SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 53
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
EPISTEMOLOGICAL BASES OF KNOWLEDGE
Dr. K. Kumaresan
Asst. Professor of Mathematics,
Thiagarajar College of
Preceptors
THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE
OBJECTIVES
The student,
• introduces the epistemological
bases of education
• gives the meaning of epistemology
and knowledge
• defines knowledge
• states the sources of knowledge
• lists and explains the types of
knowledge
• differentiates knowledge with
information & skill, teaching and
training, reason and belief
EPISTEMOLOGY
 Epistemology is the philosophical theory of
knowledge.
 The word 'Epistemology' is derived from two
Greek words, 'episteme' and 'logos'.
Episteme means 'knowledge' and logos
means 'study'.
 Hence epistemology is the study of
knowledge.
 The theory of knowledge, especially with
regard to its methods, validity, and scope and
the distinction between justified belief and
EPISTEMOLOGY .....
 Epistemology is mainly concerned with the
following four areas.
 1. Analysis of the nature of knowledge and
how it relates to similar notions such as truth,
belief and justification.
 2. The scope of knowledge and justified belief.
 3. The means of production of knowledge and
justification.
 4. Skepticism about
different knowledge claims.
EPISTEMOLOGICAL BASES BASES OF EDUCATION
THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE
What is knowledge?
What are the types of
knowledge?
How do we acquire
knowledge?
What do we know?
How do we know what
we know?
THE INTRODUCTION
8
WAYS OF KNOWING
 In Theory of Knowledge we recognize four
ways of acquiring knowledge about the
world:
1. Perception
2. Language
3. Reason and
4. Emotion
 WAYS OF KNOWING…
 If someone asks you how you know, you
might reply:
 1. ‘Someone told me’ – language
 2. ‘I saw it’ – perception
 3. ‘I worked it out’ – reason
 4. ‘It’s intuitively obvious’ – emotion
THE INTRODUCTION…..
10
AREAS OF KNOWLEDGE
 We will consider various Areas of
Knowledge such as:
mathematics, natural sciences,
social sciences, history, arts, ethics
and religion
MEANING OF KNOWLEDGE
• Knowledge is a familiarity , awareness or
understanding of some one or something ,
such as facts, information, descriptions of
skills, which is acquired through experience or
education, by perceiving, discovering and
learning.
MEANING OF KNOWLEDGE.....
 Knowledge is to know something.
 It is the information acquired by someone.
 Involves facts, information, and skills
acquired through experience or education;
 The theoretical or practical understanding of
a subject.
 Awareness or familiarity gained by
experience of a fact or situation.
DEFINITION OF KNOWLEDGE
 The philosopher Plato
famously defined
knowledge as
"justified true belief"
 Knowledge is the
understanding of
physical, social,
biological, mental and
spiritual aspects of the
world.
WHAT IS KNOWLEDGE?
 Knowledge is a “Justified True Belief” (JTB)
Plato
S knows that P if and only if:
(1) S believes that P
(2) P is true
(3) S is justified in believing that P
S = Subject
P = Proposition
BELIEF
Belief is the psychological state in
which an individual holds a
proposition or premise to be true.
TRUTH
 "To say of something which is that it is not, or to say
of something which is not that it is, is false.
However, to say of something which is that it is, or
of something which is not that it is not, is true."
Aristotle
JUSTIFICATION
To know that a given
proposition is true
 believe the relevant true
proposition
 have a good reason for
doing so.
SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE
 Each of us possesses a great deal of
knowledge.
 We know about ourselves; we know about the
world around us; we know about abstract
concepts and ideas.
 We learn a lot of things from books, from the
media, and from other people.
 However, to process information from these
sources, we must already know many things:
how to read, how to reason, who to trust.
SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE.....
 There are two ultimate sources of our knowledge:
Empiricism and Rationalism.
 Empiricism
 Empiricism insists all of our knowledge is ultimately
derived from our senses or our experiences.
 It denies the existence of innate knowledge, i.e.
knowledge that we possess from birth. Empiricism
believes in experimentation and observation.
 However, it struggles to account for certain types of
knowledge, e.g. knowledge of pure mathematics or
ethics.
SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE.....
 Rationalism
 Rationalism emphasis some of our
knowledge is derived from reason alone and
that reason plays an important role in the
acquisition of all of our knowledge.
 It claims that reason plays a role in
observation and so that the mind is more
fundamental than the senses in the process
of knowledge-acquisition.
OTHER SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE ARE:
Experimentation
 The experimentation can be defined as a process
of observation under controlled conditions.
 ” We know the bridge is safe because six of us just
crossed it” this instance suggests that knowledge is
the product of tested experiences in which sense
perception is an ingredient but in which the effect of
what happens is the basic measure.
 We depend on experimental knowledge for
particular facts of everyday world.
 Authority
 Source of knowledge is authority of different
kinds - the God, the Sate, Tradition of the
expert.
 Authoritative knowledge it accepted as true
because, it comes from experts.
