2. COURSE OBJECTIVES
GENERAL OBJECTIVES
-To develop confidence and reliability in proofreading
texts written in English and Spanish.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
-Review the technical procedures of execution for
proofreading texts in general.
- To identify grammatical, syntactic and semantic
errors in texts translated from English to Spanish and
vice versa.
3. COURSE CONTENT
- What is morphosyntax?
- Crutch words
- Redundancy
- Syntactic construction
- Sequences, adjectives and adverbs
- Semantics and false friends
7. Let´s begin
the lesson!
WHAT IS MORPHOSYNTAX?
Morphology is commonly defined as the study of the
internal structure of words and the rules governing the
formation of words in a language
Syntax is the study of the rules and categories that underlie sentence
formation. Syntax is the order or arrangement of words and phrases to
form proper sentences. The most basic syntax follows a subject + verb +
direct object formula. That is, "Jillian hit the ball." Syntax allows us to
understand that we wouldn't write, "Hit Jillian the ball."
Here are some examples:
•I enjoy college.
•Work pays the bills.
•Hurricanes are scary.
•The sky is pink.
•The dog loves her owner.
8. MORPHOSYNTAX is The system of
the internal structure of words
(morphology) and the way in which
words are put together to form
phrases and sentences (syntax).
10. CRUTCH WORDS
● Crutch words are those expressions
we pepper throughout our language
as verbal pauses, and sometimes as
written ones, to give us time to
think, to accentuate our meaning
(even when we do so mistakenly), or
just because these are the words
that have somehow lodged in our
brains and come out on our tongues
the most, for whatever reason.
Quite often, they do little to add meaning, though. Sometimes
we even use them incorrectly.
11. CRUTCH WORDS EXAMPLES
These include words such as “and,” “well,” “but,”
“so” and “you know,” but also mere
sounds like “ah,” “um”.
Sometimes they include words such as “literally,”
“actually” and “basically.” Whatever form they
take, crutch words typically have two attributes: 1) overuse,
and 2) meaninglessness.
12. REDUNDANCY
What Is Redundancy In English?
Redundancy in the needless repetition of words, phrases,
sentences, paragraphs or ideas.
Redundancy is when we use two or more words together that mean
the same thing, for example, ‘adequate enough’. We also say
something is redundant when a modifier’s meaning is contained
in the word it modifies, for example, ‘merge together’.
Every word you use should add something new to your piece of
writing. When you use a redundant phrase you are using two or
more words that mean the same thing. They add nothing new.
13. When we write, we should
try to be as clear and
concise as we can be. If
we learn how to get
a message across without
adding unnecessary
words, readers are more
likely to read what we
write.
14. SYNTACTIC CONSTRUCTION
In linguistics, the word syntax comes from Greek which is a
combination of syn words which means "together", and the word
taxis which means "series", "sequence". So syntax is one of the
branches of linguistics that studies the rules that determine
how words form phrases and phrases form sentences.
Etymologically, the syntax term is putting together words into
groups of words or sentences and groups of words into
sentences. It examines how sentences are formed and language
users use a special variation that allows forming elements in
sentences. In syntax, there are several parts of the sentence
structure that the writer will explain, namely subject, verb,
object, complement and adverb
16. SEQUENCES, ADJECTIVES AND
ADVERBS
In English grammar, adjective
order OR SEQUENCE is the
customary order in which two or
more adjectives appear in front of
a noun phrase.
17. ADJECTIVES
An adjective is a word that
describes the traits, qualities, or
number of a noun. What are
examples of adjectives?
Descriptive words like “beautiful,”
“smooth,” or “heavy” are all
adjectives, as are numbers (
“twelve eggs”).
20. SEMANTIC AND FALSE FRIENDS
Semantics is the study
of the meaning of
words and sentences.
It uses the relations
of linguistic forms to
non-linguistic
concepts and mental
representations to
explain how sentences
are understood by
native speakers.
What does false friends mean in
linguistics?
False friends are those confusing
words that appear or sound
identical or similar to words in
their own language, yet have
different meanings or senses.
