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Literature review
July 2016
http://www.slideshare.net/AnaikaAlexander/literature-review-14395725
Definition
The literature review is an overview of
significant literature on a particular topic. It
puts your own particular question in the
context of current and previous research.
http://peoplelearn.homestead.com
Answer
question
Previous
& current
research
Definitions,
Models,
Theories
PURPOSE
OF
REVIEW
Debate Trends
Key
sources
Gaps
More
reasons
for you!
Evaluate
literature
Recognize
relevant
literature
Select
from
reputable
sources
Synthesize
studies
Literature Review
What is question or topic?
Find information
Evaluate sources
Write review
ASK
• Formulate your question or define topic
• Focused
• Quantitative - effectiveness of therapy
• Qualitative e.g. experiences, attitudes etc.
Types of clinical questions
• What is the most appropriate/accurate
assessment ? diagnosis/diagnostic tests
• What is likely course of disease? prognosis
• Which treatments are most effective ?
intervention
• What are the risks? Aetiology or causation
• Which preventive strategy to use? prevention
• What is the cost effectiveness of treatments?
• What are patient experiences/concerns?
Sept 2014
M.Shelton, Health Sciences Library, UCT
PICO
(helps to define question)
Population – patient/s, problem
Intervention – treatment, therapy, exposure
Comparison – control group, not always present
Outcome – measurable, ideally quality of life or
clinical well being, also effect
Sept 2014
M.Shelton, Health Sciences Library,
UCT
Question
Is relaxation training effective in
improving cardiac function and
recovery in patients with
ischemic heart disease?
Jan 2013
M.Shelton, Health Sciences Library,
UCT
July 2012
M.Shelton, Health Sciences
Library, UCT
Population = patients with cardiac or heart
or ischaemic heart disease
Intervention = relaxation training
Comparison = no relaxation training
Outcome = improved cardiac function
PICO
Identify search terms,
keywords, synonyms etc.
Cardiac or heart or
cardiovascular disease;
relaxation training
July 2016
M.Shelton, Health Sciences Library,
UCT
Search Strategy
(Cardiac OR heart OR
cardiovascular)
AND
disease
AND
relaxation
July 2016
M.Shelton, Health Sciences Library,
UCT
Question is important
July 2014
M.Shelton, Health Sciences Library,
UCT
– Plan search strategies
– Focus the search
– Recognize answers when we find them
– Appraise studies in terms of PICO
– Saves time
Qualitative?
Use PIE
• Population/Problem
• Issue
• Evaluation/Effect
Qualitative
Patient’s knowledge about dialysis impacts
on their experience of the procedure
PIE
• Population = patients having dialysis
• Issue = knowledge of dialysis
• Evaluation/Effect = experiences
Keywords
Dialysis OR haemodialysis OR hemodialysis
AND
Patient education OR patient knowledge
Struggling with keywords?
• Look for synonyms – use thesaurus
• Look for subject headings – CINAHL headings
MeSh in PubMed
• Alternative spelling (pediatric or paediatric)
• Local usage (operating room or theatre)
• Brand and generic names (Panado or
paracetamol)
• Abbreviations (TB or tuberculosis)
• Opposites (long needle, short needle)
Access
Where do I find appropriate information?
Types of publications
• Primary studies – contain original data,
e.g. clinical trial, case report
• Secondary studies – evaluation of others
data, e.g. Books, UpToDate, systematic
reviews
Need information? Start here:
• Book? – Catalogue
• Overview? – UpToDate, ClinicalKey
• Recent peer-reviewed? - Journal article –
Medline, CINAHL, etc.
• Really stuck? – Google Scholar or Google
is last resort
Need help?
• Consult Libguide
• HSL Undergraduate Guide
http://libguides.lib.uct.ac.za.ezproxy.uct.ac.
za/healthundergrad/home
Literature review undergrad july2016
Can you ?