 Authoritative knowledge may be inadequate.
 Most of our factual knowledge is based on
authority.
 Intuition
 Intuition is perhaps the most personal way of
knowing.
 According to psychologists , knowledge is
connected intimately with feeling and emotion.
 As persons we see “in a sudden flash of insight”
that something is the case.
 We apprehend knowledge directly into the heart of
reality.
 Yet, we do not know how we acquired this
knowledge.
 Only an intense feeling seems to convince us we
have discovered what we were looking for.
 Revealed Faith Knowledge
 Faith of knowledge in God.
 Hindu’s faith knowledge contained in the
Bhagavad-Gita and the Upanishads.
 For Christian’s and Jew’s it is contained in
the Bible: for the Mohammedian’s, in the
Khoran.
 Divinely authenticated, it promises that those
who accept it never can be mistaken.
 It is considered as Devine truth.
 Revealed knowledge is to accept to be the
world of God.
TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE
 Philosophers typically divide knowledge into
three categories: personal, procedural, and
propositional.
 Relations between the three types of
knowledge can be helpful in clearly
understanding the theories of knowledge.
PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE
Comes from the local experience of the
individual.
Is shaped by culture, interest, experience.
Consists of:
 Skills & knowledge
 Formal education
 ‘School of life’
i.e. skills, practical abilities, individual talents
 Personal memory, perception, emotion etc.
PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE…..
 It is the knowledge by acquaintance.
 Knowledge to do something.
 This is the kind of knowledge that we are
claiming to have something like “I know how
to play guitar music.”
 For example, in order to know someone, we
must have met them; in order to know fear,
we must have experienced it.
EPISTEMOLOGICAL BASES BASES OF EDUCATION
PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE
 It is the knowledge of how to do something.
 People who claim to know how to play a
game, or how to drive, are not simply
claiming that they understand the theory
involved in those activities.
 Rather, they are claiming that actually
possess the skills involved, that they are able
to do these things
TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE
A Procedure
is a series of
actions
conducted in a
certain order
or manner
Procedural Knowledge - How
PROPOSITIONAL KNOWLEDGE
 It is the knowledge of facts.
 Although there are several different types of
knowledge, the primary concern of
epistemology is propositional knowledge.
 When we say things like “I know that the internal
angles of a triangle add up to 180 degrees”, we
are claiming to have propositional knowledge.
 It is important is that propositional knowledge is
not enough to give you either personal
knowledge or procedural knowledge.
A proposition is
a sentence
expressing
something true
or false
Propositional Knowledge - What
SKILL
 The ability to do something well.
 A kind of proficiency acquired through
training or experience.
 A learned power of doing something
competently
 A developed aptitude or ability
SKILL- DEFINITION
 An ability and capacity acquired through
deliberate, systematic and sustained effort to
smoothly and adaptively carryout complex
activities or job functions involving
ideas(cognitive skills), things(technical skills)
and people(interpersonal skills).
TYPES OF SKILLS
 Labour skills
 Life skills
 Social skills
 Soft skills
 Hard skills
TEACHING
 Meanining
 The action of a person who teaches; the
profession of a teacher
 Ideas or principles taught by an authority.
 Teaching is imparting knowledge or skill
 There are two type of teaching
1.Formal-Which is systemic deliberate direct
and consciously impart by specially
2.Informal-Teaching outside of class room
 Training
 The action of teaching a person or animal a
particular skill or type of behaviour
 Meaning, Definition and Types of Training
 Training constitutes a basic concept in human
resource development.
 It is concerned with developing a particular skill to a
desired standard by instruction and practice.
 Training is a highly useful tool that can bring an
employee into a position where they can do their
job correctly, effectively, and conscientiously.
 Training is the act of increasing the knowledge and
skill of an employee for doing a particular job.
 Need for Training:
 Every organization should provide training to
all the employees irrespective of their
qualifications and skills.
 The organization should train the employees
to enrich them with the latest technology and
knowledge.
 Training as one of the basic conditions to
deal with human problems.
 Only training can improve the quality and
reduce the wastages to the minimum.
 Types of Training:
 Various types of training can be given to the
employees such as induction training,
refresher training, on the job training,
vestibule training, and training for
promotions.
REASON
 Meaning
 The power of the mind to think and
understand in a logical way
 Reason is factual and logical explanation of a
phenomenon.
 It does not change even if there is a change
in perspective.
 Reason- Definition
 A statement or fact that explains why
something is the way it is, why someone
does, thinks, or says something, or why
someone behaves a certain way.
 A fact, condition, or situation that makes it
proper or appropriate to do something, feel
something, etc.
 For example, Earth rotates on its axis and
the sun shining causes day and night
alternately, is a reason.

