of elevator
2150 mm
2000mm
900 mm
46. type of lift
o HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS
• raised and lowered by means of a movable rod rigidly fixed to the bottom of the car
• used for low-rise applications of 2 to 8 storeys
• suitable for goods lifting, lifts for hospital and old folks’ home
Types of hydraulic elevators include:
• Conventional Plunger-Type Hydraulic Elevators
• Hole-less Hydraulic Elevators
• Roped Hydraulic Elevators
mechanical transportation system | project 2 – building services in public buildings
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
capacity for very heavy loads limited in speed to about 0.75m/s to
maintain adequate standards of
control and comfort
accuracy in floor levelling specialist equipment may be needed
during construction to provide a deep
borehole to accommodate the
hydraulic cylinder (depending on the
system used)
smooth ride characteristics
low-level plant room
no structural loads from winding gear
pump room can be located up to 10m
from the shaft
Figure 4: Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydraulic Lifts
47. components + operation of system
Brief description on the roped hydraulic elevator components:
mechanical transportation system | project 2 – building services in public buildings
Figure 5: Roped Hydraulic Elevator – Single Jack and a
Cantilevered Car
T h e r o p e d h y d r a u l i c
arrangement is simpler as it
only uses a single unit
moving jack section.
The simplicity and reliability of
the single- or double jack roped
arrangement have made it by
far the most common choice
for low-rise, light- to medium-
duty hydraulic elevators.
48. example of roped hydraulic elevator
mechanical transportation system | project 2 – building services in public buildings
Figure 6: The Schumacher Hospital Single Opening Roped Hydraulic Elevator
Schumacher Roped Hydraulic Elevator
- Designed for mid-rise buildings having up to 70
feet (21m) of rise
- Less expensive option
- Minimal pit and overhead requirements
- Less hoistway dimensions needed
- Eliminates cost of drilling and risk of
contamination
49. example of roped hydraulic elevator
mechanical transportation system | project 2 – building services in public buildings
Figure 7: The Schumacher Hospital Single Opening Roped Hydraulic Elevator Drawings