• Find a book on COPD OR chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease
• Find an overview of COPD OR chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease
Literature review undergrad july2016
Literature review undergrad july2016
Literature review undergrad july2016
Literature review undergrad july2016
Literature review undergrad july2016
Literature review undergrad july2016
Literature review undergrad july2016
Literature review undergrad july2016
Databases
• Library database can be a platform for a variety of
resources in a specific discipline, e. g. Access
Medicine
• Database like UpToDate is a point of care resource
covering summaries of best information about clinical
conditions
• Library online databases are often indexes to journals in
a specific discipline, e.g.
Medline = index to medical journals
CINAHL = index to nursing and allied health
journals
Searching
“If you don't have time to read, you don't have
the time (or the tools) to write. Simple as
that.”
Stephen King, 1985
But…
“If you don’t have time to search the
databases properly, you don’t have the time to
read or the tools to write, nor will you have the
best evidence!”
Mar 2015
Which database?
May 2014
M.Shelton, Health Sciences Library,
UCT
Choose appropriate database
• Medline – main index to medical journals
• Cochrane Library – clinical trials and
systematic reviews of clinical trials
• CINAHL – nursing and allied health, PHC
• Africa-Wide – important for articles about
Africa or South Africa
• PsychINFO – psychology
• Scopus – includes Embase strong on
developing world
Boolean searching
Searching techniques
OR
HIV TB
AND
HIV TB
NOT
HIV TB
Boolean operators
AND - combine two or more
OR - synonyms
NOT - exclude words/subject
(heart OR cardiac) AND surgery NOT children
April 2013
M.Shelton, Health Sciences Library,
UCT
More searching tips
To search for an exact phrase use quotation marks (“”)
“rural community”
Truncate a word (shorten to its root) to search all forms of that
word
allerg* for allergy or allergies or allergens or allergic
car* for caring or care
child* for child or children
Mary Shelton, Health Sciences Library
Types of studies – use filters
• Systematic review – review of all studies
using a pre-determined methodology
• Randomised controlled trials
• Cohort studies – follow group over time
• Case reports, series, case controlled
Literature review undergrad july2016
Literature review undergrad july2016
Multi-database search
Searching one concept at a time
Literature review undergrad july2016
Literature review undergrad july2016
Literature review undergrad july2016
Literature review undergrad july2016
Record your searches
Medline
Database of references and abstracts on life
sciences and biomedical topics
• EbscoHost (good links to full text)
• PubMed (free, excellent search engine)
• Free platform
• 90% Medline records
• 8% out of scope articles from PubMed
Central, an open repository of NLM and
books from NCBI
• 2 % in process records which are not
indexed, i.e. last few months of new
additions
M.Shelton, Health Sciences Library, UCT
Basic search
Literature review undergrad july2016
Use filters
Find History here
Advanced screen
Cochrane Library
Includes Systematic Reviews of
trials and Central Database (clinical
trials)
In populations with a high prevalence
of HIV infection, how effective is male
circumcision for reducing HIV
acquisition in heterosexual men?
Population: populations with a
high
incidence of HIV
infection
Intervention: male
circumcision
Comparison: no circumcision
Question
keywords
HIV OR AIDS OR Acquired Immune
Deficiency syndrome
AND
circumcision
Literature review undergrad july2016
Literature review undergrad july2016
Authors and citation tracking
 Search by author’s name in
databases
 Search for author in Google and
Google
Scholar for CV’s and
bibliographies
 List of references at end of article
 Cited references in citation indexes,
e.g. Scopus
and Google ScholarMay 2013
April 2013
M.Shelton, Health Sciences Library,
UCT
Scopus
• Citation index
• Includes content of Medline and
Embase
• Embase complements Medline with
references from Europe and
developing world
Literature review undergrad july2016
Literature review undergrad july2016
Literature review undergrad july2016
Life Sciences, Laboratory sciences
• Biological and Agricultural Index (via Ebsco)
• General Science Abstracts (via Ebsco)
• SciFinder (which includes Chemical
Abstracts)
• Medline
• Scopus (includes ScienceDirect citations)
• Springer Protocols
• Web of Science (incl. Biological Abstracts)
(find in A-Z list of databases)
Google
• Avoid Google Books – chapters are samples
of the book and not necessarily permanently
online
• Google is useful for government or NGO
material, guidelines, policy documents,
working papers, etc. Watch for .ac, .edu,
.gov, .org
• Google Scholar useful for very recent
material, cited references, similar articles (NB
settings to link to UCT)
Keep track of what you have done!