 Belief
 Meaning
 Belief is personal.
 It varies from person to person.
 There is no burden of proof and in a free
society everyone is entitled to their own
beliefs regarding a phenomenon.
 An acceptance that something exists or is
true, especially one without proof.
 Trust, faith, or confidence in someone or
something.
 The feeling of being certain that
 Belief - Definition
 Assumptions and convictions that are held to
be true, by an individual or group, regarding
 Another way of defining belief sees it as
a mental representation of an attitude
positively oriented towards the likelihood of
something being true.
 For example, Who tilted the axis? Why it was
tilted? Why Earth rotates? Who gives the
power to rotation? - God, is belief
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE
Sl.No Knowledge Information
1 Refers to the awareness or
understanding of a subject
acquired from education or
experience
Organized data of something obtained from
various such as news papers, internet,
discussions etc.,
2 Knowledge is understanding Information is knowing
3 Relevant and objective
information that helps to draw
conclusions
Refined form of data that helps to
understand the meaning
4 Acquired through the
combination of information with
experience and intuition
Obtained through the compilation of data
with meaningful context
5 Leads to understanding of a
subject
Leads to comprehension of facts and figures
6 Transaction is not easy Transaction is easy through verbal or non-
Sl.No Knowledge Information
7 Has the ability to predict or make
decisions
Doesn't have the ability to predict or make
decisions
8 Collection of information Collection of data
9 All knowledge is information Each information is not necessarily a
knowledge
10 Reproduction is not possible Reproduction is possible
11 Needs some cognitive and analytical
ability
Do not need cognitive and analytical
ability
12 Can’t exist without information Can exist without information
13 Knowledge is reliable Information may or may not be reliable
DISTINCTION BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL
Sl.No Knowledge Skill
1 Refers to the awareness or
understanding of a subject acquired
from education or experience
Refers to the abilities to do something
well
2 The sum of what is known A particular ability
3 Comes through education or
experience
Comes through practice
4 Includes theoretical aspects Includes practical aspects
5 Includes theoretical aspects of a
particular subject
Includes the practical abilities gained
with the help of knowledge
6 It is not inherent Some skills can be inherent
DISTINCTION BETWEEN REASON AND BELIEF
Sl.No Reason Belief
1 Reason is factual Belief is personal
2 Logical information gained through
education or experience
An acceptance or opinion about something
3 Comes from understanding,
research and logic
A thought process which is ingrained in our
mind
4 Involves collection of data Doesn't involve collection of data
5 Not concerned with faith Concerned with faith
6 Doesn't change even if there is a
change in perspective
Varies from person to person
Sl.No Reason Belief
7 Gained from self-experience and
natural state of things
Gained from the instruction by others
8 Involves logical thinking Doesn't involve logical thinking
9 Has proof and explanation. No proof
10 Based in intellectual ability Based on faith about something
11 Rational for
believing/doing/wanting
something
may not be rational/logical/reasonable
12 Can be justified May not be justified
13 Answers are available Answers are not available
DISTINCTION BETWEEN TEACHING AND TRAINING
Sl.No Teaching Training
1 Related to theoretical knowledge Related to practical application of
knowledge
2 Includes transmitting new
knowledge
Includes developing skills with the help of
already known concepts using tools and
techniques
3 Involve activities like educating or
instructing
Involves the acquisition of knowledge,
sharpening of skills, concepts and rules.
4 Transfer of knowledge between a
teacher and a student
A technique frequently used in
organizations to build a person’s skills,
knowledge and attitudes
5 One of the objectives is to enrich
the minds of listeners
Main objective is to develop the skill
performance of an individual
6 Within the scope of academic
institution
Associated not only with academic but
commercial world
7 Teachers give feedback to students Trainers receive feedback from trainees
8 Focus on the teacher Focus on the learner
REVIEW
Meaning of
knowledge
Definition of
knowledge
Types of
knowledge
Skill
Teaching
Training
Belief
EPISTEMOLOGICAL BASES BASES OF EDUCATION

