based on stored program design
processor system
CPU
memory
input/output system
input/output devices
secondary storage
manages the instruction-execution cycle
FETCH – DECODE – EXECUTE
coordinates the activities of other devices
4. based on stored
program design
processor system
CPU
memory
input/output
system
input/output
devices
secondary storage
Electronic Digital Computers
5. manages the instruction-execution cycle
FETCH – DECODE – EXECUTE
coordinates the activities of other devices
Central Processing Unit
19. Data Movement
Operations
moving data from
memory to the CPU
moving data from
memory to memory
input and output
Arithmetic and
Logical Operations
integer arithmetic
comparing two
quantities
shifting, rotating bits
in a quantity
testing, comparing,
and converting bits
Types of Processor
Operations
20. Program Control
starting a program
halting a program
skipping to other
instructions
testing data to
decide whether to
skip over some
instructions
Types of Processor
Operations
21. PROCESSOR REGISTERS
A processor has many registers to hold instructions, addresses,
data, etc
The processor has a register, the Program Counter (PC) that
holds the memory address of the next instruction to get
Since the memory in the Basic Computer only has 4096
locations, the PC only needs 12 bits
In a direct or indirect addressing, the processor needs to keep
track of what locations in memory it is addressing: The Address
Register (AR) is used for this
The AR is a 12 bit register in the Basic Computer
22. PROCESSOR REGISTERS
When an operand is found, using either direct
or indirect addressing, it is placed in the Data
Register (DR). The processor then uses this
value as data for its operation
The Basic Computer has a single general
purpose register – the Accumulator (AC)
23. PROCESSOR REGISTERS
The significance of a general purpose register is that it can be
referred to in instructions
e.g. load AC with the contents of a specific memory location;
store the contents of AC into a specified memory location
Often a processor will need a scratch register to store
intermediate results or other temporary data; in the Basic
Computer this is the Temporary Register (TR)
24. PROCESSOR REGISTERS
The Basic Computer uses a very simple model of input/output
(I/O) operations
Input devices are considered to send 8 bits of character data
to the processor
The processor can send 8 bits of character data to output
devices
The Input Register (INPR) holds an 8 bit character gotten from
an input device
The Output Register (OUTR) holds an 8 bit character to be
send to an output device
25. PROCESSOR REGISTERS
Registers in the Basic Computer
11 0
PC
15 0
IR
15 0
TR
7 0
OUTR
15 0
DR
15 0
AC
11 0
AR
INPR
0 7
Memory
4096 x 16
CPU
26. Machine Cycle
A Machine cycle is a series of operations
performed to execute a program instruction.
It consists of two parts:
1) Instruction cycle
2) Execution cycle
27. Instruction Cycle
1) Fetching
2) Decoding
During the instruction cycle, the CPU fetches
(Gets) a command or data from main memory
and decodes it (Determines what it means)
28. Execution Cycle
1) Executing
2) Storing
During the execution cycle, the CPU executes
the instruction (Performs the Operation on the
data), and may store the instruction's result in
memory/Register
29. Processing Speeds
There are three ways in which processing speeds
are measured:
1) Time to complete one machine cycle in fractions
of a second.
2) Time to complete instructions in millions of
instructions per second.
3) Time in floating point operations per second.
30. Factors Affecting Processing
Speed
Registers – temp memory area – 32 bit
Memory and computing power - RAM
System clock – Hz – cycles - GHz
The bus – the highway
The data bus – CPU & devices
The address bus – CPU & RAM
Cache memory – L1(CPU resident), L2 (External)