• Record which databases were searched
• Record search terms that were used
• Try to use similar search in each
database. Be consistent in use of search
terms and filters if applicable.
• How many articles were retrieved? How
many did not meet criteria? How many full
text were read? How many actually used?
RECORD SEARCH STRATEGY
Question /Topic Does training of caregivers improve outcome in rehabilitation of
stroke patients?
Main concepts/keywords/synonyms
Population/Problem: Stroke patients
Intervention/Issue: training of caregivers
Comparison: no training
Outcome/Evaluation: improved rehabilitation
Limits: Language English
Time frame: 2003-2014
All identified documents were examined and those that were relevant were retrieved
for inclusion in the review.
Reference lists of retrieved documents were hand searched to identify additional
publications.
A summary of the database searches that were performed is set out below.
Recording your search - template
• http://libguides.lib.uct.ac.za/c.php?g=182316&p=120100
3
Manage citations
• Keep bibliographic details of each item that
you read - author, title, place, publisher, year,
edition, journal name, volume part, page
numbers
• Familiarise yourself with Referencing style,
e.g. Vancouver
• Use citation manager like RefWorks,
EndNote to save citations, make notes, cite in
text and create bibliography – takes time to
learn
What is Vancouver Referencing?
• Recommendations of the International
Committee of Medical Journal Editors
(ICMJE) for publishing in medical
journals
• Style used in PubMed
• Website:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform
requirements.html
2016-07-19 Health Sciences Library, UCT
Vancouver
• In text uses a number, e.g.
In hemothorax, a test tube is
recommended.11
• List references in number order as
they appear in the text
• In the reference list journal names
are abbreviated and are not
italicised
• If more than six authors, list the first
six followed by “et al.” (reference
list)
• In the reference list, the first names
of the authors are abbreviated to
initials without full stops in between,
e.g. Al-Tamimi EK, Haub MD.
Harvard
• In text uses author and date, e.g. In
hemothorax, a test tube is
recommended (Van der Welden, 2013).
• List references alphabetically by author
• In the reference list journal names are
given in full and are italicised
• If more than eight authors, list the first
eight followed by “et al.” (reference list)
• First names may be abbreviated to
initials and there are full stops in
between, e.g. Al-Tamimi, E.K. & Haub,
M.D.
2016-07-19 Name, Health Sciences Library, UCT
Vancouver - in text citing
• Citations in the body of your paper are
indicated by numbers, e.g. Johnson²
asserts that …. OR, Johnson (2) asserts
that ...
• When citing the same reference for the
second or subsequent time, re-use the
same number you have assigned to that
reference in the first time.
Literature review undergrad july2016
Book reference
Gehlbach SH. Interpreting the
medical literature. New York:
McGraw-Hill; 2006.
6 or more authors
• List only the first six authors followed
by ‘et al’ or ‘and others’
Zweigenthal L, Puoane T, Reynolds L,
London L, Coetzee D, Alperstein M, et
al. Primary health care: fresh perspectives.
Cape Town: Pearson-Prentice Hall;
2009.
Journal reference - online
Sliwa K, Anthony J. Risk assessment for
pregnancy with cardiac disease—a global
perspective. Eur J Heart Fail[Internet].