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Unit-I Epistemological Basis of Knowledge and Education
Unit-I Epistemological Basis of Knowledge and EducationUnit-I Epistemological Basis of Knowledge and Education
Unit-I Epistemological Basis of Knowledge and EducationDrGavisiddappa Angadi
 
Theory of Error in Classical Indian Philosophy
Theory of Error in  Classical Indian  PhilosophyTheory of Error in  Classical Indian  Philosophy
Theory of Error in Classical Indian PhilosophyKangkan Boro
 
Sankhya School ( Indian Philosophy )
Sankhya School ( Indian Philosophy )Sankhya School ( Indian Philosophy )
Sankhya School ( Indian Philosophy )Ian Bravo
 
The Cognitive School
The Cognitive SchoolThe Cognitive School
The Cognitive Schoolalamgirian
 
Indian philosophy
Indian philosophyIndian philosophy
Indian philosophyteenuxavier
 
Sankhya philosophy unit2
Sankhya philosophy unit2Sankhya philosophy unit2
Sankhya philosophy unit2Diksha Verma
 
20110709 Loving Kindness Meditation and esoteric school
20110709 Loving Kindness Meditation and esoteric school20110709 Loving Kindness Meditation and esoteric school
20110709 Loving Kindness Meditation and esoteric schoolTom
 
Avidya in Buddhism & Maya in Advaita Vedanta
Avidya in Buddhism & Maya in Advaita VedantaAvidya in Buddhism & Maya in Advaita Vedanta
Avidya in Buddhism & Maya in Advaita VedantaAligarh Muslim University
 
Vedanta Philosophy - Metaphysics, Epistemology & Axiology
Vedanta  Philosophy - Metaphysics, Epistemology & Axiology  Vedanta  Philosophy - Metaphysics, Epistemology & Axiology
Vedanta Philosophy - Metaphysics, Epistemology & Axiology Sahin Sahari
 
Buddhism for you lesson 07-noble eightfold path
Buddhism for you lesson 07-noble eightfold pathBuddhism for you lesson 07-noble eightfold path
Buddhism for you lesson 07-noble eightfold pathUncle Bugs
 
The What of Vedanta - The Philosophy of Narayana Guru
The What of Vedanta - The Philosophy of Narayana GuruThe What of Vedanta - The Philosophy of Narayana Guru
The What of Vedanta - The Philosophy of Narayana GuruNarayana Philosophy Society
 
Indian philosophy -Vaisesika School of thought
Indian philosophy -Vaisesika School of thoughtIndian philosophy -Vaisesika School of thought
Indian philosophy -Vaisesika School of thoughtPavithra L N
 

Was ist angesagt? (19)

Unit-I Epistemological Basis of Knowledge and Education
Unit-I Epistemological Basis of Knowledge and EducationUnit-I Epistemological Basis of Knowledge and Education
Unit-I Epistemological Basis of Knowledge and Education
 
Recap of knowledge
Recap of knowledgeRecap of knowledge
Recap of knowledge
 
Theory of Error in Classical Indian Philosophy
Theory of Error in  Classical Indian  PhilosophyTheory of Error in  Classical Indian  Philosophy
Theory of Error in Classical Indian Philosophy
 
Axiology
AxiologyAxiology
Axiology
 
Indian philosophy
Indian philosophyIndian philosophy
Indian philosophy
 
Manas 2015 ppt.
Manas 2015 ppt.Manas 2015 ppt.
Manas 2015 ppt.
 
Sankhya School ( Indian Philosophy )
Sankhya School ( Indian Philosophy )Sankhya School ( Indian Philosophy )
Sankhya School ( Indian Philosophy )
 
The Cognitive School
The Cognitive SchoolThe Cognitive School
The Cognitive School
 
Indian philosophy
Indian philosophyIndian philosophy
Indian philosophy
 
1 knowledge
1 knowledge1 knowledge
1 knowledge
 
Sankhya philosophy unit2
Sankhya philosophy unit2Sankhya philosophy unit2
Sankhya philosophy unit2
 
Sources of knowledge
Sources of knowledgeSources of knowledge
Sources of knowledge
 
20110709 Loving Kindness Meditation and esoteric school
20110709 Loving Kindness Meditation and esoteric school20110709 Loving Kindness Meditation and esoteric school
20110709 Loving Kindness Meditation and esoteric school
 
Avidya in Buddhism & Maya in Advaita Vedanta
Avidya in Buddhism & Maya in Advaita VedantaAvidya in Buddhism & Maya in Advaita Vedanta
Avidya in Buddhism & Maya in Advaita Vedanta
 
