HUMAN BEHAVIOUR IS THE POPULATION OF BEHAVIORS EXHIBITED BBY HUMANS AND INFLUENCED BY CULTURE, ATTITUDE, EMOTIONS, VALUES, ETHICS, AUTHORITY, RAPPORT,ETC.................................................

1. Welcome

2. INTRODUCTION
• Human behavior is the population of behaviors
exhibited by humans and influenced by culture,
attitudes, emotions, values, ethics, authority, rapport,
hypnosis, persuasion, coercion and or genetics. Brain
is considered as most complex organ and centre-piece
of nervous system.
• Our brain is divided into three interconnected layers-
central core, limbic system and cerebral cortex, which
regulate the every day’s activities.

3. • Brain is a physical organ like muscles and bone, the
brain is unique and it is psychological organ,
ultimately responsible for our moods of despair and
elation, our sense of wellbeing and our sensation,
perception of outside world and our awareness of its
meaning.
• Human behavior is an important factor in human
society. According to Humanism, each human has a
different behavior.

4. BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
– Assertive: confident, decisive, positive, strong
willed.
– Aggressive: offensive, hostile, violent, war like.
– Submission: unassertive, unresisting, obedient.
– Interpretation: clarification, explanation,
simplifying.

5. DEFINITION of human behaviour

6. FACTORS AFFECTING HUMAN BEHAVIOUR

7. FUNCTION OF CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM IN BEHAVIOUR
The CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord. Both
brain and spinal cord are made of neurons and glial
cells that control the life- sustaining functions of body
as well as thought, emotion and behaviour.
• Brain:- Brain is the true core of nervous system, the
part that takes information received from the senses,
make sense out of it, make decisions and send
commands out of the muscles and the rest of the body

8. • Spinal cord :- It is along bundle of neurons that
serves to vital functions of the nervous system,
to carry message from body up to the brain,
and from the brain down to the body.

9. HUMAN BEHAVIOUR AND HEALTH
PROMOTION LINKAGE
Human behaviour:
• Human behaviour, especially health behaviour, is
complex and not always readily understandable.
• The healthy behaviour, like other behaviour, is
motivated by stimuli in an individual’s environment.
• The response to such stimuli may or may not be
directly related to health.
• Motivation for health behaviour is dynamic and not
static.

10. TYPE’S OF HEALTH BEHAVIOUR
Health – directed behaviour
• Observable acts that are undertaken with a
specific health outcome in mind.
Health – related behaviour
• Those actions that a person thus that may
have health implications, but are not
undertaken with a specific health objective in
mind

11. Types of health - related behaviour
Preventive health behaviour:
• Action taken when a person wants to avoid being ill or
having a problem. e.g.: a mother takes her child for
immunization.
Illness behaviour:
• Action taken when a person recognizes signs or symptoms
that suggest a pending illness. e.g.: a mother gives her child
cough medicine after hearing her wheeze
Sick- role behaviour
• Action taken once an individual has being diagnosed (either
self or medical diagnosis). e.g.: a mother decides that her
child has malaria and takes him to the clinic for treatment.

12. DIFFERENT TYPES OF
COMMUNICATION BEHAVIOUR, THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS AND USES
There are a variety of ways of behaving when we are
communicating with others. The appropriate choice of
behaviour is vitally important if we are to communicate
effectively. It considered 4 different types of behaviour.
• Assertive
• Avoidance
• Submissive or accommodating
• Aggressive

13. Assertive Behaviour
• Assertive behaviour involves protecting your
space and rights whilst not isolating another
person’s rights or space. It relies on honest,
direct and appropriate expression of needs,
wants or feeling as a first, not a last resort.
The mutual acceptance each others position
leads to more open and fruitful
communication. Men behaving assertively are
thought to be in control and masterful.

14. • Women behaving assertively are thought of as
being aggressive, domineering or bossy
• Assertive behaviour is often thought of as a
Win- Win situation where both parties in the
communication process benefit from
increased effectiveness.

