1. Swati G. Patil
Dep:
Pharmaceutics
K. Y .D. S. C. Ts COP
Sakegaon
Introduction to Anatomy
and Physiology

2. Human being is multicellular organism The study of human body
is divided in a two ways :
.
1) ANATOMY :
It is the study of structure of whole body as well as its
different individual parts and their relationship amongst
each other.

3. 2) PHYSIOLOGY :
It deals with the function of the body parts, and
their synchronized working to co-ordination of the
whole body

4. 1. Surface anatomy : It is the study of the external
surface of the body and different marking present .
2. Gross anatomy : It is the macroscopic study gross
organ of the body
3. Systemic anatomy : It deals with the structure study
of different system of the body , such as digestive
system , nervous system etc.
4. Regional Anatomy : It is the study of specific region
of the body such as thorax . Abdomen , chest , head etc.
from anatomy point of view
5. Developmental anatomy : It is study of structural
feature during development of the fertilized egg to adult
form .
6. Cytology : It is the microscopic study of the structural
feature of tissues.

5. 8. Embryology : Initial eight week developmental study
of structure of fertilized egg.
9. Teratology: Study of congenital malformations.
10.Radiological anatomy: Study of anatomy using radiological
techniques like: X-rays,CT (computed tomography) scans, MRI
(medical resonance imaging).
11.Applied anatomy: It is anatomical knowledge with clinical
application, useful for diagnosis and surgical procedures.
Teratology
Radiological anatomy Applied anatomy
Embryology

6. Divisions of Systemic Anatomy.
1. Locomotor system: It consists of :
1. (a) Osteology: Study of bones.
2. (b) Arthrology: Study of joints
3. (c) Myology: Study of muscles.
2. Angiology: Study of blood vessels and
heart.
3. Splanchnology: Study of organs.
4. Neurology: Study of nervous system
5. Endocrinology: Study of ductless glands.
Osteology
Myology
Angiology
Splanchnology
Arthrology
Neurology

7. Sub division of Physiology :
1) Cell Physiology : Deals with the study of different functional
characteristics of cell and its organelles .
2) System Physiology :
study of function of
different organ system
of body
3) Cardiovascular
Physiology : Study of
function of heart and blood
vessel
4) Renal Physiology : Deals
with study of function of
Kidney .

8. 5) Neurophysiology : Study of functional characteristics of neurons and
nervous system
6) Endocrinology : study of functional feature of different endocrine gland
7) Reproductive system : Study and function of reproductive organ
8) Respiratory Physiology : Study and function of the respiratory air passageway
and lungs .
9) Immunology : Study of functional feature of defense system of body
10) Pathophysiology : Study of the changes in function of different body
system , associated with diseases or aging.

9. VARIOUS SYSTEMS OF HUMAN BODY AND THEIR FUNCTION :

16. Male reproductive system

19. Body cavities
These are confirm space within the body . Providing specific place and shape, the body
cavities separate support and protect the in placed organs. Body contain four major
cavities
1) Cranial cavities
2) Thoracic cavities
3) Abdominal cavities
4) Pelvis

20. 1) Cranial cavities :
• The boundaries of cranial cavities
are formed by the skull , bone and
contain the brain .
• The cranial cavity is in continuation
with the vertebral canal , formed by
the vertebrae.
• vertebral canal contain spinal cord ;
roots of spinal nerve.

21. 2) Thoracic cavity :
• The thoracic cavity is subdivided into
two pleural cavities and one
pericardial cavity.
• Lungs are placed into the pleural
cavities , where as the heart present
pericardial cavity.
• Along with these major organs, the
trachea , bronchi, esophagus , aorta,
superior as well as inferior vein cava
are present in thoracic cavity.
• The boundaries of the thoracic cavity
are forms by the thoracic vertebrae ,
ribs , sternum and supporting muscles

22. 3) Abdominal cavity :
• Stomach , small intestine , most
of the large intestine , liver , gall
bladder , pancreas , spleen ,
kidney, adrenal glands, upper part
of uterus , etc. Are present in
abdominal cavity.
• On the superior side muscle
called diaphragm

23. 4) Pelvic Cavity :
• The pelvic cavity contain
few loops of small
intestine , lower part of
large intestine , urinary
bladder , lower part of
uterus , urethra and
reproductive organs.
• The pelvic cavity is lined
by the pelvis , the sacrum
and coccyx and muscles of
pelvic floor

24. Terms used for Anatomical
description of the various parts
of skeletal system
1. Anatomical Position : This is the upright
position of the human body with the head facing
forward, the arms at the sides with palms of the
hands facing forward and the feet together.
2. Median plane: When the body in the anatomical
position is divided longitudinally in two equal parts,
it is divided in the median plane. Any structure
towards the midline is termed 'medial’ and the
structure away from the midline is called as 'lateral’
3. Proximal and distal: These terms are used for
describing bones of the limbs The proximal end is
nearest to the point of attachment of the limb and the
distal end is the farthest.
Anatomical position of skeletal system

25. 4. Anterior or ventral: It indicates that the part
being described is nearer to the front of the body.
5. Posterior or dorsal: It indicates that the part
being described is nearer to the back of the body
6. Superior: It indicates a structure near the
7. Inferior: It indicates a structure away from the
head.
8. Border: It is a ridge of bone which separates two
surfaces
9. Spine, spinous process or crest: It
comprises series of vertebrae extending from skull
to the small of the back.
10. Tubercle: These are small rough ligaments