Vedanta Philosophy - Metaphysics, Epistemology & Axiology
Vedanta  Philosophy - Metaphysics, Epistemology & Axiology  Vedanta  Philosophy - Metaphysics, Epistemology & Axiology
Vedanta Philosophy - Metaphysics, Epistemology & Axiology
 
Buddhism for you lesson 07-noble eightfold path
Buddhism for you lesson 07-noble eightfold pathBuddhism for you lesson 07-noble eightfold path
Buddhism for you lesson 07-noble eightfold path
 
The What of Vedanta - The Philosophy of Narayana Guru
The What of Vedanta - The Philosophy of Narayana GuruThe What of Vedanta - The Philosophy of Narayana Guru
The What of Vedanta - The Philosophy of Narayana Guru
 
Indian philosophy -Vaisesika School of thought
Indian philosophy -Vaisesika School of thoughtIndian philosophy -Vaisesika School of thought
Indian philosophy -Vaisesika School of thought
 
The Vedas
The VedasThe Vedas
The Vedas
 

Ähnlich wie EPISTEMOLOGICAL BASES BASES OF EDUCATION

Ähnlich wie EPISTEMOLOGICAL BASES BASES OF EDUCATION (20)

unit 4 8609.pptx
unit 4 8609.pptxunit 4 8609.pptx
unit 4 8609.pptx
 
Sources of knowledge
Sources of knowledge Sources of knowledge
Sources of knowledge
 
8609 day 3.pptx
8609 day 3.pptx8609 day 3.pptx
8609 day 3.pptx
 
THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE
THEORY OF KNOWLEDGETHEORY OF KNOWLEDGE
THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE
 
Epistemology And Belief Of Epistemology Essay
Epistemology And Belief Of Epistemology EssayEpistemology And Belief Of Epistemology Essay
Epistemology And Belief Of Epistemology Essay
 
FPEEC.pptx
FPEEC.pptxFPEEC.pptx
FPEEC.pptx
 
KNOWLEDGE AND CURRICULUM
KNOWLEDGE AND CURRICULUMKNOWLEDGE AND CURRICULUM
KNOWLEDGE AND CURRICULUM
 
On Epistemology And Skepticism Essay
On Epistemology And Skepticism EssayOn Epistemology And Skepticism Essay
On Epistemology And Skepticism Essay
 
On Epistemology And Skepticism Essay
On Epistemology And Skepticism EssayOn Epistemology And Skepticism Essay
On Epistemology And Skepticism Essay
 
Ef 300 notes
Ef 300 notesEf 300 notes
Ef 300 notes
 
Knowledge and curriculum
Knowledge and curriculumKnowledge and curriculum
Knowledge and curriculum
 
HUMAN and BRAIN for educational intruduction
HUMAN and BRAIN for educational intruductionHUMAN and BRAIN for educational intruduction
HUMAN and BRAIN for educational intruduction
 
Epistemology In Business And Management
Epistemology In Business And ManagementEpistemology In Business And Management
Epistemology In Business And Management
 
class - epistemology.pptx
class - epistemology.pptxclass - epistemology.pptx
class - epistemology.pptx
 
Rationalism
RationalismRationalism
Rationalism
 
Epistemology
EpistemologyEpistemology
Epistemology
 
Epistemic Issue
Epistemic IssueEpistemic Issue
Epistemic Issue
 
4 knowledge & Experience - forms of knowledge
4 knowledge & Experience - forms of knowledge4 knowledge & Experience - forms of knowledge
4 knowledge & Experience - forms of knowledge
 
The Scientific Study Of Epistemology
The Scientific Study Of EpistemologyThe Scientific Study Of Epistemology
The Scientific Study Of Epistemology
 
Personal Epistemology
Personal EpistemologyPersonal Epistemology
Personal Epistemology
 

Mehr von Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) (20)

Area of rectangle
Area of rectangleArea of rectangle
Area of rectangle
 
Angle
AngleAngle
Angle
 
Algebraic expressions
Algebraic expressionsAlgebraic expressions
Algebraic expressions
 
Circle
CircleCircle
Circle
 
water
waterwater
water
 
Motion
MotionMotion
Motion
 
Heat
HeatHeat
Heat
 
changes around us
changes around uschanges around us
changes around us
 
Carbon and its compounds
Carbon and its compoundsCarbon and its compounds
Carbon and its compounds
 
pressure
pressurepressure
pressure
 
Measurement
MeasurementMeasurement
Measurement
 
Motion
MotionMotion
Motion
 
ELECTRICITY
ELECTRICITYELECTRICITY
ELECTRICITY
 
Purification of Organic Compounds
Purification of Organic CompoundsPurification of Organic Compounds
Purification of Organic Compounds
 