2016;18(5):534-6. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.522
(Abbreviate journal name as per PubMed)
Online journals
• ICMJE requires that you indicate date
accessed and url
• This is not required for undergraduate
course at UCT
2016-07-19 Name, Health Sciences Library, UCT
Vancouver Referencing Guides
• Vancouver Referencing Guide
http://libguides.lib.uct.ac.za/vancouver
• Vancouver quick guide – copies in library
http://www.medical.lib.uct.ac.za/sites/defa
ult/files/image_tool/images/42/HSL%20Va
ncouver%2027032014-Web.pdf
Appraise
• Does it answer my question?
• Does it provide context or background for
my research?
• Authority -who is the author?
• Methodology of research –bias?
• Validity of findings
• Opposing views
• Gaps in research identified
Write up your review (Apply)
• Introduction
• Body
• Conclusion
Introduction
• Introduce your question/topic/research
against background of existing research
• Describe search strategy
• Criteria used for appraisal and comparison
of literature
Body
• Identify themes
• Identify trends
• Identify opposing views
• Identify time line if appropriate to show
development of research
Using a matrix
http://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/assignme
nts/literaturereview/organization (see LibGuide)
Conclusion
• Attempt at synthesis of various sources of
research and evidence
• Create a platform or point of departure
for your research
Exercises
Exercise – create reference in
Vancouver style
Title: Human embryology and
developmental biology
Edition: 5th
Author: B.M. Carlson
Publisher: Mosby
Place: St Louis
Date: 2014
2016-07-19 Name, Health Sciences Library, UCT
Answer
1. Carlson BM. Human embryology
and developmental biology. 5th
ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2014.
2016-07-19 Name, Health Sciences Library, UCT
Exercise – create reference in
Vancouver style
Title of article: The gynaecological
subspecialties: advances in women's health
Journal name: South African Medical Journal
Authors: Z. Van der Spuy, S.Dyer, J. Jeffery,
L. Denny
Volume: 102
Part:6
Pages:419-421
Date:2012
2016-07-19 Name, Health Sciences Library, UCT
Answer
2. Van der Spuy Z, Dyer S, Jeffery
S, Denny L. The gynaecological
subspecialties: advances in
women's health. S Afr Med J.
2012; 102(6): 419-21.
2016-07-19 Name, Health Sciences Library, UCT
Literature review undergrad july2016
July 2016
Thank you!
lib-medref@uct.ac.za
Readings
1. Aveyard, H. 2014. Doing a literature review in health and
social care : a practical guide. Maidenhead : McGraw-
Hill/Open University Press.
2. Aveyard, H. 2015. A beginner’s guide to critical thinking
and writing in health and social care. Maidenhead,
Berkshire : McGraw-Hill/Open University Press.
3. HSL Undergraduate Guide
http://libguides.lib.uct.ac.za/healthundergrad/home
4. Literature Review. Curtin University. Library Guide.
http://libguides.library.curtin.edu.au/content.php?pid=343
975&sid=2817815 includes template for recording
searches
5. Vancouver Referencing Guide
http://libguides.lib.uct.ac.za/vancouver

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Literature review undergrad july2016

  • 2. Definition The literature review is an overview of significant literature on a particular topic. It puts your own particular question in the context of current and previous research. http://peoplelearn.homestead.com
  • 5. Literature Review What is question or topic? Find information Evaluate sources Write review
  • 6. ASK • Formulate your question or define topic • Focused • Quantitative - effectiveness of therapy • Qualitative e.g. experiences, attitudes etc.