15. Avoidance Behaviour
• Avoidance is sometimes used to evade any
confrontation. It ignores the isolation of rights
and responsibilities through fear of the
consequence.
• Avoidance can be displayed in many ways –
refusing to get a diagnostic test, not
answering the phone to certain people or
avoiding socializing in a certain place.

16. Submissive or Accommodating Behaviour
• The behaviour reduce anxiety, guilt, or fear by
letting their views or thoughts be
misconstrued, ignored or they may be taken
advantage off.
• submissive behaviour often leads to a buildup
of resentment which can show itself in loss of
self-esteem or an eventual aggressive outburst.

17. OTHER TYPE OF BEHAVIOUR

18. MODELS OF BEHAVIOUR CHANGE
THE COGNITIVE DISSONANCE MODEL-
(FESTINGER-1957)
• The model holds that inconsistency is a painful or
uncomfortable state
• Since dissonance is psychologically
uncomfortable, it will motivate an individual to
reduce dissonance to achieve consonance
• In addition, the individual will actively avoid
situations and information that are likely to
increase the dissonance.

19. • The consequences of this are vital for anyone
involved in the process of influence
• For example, if a respected role model with
whom an individual identifies makes a
statement or declaration with which the
individual disagrees, consonance is achieved
by either:
• Changing the belief,
• Changing attitudes of the respected person.

21. • MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
(MASLOW-1968)
• Behaviour is motivated by a hierarchy of human
needs
• Explain why not everybody responds to the
obviously beneficial and weel- meaning
interventions.
• Health needs may be comprised for the sake of
satisfaction of low-order needs
• Basic physiological needs- hunger, thirst and
related needs

22. • Safety needs- to feel secure and safe, out of
danger
• Belongingness and love needs- to affiliate with
others, be accepted and being.
• Esteem needs- to achieve, be competent, and
gain approval and recognition.
• Self-actualization needs- to find self fulfillment
and realize one’s own potential.

24. • THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL(ROSENSTOCK
AND BECKER-1974)
• Two major factors influence the likelihood that a
person will adopt a recommended preventive
health action
• They must feel personally threatened by disease
that is they must feel personally susceptible to a
disease with serious or severe consequences
• They must believe that the benefits of taking the
preventive action outweigh the perceived
barriers to preventive action.

26. • THE SOCIAL LEARNING OR SOCIAL
COGNITIVE THEORY (BANDURA-1977)
• The first theory to introduce the nation of self
efficacy
• Theory is based on the belief that behaviour is
determined by expectancies and incentives
• Behaviour is influenced by expectancies about:
– Environmental cues(i.e. Beliefs about how events are
linked and what leads to what)
– Consequences of one’s actions (i.e. How behaviour is
likely to influence outcomes)
– Competency to perform the behaviour needed to
influence outcomes (i.e. Self- efficacy).

28. • THEORY OF REASONED ACTION (FISHBEIN AND
ATZEN-1975)
• Proposes that voluntary behaviour is predicted by
one’s intention to perform the behaviour (e.g.
how likely is it that you will take up a quiet
smoking programme?)
• Intention, in turn, is a function of:
– Attitude towards the impending behaviour (do you
feel good or bad about quitting?)
– Subjective norms (do most people who are important
to you think you should quit?)

29. • Attitude is a function of beliefs about the
consequences of the behaviour
• Subjective norms are a function of
expectations of significant others.

30. NURSES ROLE IN HELPING PEOPLE TO
CHANGE THEIR BEHAVIOUR
• Habits are behaviours that are strongly
influenced by stimulus-impulse associations
learned through repetition of stimulus-
response-reward sequences. In most cases,
habits serve to translate wants and needs into
actions. They are the building block in
behaviour.