Electrochemistry
ElectrochemistryElectrochemistry
Electrochemistry
 
sound
soundsound
sound
 
Heat and Temperature
Heat and TemperatureHeat and Temperature
Heat and Temperature
 
'work , energy and power'
'work , energy and power' 'work , energy and power'
'work , energy and power'
 
Electric motor
Electric motorElectric motor
Electric motor
 
Electric circuits
Electric circuitsElectric circuits
Electric circuits
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesCeline George
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxSaurabhParmar42
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxheathfieldcps1
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRATanmoy Mishra
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxraviapr7
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxraviapr7
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesMohammad Hassany
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...raviapr7
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?TechSoup
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphNetziValdelomar1
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxraviapr7
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsEugene Lysak
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational PhilosophyShuvankar Madhu
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
 
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quizFinals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
 

EPISTEMOLOGICAL BASES BASES OF EDUCATION

  • 1. EPISTEMOLOGICAL BASES OF KNOWLEDGE Dr. K. Kumaresan Asst. Professor of Mathematics, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors
  • 3. OBJECTIVES The student, • introduces the epistemological bases of education • gives the meaning of epistemology and knowledge • defines knowledge • states the sources of knowledge • lists and explains the types of knowledge • differentiates knowledge with information & skill, teaching and training, reason and belief
  • 4. EPISTEMOLOGY  Epistemology is the philosophical theory of knowledge.  The word 'Epistemology' is derived from two Greek words, 'episteme' and 'logos'. Episteme means 'knowledge' and logos means 'study'.  Hence epistemology is the study of knowledge.  The theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its methods, validity, and scope and the distinction between justified belief and
  • 5. EPISTEMOLOGY .....  Epistemology is mainly concerned with the following four areas.  1. Analysis of the nature of knowledge and how it relates to similar notions such as truth, belief and justification.  2. The scope of knowledge and justified belief.  3. The means of production of knowledge and justification.  4. Skepticism about different knowledge claims.
  • 7. THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE What is knowledge? What are the types of knowledge? How do we acquire knowledge? What do we know? How do we know what we know?
  • 8. THE INTRODUCTION 8 WAYS OF KNOWING  In Theory of Knowledge we recognize four ways of acquiring knowledge about the world: 1. Perception 2. Language 3. Reason and 4. Emotion
  • 9.  WAYS OF KNOWING…  If someone asks you how you know, you might reply:  1. ‘Someone told me’ – language  2. ‘I saw it’ – perception  3. ‘I worked it out’ – reason  4. ‘It’s intuitively obvious’ – emotion
  • 10. THE INTRODUCTION….. 10 AREAS OF KNOWLEDGE  We will consider various Areas of Knowledge such as: mathematics, natural sciences, social sciences, history, arts, ethics and religion
  • 11. MEANING OF KNOWLEDGE • Knowledge is a familiarity , awareness or understanding of some one or something , such as facts, information, descriptions of skills, which is acquired through experience or education, by perceiving, discovering and learning.
  • 12. MEANING OF KNOWLEDGE.....  Knowledge is to know something.  It is the information acquired by someone.  Involves facts, information, and skills acquired through experience or education;  The theoretical or practical understanding of a subject.  Awareness or familiarity gained by experience of a fact or situation.
  • 13. DEFINITION OF KNOWLEDGE  The philosopher Plato famously defined knowledge as "justified true belief"  Knowledge is the understanding of physical, social, biological, mental and spiritual aspects of the world.
  • 14. WHAT IS KNOWLEDGE?  Knowledge is a “Justified True Belief” (JTB) Plato S knows that P if and only if: (1) S believes that P (2) P is true (3) S is justified in believing that P S = Subject P = Proposition
  • 15. BELIEF Belief is the psychological state in which an individual holds a proposition or premise to be true.
  • 16. TRUTH  "To say of something which is that it is not, or to say of something which is not that it is, is false. However, to say of something which is that it is, or of something which is not that it is not, is true." Aristotle
  • 17. JUSTIFICATION To know that a given proposition is true  believe the relevant true proposition  have a good reason for doing so.
  • 18. SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE  Each of us possesses a great deal of knowledge.  We know about ourselves; we know about the world around us; we know about abstract concepts and ideas.  We learn a lot of things from books, from the media, and from other people.  However, to process information from these sources, we must already know many things: how to read, how to reason, who to trust.
  • 19. SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE.....  There are two ultimate sources of our knowledge: Empiricism and Rationalism.  Empiricism  Empiricism insists all of our knowledge is ultimately derived from our senses or our experiences.  It denies the existence of innate knowledge, i.e. knowledge that we possess from birth. Empiricism believes in experimentation and observation.  However, it struggles to account for certain types of knowledge, e.g. knowledge of pure mathematics or ethics.