  • 7. Types of clinical questions • What is the most appropriate/accurate assessment ? diagnosis/diagnostic tests • What is likely course of disease? prognosis • Which treatments are most effective ? intervention • What are the risks? Aetiology or causation • Which preventive strategy to use? prevention • What is the cost effectiveness of treatments? • What are patient experiences/concerns? Sept 2014 M.Shelton, Health Sciences Library, UCT
  • 8. PICO (helps to define question) Population – patient/s, problem Intervention – treatment, therapy, exposure Comparison – control group, not always present Outcome – measurable, ideally quality of life or clinical well being, also effect Sept 2014 M.Shelton, Health Sciences Library, UCT
  • 9. Question Is relaxation training effective in improving cardiac function and recovery in patients with ischemic heart disease? Jan 2013 M.Shelton, Health Sciences Library, UCT
  • 10. July 2012 M.Shelton, Health Sciences Library, UCT Population = patients with cardiac or heart or ischaemic heart disease Intervention = relaxation training Comparison = no relaxation training Outcome = improved cardiac function PICO
  • 11. Identify search terms, keywords, synonyms etc. Cardiac or heart or cardiovascular disease; relaxation training July 2016 M.Shelton, Health Sciences Library, UCT
  • 12. Search Strategy (Cardiac OR heart OR cardiovascular) AND disease AND relaxation July 2016 M.Shelton, Health Sciences Library, UCT
  • 13. Question is important July 2014 M.Shelton, Health Sciences Library, UCT – Plan search strategies – Focus the search – Recognize answers when we find them – Appraise studies in terms of PICO – Saves time
  • 14. Qualitative? Use PIE • Population/Problem • Issue • Evaluation/Effect
  • 15. Qualitative Patient’s knowledge about dialysis impacts on their experience of the procedure
  • 16. PIE • Population = patients having dialysis • Issue = knowledge of dialysis • Evaluation/Effect = experiences
  • 17. Keywords Dialysis OR haemodialysis OR hemodialysis AND Patient education OR patient knowledge
  • 18. Struggling with keywords? • Look for synonyms – use thesaurus • Look for subject headings – CINAHL headings MeSh in PubMed • Alternative spelling (pediatric or paediatric) • Local usage (operating room or theatre) • Brand and generic names (Panado or paracetamol) • Abbreviations (TB or tuberculosis) • Opposites (long needle, short needle)
  • 19. Access Where do I find appropriate information?
  • 20. Types of publications • Primary studies – contain original data, e.g. clinical trial, case report • Secondary studies – evaluation of others data, e.g. Books, UpToDate, systematic reviews
  • 21. Need information? Start here: • Book? – Catalogue • Overview? – UpToDate, ClinicalKey • Recent peer-reviewed? - Journal article – Medline, CINAHL, etc. • Really stuck? – Google Scholar or Google is last resort
  • 22. Need help? • Consult Libguide • HSL Undergraduate Guide http://libguides.lib.uct.ac.za.ezproxy.uct.ac. za/healthundergrad/home
  • 24. Can you ? • Find a book on COPD OR chronic obstructive pulmonary disease • Find an overview of COPD OR chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • 33. Databases • Library database can be a platform for a variety of resources in a specific discipline, e. g. Access Medicine • Database like UpToDate is a point of care resource covering summaries of best information about clinical conditions • Library online databases are often indexes to journals in a specific discipline, e.g. Medline = index to medical journals CINAHL = index to nursing and allied health journals
  • 34. Searching “If you don't have time to read, you don't have the time (or the tools) to write. Simple as that.” Stephen King, 1985 But… “If you don’t have time to search the databases properly, you don’t have the time to read or the tools to write, nor will you have the best evidence!” Mar 2015
  • 35. Which database? May 2014 M.Shelton, Health Sciences Library, UCT
  • 36. Choose appropriate database • Medline – main index to medical journals • Cochrane Library – clinical trials and systematic reviews of clinical trials • CINAHL – nursing and allied health, PHC • Africa-Wide – important for articles about Africa or South Africa • PsychINFO – psychology • Scopus – includes Embase strong on developing world
  • 41. Boolean operators AND - combine two or more OR - synonyms NOT - exclude words/subject (heart OR cardiac) AND surgery NOT children April 2013 M.Shelton, Health Sciences Library, UCT
  • 42. More searching tips To search for an exact phrase use quotation marks (“”) “rural community” Truncate a word (shorten to its root) to search all forms of that word allerg* for allergy or allergies or allergens or allergic car* for caring or care child* for child or children Mary Shelton, Health Sciences Library
  • 43. Types of studies – use filters • Systematic review – review of all studies using a pre-determined methodology • Randomised controlled trials • Cohort studies – follow group over time • Case reports, series, case controlled
