The document provides background on the Reformation in Europe. It began as a protest against abuses within the Catholic Church in the 16th century. Critics opposed the corruption and financial exploitation, including the selling of indulgences. This led to a split, with Protestants breaking away from the Catholic Church's authority under the Pope. Martin Luther emerged as a key figure, publicly challenging the Church and its teachings. His protests helped spark the wider Reformation movement.

1. THE BEGINNING OF MODERN AGE IN
EUROPE
(THE REFORMATION)
By : Taher Kamari

2. INTRODUCTION
 The Reformation is the name given to a group of religious
movements of the 16th Century launched by the Christians against the
various drawbacks of the Church.
 The main target of these movements was the Pope.
 This caused a split in the Christian Church into two groups
 Catholics who remained loyal to the Pope
 The protestants who broke away from the Church.

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TRAILER.

4. ECONOMIC FACTORS

5.  Church had vast properties
 People paid tithe.
 The clergy also collected another sum called ‘Peter’s Pence’ from the people .
 Pope Leo X wanted to build the St. Peter’s Church
 So he issued indulgences(letters remitted punishments of sinners who bought
them)who gave money to build the church
 Finally Church offices were given to the highest bidder .This practice came to
be known as simony
 All these practices annoyed the rulers and the common people

6. Rulers’ Resentment

8. 1. The Pope unnecessarily interfered in the political affairs of
the kings and this was opposed by them.
2. In the 13th Century, the rulers of Europe quarreled with the
Popes for taxing the church property as a royal right.
3. This resulted in the defeat of the church.

9. 4. The French King, Phillip IV had forced Pope Clement V to leave
his headquarters at Rome and stay in Avignon in France
because of interference of the Pope in the political affairs of
the king.
5. Similarly, King Henry VIII of England got the church lands and
in 1536 passed an Act for the dissolution of monasteries.

11. CORRUPTION IN
CHURCHES

12. CORRUPTION IN CHURCHES
 In the beginning clergies led an exemplary life and had a great respect
in the society .
 But with time, moral decay crept into some areas in the functioning
of the church.
 Some clergymen lacked proper education and some lived in luxury
and neglected religious duties.
 The priests promised salvation in exchange for fees and they could
pronounce a marriage lawful or unlawful.

13. CONTINUED
 They in fact were collecting fees for every transaction in life from
birth to death .
 These practices were strongly opposed by people and Erasmus
exposed them in his book named ‘In prayer of folly’ and prepared the
ground for the reformation movement.

14. IMMEDIATE CAUSES AND
MOVEMENT AGAINST
CHURCHES

15. •The Anti-Church movements begin in Europe in the middle ages .
•These movements were directed their attacks based on the wrong
doings of the church.
•John Wycliffe, an English priest and Oxford scholar, criticized the
worldliness of the Church and some of its practices.
•He laid emphasis on the Bible as the sole guide for salvation.
•The Church ordered his expulsion from Oxford University where he
was teaching . This created dissatisfaction among the scholars.

16. IMMEDIATE CAUSE
 Before the open breach with Rome, there had been some cases of protest against the
power of the pope.
 These minor revolts were crushed with a heavy hand. So the reformers met with failure.
 The challenge was later accepted by a German priest ,
He raised a strong voice and launched a movement against the abuses in the Church
and the authority of the pope.
 This the Immediate cause of the Reformation.
Martin luther

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