26. 11. Fosse: It is a depression or a hollow.
12. Foramen: It is a hole in a structure
13. Sinus: It is a cavity within a bone
14. Meatus: It is a tube-shaped cavity within a bone.
15. Articulation: It is a joint between two or more bones.
16. Suture: It is an immovable joint between two or more bones
17. Articulating surface: It is that part of a bone which enters into the
formation of a joint .
18. Facet: It is a small, flat, articulating surface .
19. Condoyle: It is a smooth rounded projection of a bone which
takes part in a joint
11. Septum: It is a partition separating two cavities.
Facet
Condoyle
Suture
Articulating surface
Septum

27. TERMINOLOGY
Definitions of various terminologies used in Anatomy and
Physiology are presented below
1. Metabolism: In each cell of the living organism different
chemical processes occur continuously. These together are termed
as metabolism. It has two phases Anabolism and Catabolism
(a) Anabolism: Formation of complex large molecules from
simple molecules with the use of energy is termed as
Anabolism. This is required for building of structural and
functional components of the cell .
(b) Catabolism: Breaking of large complex molecules for
obtaining energy is termed as Catabolism, Energy for all anabolic
processes is obtained this way.

28. 2. Responsiveness: Ability to detect changes in external
environment and to respond to these changes is important
characteristic of living beings.
3. Movement: Movement from one place to another as well as
movement of even a single cell is characteristic of living beings.
4. Growth: Increase in size and complexity is termed as growth. It
is due to increase in number of cells or increase in size of existing
cells .
5. Differentiation: Some cells undergo structural changes for
doing a particular function, hence they differ from other cells.
This is differentiation for doing a specific function.
6. Reproduction: Production of new individual or new cell, for
growth, is termed are production. Because of this,
life continues from one generation to the next.

29. 4. Coronal or frontal plane: A vertical plane at right angles to median plane. It bisects the body in front and back.
5. Horizontal plane: A plane at right angles to both medial and coronal plane dividing the body into upper and
lower parts.
6. Transverse plane: Any plane at right angles to the long axis of the structure concerned.
Few anatomical words are mentioned
below
1. Anatomical position: For descriptive purposes,
the human body is regarded as standing erect with
eyes looking forward, palm and toes facing
forward
2. Median or sagittal plane: A vertical plane
dividing the body into left and right halves .
3. Para-median plane: Any vertical plane, which is
parallel to median plane

30. 1. Anterior (ventral): Nearer to the front surface, eg. mouth
ventral to ear
2. Posterior (dorsal): Behind, nearer to the back g. vertebral heart
column is dorsal to the heart
3. Superior (cranial, cephalic): Neares to the head, eg, neck is
superior to the chest
4. Inferior (caudal): Nearer the lower end eg, knee is inferior to
hip joint
5. Medial: Nearer to the median plane, eg, heart is medial to the
lungs
6. Lateral: Away from the median plane, eg, upper limb is lateral
to the trunk
7. Superficial: Closer to the surface of the body, eg, skin is
superficial to muscles
8. Deep: Away from the surface, eg the bones are deep to muscles
9. Proximal: Nearer the root of the limb, eg, humenus is proximal
to the radius
10. Distal Away from the root of the limb, eg, the fingers are distal
to the wrist

31. Terms for Movements of Joints
1. Flexion: Bending. It reduces the angle between two bones or
body parts and usually leads to approximation of
morphologically ventral surfaces.
2. Extension: Straightening a movement opposite of flexion. It
increases the angle between two bones or body parts.
3. Adduction: Movement towards midline of the body.
4. Abduction : Movement away from the midline of the body.
5. Circumduction: A combination of adduction and abduction
6. Medial rotation: A combination of above movements,
adduction, abduction and circumduction
7. Lateral rotation: Outward movement around a long axis of the
bone
Abduction Adduction
Circumduction

32. 9. Pronation: Medial rotation of forearm in anatomical position, so that
palm faces backward.
10. Supination: Lateral rotation of forearm, so that palm faces forward
as in normal anatomical position
11. Protraction: Moving of body part forward, as in jutting out lower
jaw
12. Retraction: Moving of body part backwards, as in pulling back
shoulders.
13. Inversion: A movement that turns the sole of the foot medially.
14. Eversion: A movement that turns the sole of the foot laterally
Protraction
Retraction
Pronation Supination

33. Approximately 56 % of adult human body is fluid . It is distributed in two major
compartment :
1. The intracellular fluid
2. The extracellular fluid
• The intracellular fluid constantly keeps moving body. It carries along the blood
circulation , diffuse as tissue fluid , carrying the ions and nutrients needed by cell for
maintenance of cellular life .
• The extracellular fluid compartment form the eternal environment of the body . The
extracellular fluid differs from intra cellular fluid .
• Extracellular fluid contain large amount of sodium, chloride , and bicarbonates ion
and nutrients such as glucose ,fatty acids, amino acids , as well as oxygen . It also
contain carbon dioxide and metabolic waste products.
• The intracellular fluid in contrast contains large amount of potassium , magnesium and
phosphate ions .

34. It refers to maintenance of constant condition in
internal environment . All the tissue and organs of the
body to maintain these constant conditions. All these
factors help in providing the body’s internal
environment within certain physiological limits.
An organism homeostasis condition when –
1. The internal environment contains optimum
concentration of gases , nutrients , ions and water
2. The temperature is within standard limit
3. The extracellular and intracellular volume should be
at optimal level
Distribution in the homeostatic balance result in illness.
The nervous system and endocrine system plays major
role in maintenance of homeostasis
Homeostasis
Internal
External Force
regulation
Hormonal
regulation
Psychological
Regulation
Baro
Regulation
Thermo
regulation
Metabolism
regulation
pH
Regulation