  • 52. Medline Database of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics • EbscoHost (good links to full text) • PubMed (free, excellent search engine)
  • 53. • Free platform • 90% Medline records • 8% out of scope articles from PubMed Central, an open repository of NLM and books from NCBI • 2 % in process records which are not indexed, i.e. last few months of new additions M.Shelton, Health Sciences Library, UCT
  • 58. Cochrane Library Includes Systematic Reviews of trials and Central Database (clinical trials)
  • 59. In populations with a high prevalence of HIV infection, how effective is male circumcision for reducing HIV acquisition in heterosexual men? Population: populations with a high incidence of HIV infection Intervention: male circumcision Comparison: no circumcision Question
  • 60. keywords HIV OR AIDS OR Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome AND circumcision
  • 63. Authors and citation tracking  Search by author’s name in databases  Search for author in Google and Google Scholar for CV’s and bibliographies  List of references at end of article  Cited references in citation indexes, e.g. Scopus and Google ScholarMay 2013
  • 64. April 2013 M.Shelton, Health Sciences Library, UCT Scopus • Citation index • Includes content of Medline and Embase • Embase complements Medline with references from Europe and developing world
  • 68. Life Sciences, Laboratory sciences • Biological and Agricultural Index (via Ebsco) • General Science Abstracts (via Ebsco) • SciFinder (which includes Chemical Abstracts) • Medline • Scopus (includes ScienceDirect citations) • Springer Protocols • Web of Science (incl. Biological Abstracts) (find in A-Z list of databases)
  • 69. Google • Avoid Google Books – chapters are samples of the book and not necessarily permanently online • Google is useful for government or NGO material, guidelines, policy documents, working papers, etc. Watch for .ac, .edu, .gov, .org • Google Scholar useful for very recent material, cited references, similar articles (NB settings to link to UCT)
  • 70. Keep track of what you have done! • Record which databases were searched • Record search terms that were used • Try to use similar search in each database. Be consistent in use of search terms and filters if applicable. • How many articles were retrieved? How many did not meet criteria? How many full text were read? How many actually used?
  • 71. RECORD SEARCH STRATEGY Question /Topic Does training of caregivers improve outcome in rehabilitation of stroke patients? Main concepts/keywords/synonyms Population/Problem: Stroke patients Intervention/Issue: training of caregivers Comparison: no training Outcome/Evaluation: improved rehabilitation Limits: Language English Time frame: 2003-2014 All identified documents were examined and those that were relevant were retrieved for inclusion in the review. Reference lists of retrieved documents were hand searched to identify additional publications. A summary of the database searches that were performed is set out below.
  • 72. Recording your search - template • http://libguides.lib.uct.ac.za/c.php?g=182316&p=120100 3
  • 73. Manage citations • Keep bibliographic details of each item that you read - author, title, place, publisher, year, edition, journal name, volume part, page numbers • Familiarise yourself with Referencing style, e.g. Vancouver • Use citation manager like RefWorks, EndNote to save citations, make notes, cite in text and create bibliography – takes time to learn
  • 74. What is Vancouver Referencing? • Recommendations of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) for publishing in medical journals • Style used in PubMed • Website: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform requirements.html 2016-07-19 Health Sciences Library, UCT
  • 75. Vancouver • In text uses a number, e.g. In hemothorax, a test tube is recommended.11 • List references in number order as they appear in the text • In the reference list journal names are abbreviated and are not italicised • If more than six authors, list the first six followed by “et al.” (reference list) • In the reference list, the first names of the authors are abbreviated to initials without full stops in between, e.g. Al-Tamimi EK, Haub MD. Harvard • In text uses author and date, e.g. In hemothorax, a test tube is recommended (Van der Welden, 2013). • List references alphabetically by author • In the reference list journal names are given in full and are italicised • If more than eight authors, list the first eight followed by “et al.” (reference list) • First names may be abbreviated to initials and there are full stops in between, e.g. Al-Tamimi, E.K. & Haub, M.D. 2016-07-19 Name, Health Sciences Library, UCT
  • 76. Vancouver - in text citing • Citations in the body of your paper are indicated by numbers, e.g. Johnson² asserts that …. OR, Johnson (2) asserts that ... • When citing the same reference for the second or subsequent time, re-use the same number you have assigned to that reference in the first time.