  • 20. SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE.....  Rationalism  Rationalism emphasis some of our knowledge is derived from reason alone and that reason plays an important role in the acquisition of all of our knowledge.  It claims that reason plays a role in observation and so that the mind is more fundamental than the senses in the process of knowledge-acquisition.
  • 21. OTHER SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE ARE: Experimentation  The experimentation can be defined as a process of observation under controlled conditions.  ” We know the bridge is safe because six of us just crossed it” this instance suggests that knowledge is the product of tested experiences in which sense perception is an ingredient but in which the effect of what happens is the basic measure.  We depend on experimental knowledge for particular facts of everyday world.
  • 22.  Authority  Source of knowledge is authority of different kinds - the God, the Sate, Tradition of the expert.  Authoritative knowledge it accepted as true because, it comes from experts.  Authoritative knowledge may be inadequate.  Most of our factual knowledge is based on authority.
  • 23.  Intuition  Intuition is perhaps the most personal way of knowing.  According to psychologists , knowledge is connected intimately with feeling and emotion.  As persons we see “in a sudden flash of insight” that something is the case.  We apprehend knowledge directly into the heart of reality.  Yet, we do not know how we acquired this knowledge.  Only an intense feeling seems to convince us we have discovered what we were looking for.
  • 24.  Revealed Faith Knowledge  Faith of knowledge in God.  Hindu’s faith knowledge contained in the Bhagavad-Gita and the Upanishads.  For Christian’s and Jew’s it is contained in the Bible: for the Mohammedian’s, in the Khoran.  Divinely authenticated, it promises that those who accept it never can be mistaken.  It is considered as Devine truth.  Revealed knowledge is to accept to be the world of God.
  • 25. TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE  Philosophers typically divide knowledge into three categories: personal, procedural, and propositional.  Relations between the three types of knowledge can be helpful in clearly understanding the theories of knowledge.
  • 26. PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE Comes from the local experience of the individual. Is shaped by culture, interest, experience. Consists of:  Skills & knowledge  Formal education  ‘School of life’ i.e. skills, practical abilities, individual talents  Personal memory, perception, emotion etc.
  • 27. PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE…..  It is the knowledge by acquaintance.  Knowledge to do something.  This is the kind of knowledge that we are claiming to have something like “I know how to play guitar music.”  For example, in order to know someone, we must have met them; in order to know fear, we must have experienced it.
  • 29. PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE  It is the knowledge of how to do something.  People who claim to know how to play a game, or how to drive, are not simply claiming that they understand the theory involved in those activities.  Rather, they are claiming that actually possess the skills involved, that they are able to do these things
  • 30. TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE A Procedure is a series of actions conducted in a certain order or manner Procedural Knowledge - How
  • 31. PROPOSITIONAL KNOWLEDGE  It is the knowledge of facts.  Although there are several different types of knowledge, the primary concern of epistemology is propositional knowledge.  When we say things like “I know that the internal angles of a triangle add up to 180 degrees”, we are claiming to have propositional knowledge.  It is important is that propositional knowledge is not enough to give you either personal knowledge or procedural knowledge.
  • 32. A proposition is a sentence expressing something true or false Propositional Knowledge - What
  • 33. SKILL  The ability to do something well.  A kind of proficiency acquired through training or experience.  A learned power of doing something competently  A developed aptitude or ability
  • 34. SKILL- DEFINITION  An ability and capacity acquired through deliberate, systematic and sustained effort to smoothly and adaptively carryout complex activities or job functions involving ideas(cognitive skills), things(technical skills) and people(interpersonal skills).
  • 35. TYPES OF SKILLS  Labour skills  Life skills  Social skills  Soft skills  Hard skills
  • 36. TEACHING  Meanining  The action of a person who teaches; the profession of a teacher  Ideas or principles taught by an authority.  Teaching is imparting knowledge or skill
  • 37.  There are two type of teaching 1.Formal-Which is systemic deliberate direct and consciously impart by specially 2.Informal-Teaching outside of class room
  • 38.  Training  The action of teaching a person or animal a particular skill or type of behaviour  Meaning, Definition and Types of Training  Training constitutes a basic concept in human resource development.  It is concerned with developing a particular skill to a desired standard by instruction and practice.  Training is a highly useful tool that can bring an employee into a position where they can do their job correctly, effectively, and conscientiously.  Training is the act of increasing the knowledge and skill of an employee for doing a particular job.