31. • Intention as defined in terms of the theory of
planned behaviour need to be subdivided into
impulses which are the immediate cause of
action and plans which have to generate
wants and needs at the relevant moment to
have any effect.

32. • Cognition as defined in social cognitive
theories and to be subdivided into beliefs and
images. Beliefs have no capacity to influence
behaviour unless they generate images at the
relevant moment which form the basis for
wants and needs.

33. • Reinforcers are stimuli following action that
make those actions more likely in the future.
According to prime theory, the need to be
subdivided into stimuli that generate wants
and needs because they provide pleasure,
satisfaction or relief.

34. • Punishment refers to real or hypothetical
events that are unpleasant and form the basis
for needs. It can be real if the individual has
experienced it and this creates a need to avoid
repeating the experience. It can be hypothetical
in that we can tell someone about it to create a
mental image with anticipated discomfort or
pain

35. • Incentives (rewards) are real or hypothetical
events that can form the basis for wants or
needs. They can be real in that experiencing
pleasure, satisfaction or relief can lead us to
want or need to recreate the event.

36. • Goal are part of wants, needs and
evaluations. prime theory proposes that it is
important to subdivide goals into those that
are images to which anticipated pleasure,
satisfaction and relief are attached, and
propositional level representations to which
positive and negative values are attached.

37. • Attitude is a term that covers several different
concepts. It can be a general characteristic of
an individual (eg: positive verses negative
attitude). Reflecting the extent to which that
individual shows evidence of wanting to do
things. It can refer to positive or negative
feeling about specific things (liking, disliking,
potentially leading to wants and needs).It can
also refer to positive or negative beliefs about
things (evaluation).

38. • Drive is a term that covers several different
concepts. It can be a characteristics of an
individual (eg: a lot of drive) referring to a
propensity to demonstrate powerful wants
and needs in general. It can also refer specific
source of wants and needs arising from what
one might term ‘primitive biological process’:
hunger, thirst, sex-drive etc.

39. • Norms can mean different things which need to be distinguished.
They can be evaluation prevalent in a group or society: i.e. widely
held beliefs about what is good or bad. They can also be widely
practiced behaviours. They can influence actions of individual in
several ways. That can
• Provide models for direct mimicry
• Determine what images of behaviours come to mind
• Influence identity
• Setup incentives and punishment for behaving in a particular ways

40. • Self-efficacy can mean different things. It can
be belief about the likelihood o0f achieving a
particular goal. If one were to try. This will
effect evaluations of attempts to reach that
goal which may or may not influenced
behaviour depending on how it effects wants
and needs.

41. • For eg, the image of failing in an attempt to
achieving some goals may be very unpleasant
while for others it any not be. Self – efficacy
can also be feeling of ‘self – confidence’,
either generally or in relation to particular
goals. Feeling self- confident is a positive
energizing emotion which can be a target for
wanting.

42. PERSONALITY AND TRAITS

43. DEFINITION
Human personality is complex and has more than a single
component. In his famous psychoanalytic theory of personality,
personality is composed of three elements. These three
elements of personality known as the id, the ego, and the
superego work together to create complex human behaviors.
---- Sigmund Freud ----

44. CHARACTERISTICS OF PERSONALITY
Personality is not static, it is dynamic and ever in process of
change and modification.
Personality includes everything about a person. It is all that a
person has about him. It includes all the behaviour patterns
The personality is something unique and specific. Every one of
us is an unique pattern in ourselves.
It is not just a collection of so many traits or characteristics
which we known as personality.
Personality exhibits self-consciousness as one of its main
characteristics. Man is described as a personality when the idea
of self enters into his consciousness.

45. Every personality is the product of heredity and
environment.
learning and acquisition of experiences
contribute towards the growth and
development of personality
personality should not be equated with one’s
character.
personality may further be differentiated from
temperament which can be called a system of
emotional disposition

46. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
• Theories adopting type approach
• Theories adopting trait approach
• Theories adopting type cum trait approach

47. Type Approach:
Hippocrates classification:
• According to Hippocrates the human body
consists of 4 types of humours of fluids they
are blood, yellow bile, phlegm (mucus) and
black bile. The predominance of one of these
four type of fluid in one’s body gives him
unique temperamental characteristics leading
to a particular type of personality.