  • 78. Book reference Gehlbach SH. Interpreting the medical literature. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2006.
  • 79. 6 or more authors • List only the first six authors followed by ‘et al’ or ‘and others’ Zweigenthal L, Puoane T, Reynolds L, London L, Coetzee D, Alperstein M, et al. Primary health care: fresh perspectives. Cape Town: Pearson-Prentice Hall; 2009.
  • 80. Journal reference - online Sliwa K, Anthony J. Risk assessment for pregnancy with cardiac disease—a global perspective. Eur J Heart Fail[Internet]. 2016;18(5):534-6. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.522 (Abbreviate journal name as per PubMed)
  • 81. Online journals • ICMJE requires that you indicate date accessed and url • This is not required for undergraduate course at UCT 2016-07-19 Name, Health Sciences Library, UCT
  • 82. Vancouver Referencing Guides • Vancouver Referencing Guide http://libguides.lib.uct.ac.za/vancouver • Vancouver quick guide – copies in library http://www.medical.lib.uct.ac.za/sites/defa ult/files/image_tool/images/42/HSL%20Va ncouver%2027032014-Web.pdf
  • 83. Appraise • Does it answer my question? • Does it provide context or background for my research? • Authority -who is the author? • Methodology of research –bias? • Validity of findings • Opposing views • Gaps in research identified
  • 84. Write up your review (Apply) • Introduction • Body • Conclusion
  • 85. Introduction • Introduce your question/topic/research against background of existing research • Describe search strategy • Criteria used for appraisal and comparison of literature
  • 86. Body • Identify themes • Identify trends • Identify opposing views • Identify time line if appropriate to show development of research
  • 88. Conclusion • Attempt at synthesis of various sources of research and evidence • Create a platform or point of departure for your research
  • 90. Exercise – create reference in Vancouver style Title: Human embryology and developmental biology Edition: 5th Author: B.M. Carlson Publisher: Mosby Place: St Louis Date: 2014 2016-07-19 Name, Health Sciences Library, UCT
  • 91. Answer 1. Carlson BM. Human embryology and developmental biology. 5th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2014. 2016-07-19 Name, Health Sciences Library, UCT
  • 92. Exercise – create reference in Vancouver style Title of article: The gynaecological subspecialties: advances in women's health Journal name: South African Medical Journal Authors: Z. Van der Spuy, S.Dyer, J. Jeffery, L. Denny Volume: 102 Part:6 Pages:419-421 Date:2012 2016-07-19 Name, Health Sciences Library, UCT
  • 93. Answer 2. Van der Spuy Z, Dyer S, Jeffery S, Denny L. The gynaecological subspecialties: advances in women's health. S Afr Med J. 2012; 102(6): 419-21. 2016-07-19 Name, Health Sciences Library, UCT
  • 96. Readings 1. Aveyard, H. 2014. Doing a literature review in health and social care : a practical guide. Maidenhead : McGraw- Hill/Open University Press. 2. Aveyard, H. 2015. A beginner’s guide to critical thinking and writing in health and social care. Maidenhead, Berkshire : McGraw-Hill/Open University Press. 3. HSL Undergraduate Guide http://libguides.lib.uct.ac.za/healthundergrad/home 4. Literature Review. Curtin University. Library Guide. http://libguides.library.curtin.edu.au/content.php?pid=343 975&sid=2817815 includes template for recording searches 5. Vancouver Referencing Guide http://libguides.lib.uct.ac.za/vancouver

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