  • 39.  Need for Training:  Every organization should provide training to all the employees irrespective of their qualifications and skills.  The organization should train the employees to enrich them with the latest technology and knowledge.  Training as one of the basic conditions to deal with human problems.  Only training can improve the quality and reduce the wastages to the minimum.
  • 40.  Types of Training:  Various types of training can be given to the employees such as induction training, refresher training, on the job training, vestibule training, and training for promotions.
  • 41. REASON  Meaning  The power of the mind to think and understand in a logical way  Reason is factual and logical explanation of a phenomenon.  It does not change even if there is a change in perspective.
  • 42.  Reason- Definition  A statement or fact that explains why something is the way it is, why someone does, thinks, or says something, or why someone behaves a certain way.  A fact, condition, or situation that makes it proper or appropriate to do something, feel something, etc.  For example, Earth rotates on its axis and the sun shining causes day and night alternately, is a reason. 
  • 43.  Belief  Meaning  Belief is personal.  It varies from person to person.  There is no burden of proof and in a free society everyone is entitled to their own beliefs regarding a phenomenon.  An acceptance that something exists or is true, especially one without proof.  Trust, faith, or confidence in someone or something.  The feeling of being certain that
  • 44.  Belief - Definition  Assumptions and convictions that are held to be true, by an individual or group, regarding  Another way of defining belief sees it as a mental representation of an attitude positively oriented towards the likelihood of something being true.  For example, Who tilted the axis? Why it was tilted? Why Earth rotates? Who gives the power to rotation? - God, is belief
  • 45. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE Sl.No Knowledge Information 1 Refers to the awareness or understanding of a subject acquired from education or experience Organized data of something obtained from various such as news papers, internet, discussions etc., 2 Knowledge is understanding Information is knowing 3 Relevant and objective information that helps to draw conclusions Refined form of data that helps to understand the meaning 4 Acquired through the combination of information with experience and intuition Obtained through the compilation of data with meaningful context 5 Leads to understanding of a subject Leads to comprehension of facts and figures 6 Transaction is not easy Transaction is easy through verbal or non-
  • 46. Sl.No Knowledge Information 7 Has the ability to predict or make decisions Doesn't have the ability to predict or make decisions 8 Collection of information Collection of data 9 All knowledge is information Each information is not necessarily a knowledge 10 Reproduction is not possible Reproduction is possible 11 Needs some cognitive and analytical ability Do not need cognitive and analytical ability 12 Can’t exist without information Can exist without information 13 Knowledge is reliable Information may or may not be reliable
  • 47. DISTINCTION BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL Sl.No Knowledge Skill 1 Refers to the awareness or understanding of a subject acquired from education or experience Refers to the abilities to do something well 2 The sum of what is known A particular ability 3 Comes through education or experience Comes through practice 4 Includes theoretical aspects Includes practical aspects 5 Includes theoretical aspects of a particular subject Includes the practical abilities gained with the help of knowledge 6 It is not inherent Some skills can be inherent
  • 48. DISTINCTION BETWEEN REASON AND BELIEF Sl.No Reason Belief 1 Reason is factual Belief is personal 2 Logical information gained through education or experience An acceptance or opinion about something 3 Comes from understanding, research and logic A thought process which is ingrained in our mind 4 Involves collection of data Doesn't involve collection of data 5 Not concerned with faith Concerned with faith 6 Doesn't change even if there is a change in perspective Varies from person to person
  • 49. Sl.No Reason Belief 7 Gained from self-experience and natural state of things Gained from the instruction by others 8 Involves logical thinking Doesn't involve logical thinking 9 Has proof and explanation. No proof 10 Based in intellectual ability Based on faith about something 11 Rational for believing/doing/wanting something may not be rational/logical/reasonable 12 Can be justified May not be justified 13 Answers are available Answers are not available
  • 50. DISTINCTION BETWEEN TEACHING AND TRAINING Sl.No Teaching Training 1 Related to theoretical knowledge Related to practical application of knowledge 2 Includes transmitting new knowledge Includes developing skills with the help of already known concepts using tools and techniques 3 Involve activities like educating or instructing Involves the acquisition of knowledge, sharpening of skills, concepts and rules. 4 Transfer of knowledge between a teacher and a student A technique frequently used in organizations to build a person’s skills, knowledge and attitudes 5 One of the objectives is to enrich the minds of listeners Main objective is to develop the skill performance of an individual 6 Within the scope of academic institution Associated not only with academic but commercial world 7 Teachers give feedback to students Trainers receive feedback from trainees 8 Focus on the teacher Focus on the learner