48. Fluid type in the
body
Personality type Temperamental
characteristics
Blood Cheerful Light hearted, optimistic,
happy, hopeful ,and
accommodating
Yellow bile Irritable Irritable, angry but
passionate and strong with
active imagination.
Mucus Phlegmatic Cold, calm, slow or
sluggish and indifferent.
Black bile Long lasting sadness Bad tempered, sad,
depressed,pessimistic

49. Kretschmer’s classification:
• Kretschmer classified all human beings into
certain biological type according to their
physical structure and has allotted definite
personality characteristics associated with
each physical make up as follows:

50. Personality type Personality characteristics
Fat bodies Sociable, jolly, easy going, and good
natural
Balanced body Energetic, optimistic and adjustable
Lean and thin Unsociable, reserved, shy, sensitive,
and pessimistic

51. scheldon’s classification:
• He too like kretschmer’s classification
classified human beings into certain types
according to their physical structures and
attached certain temperamental characteristics
to them as below.

52. Personality type According to somatic
or body structure
Personality
characteristics
Endomorphic Person having highly
developed viscera but
weak somatic structure
Easy going, sociable
and affectionate
Mesomorphic Balanced development
of viscera and somatic
structure
Craving for muscular
activity, self assertive,
love risk and adventure
Ectomorphic Weak somatic structure
and under developed
viscera
Pessimistic,
unsociable, and
reserved

53. • Trait Approach
• G.B.Allport (1897-1967) was the first
personality theorist who adopted trait approach
in providing a theory of personality. According
to him, an individual develops an unique set of
organized tendencies or traits, generally, these
traits are organized around a few cardinal
(primary) trait.

54. cattell’s theory
• The most recent advanced theory of
personality based on trait approach has been
developed by Raymond B. Cattel, a British
born American Researcher. He has defined
trait as a structure of the personality inferred
from behaviour in different situations and
describes four type of traits,
• Common traits: The traits found widely
distributed in general population like honesty,
aggression and cooperation.

55. • Unique traits: Unique to a person as
temperamental traits, emotional reactions.
• Surface traits: Able to be recognized by our
manifestation of behaviour like curiosity,
dependability and tactfulness.
• Source trait: Underlying structures or sources
that determine one’s behaviour such as
dominance, submission, emotionality etc.

56. Type cum Trait Approach
• This approach tries to synthesize the type and
trait approaches starting from th trait
approach it yields definite personality. The
Eysenck’s theory of personality reflects such
an approach.

57. Eysenck’s theory of personality
• Eysenck gave it more specification by
grouping traits into definite types. How the
individual behaviour is organized and gets the
shape of definite type is revealed by the
following illustration:

58. INTROVERSION
Habitual Response
Level
Specific Response
Level
Trait Level
Persistence Rigidity Subjectivity Shyness Irritability
Type Level

59. • There are four levels of behaviour
organization.
• At the lowest level they have specific
response. They grow out of particular
response to any single act. For eg. blushing is a
specific response.
• At the second level they have habitual
responses. If the individual reacts in a similar
fashion when the same situation reoccurs
they get the habitual responses

60. • at the third level they have organization of habitual
acts into traits. the behaviour acts which have
similarities are said to belong to one group called
trait.
• At the fourth level they have organization of habitual
traits into a general type. A type is defined as a group
of correlated traits. The traits which are similar in
nature give birth to a definite type. The traits like
persistence, rigidity, shyness etc have been grouped
into a type which is ‘Introversion

61. PERSONALITY TRAIT
• Broadly there are five parameters which
describe an individual’s personality. These five
dimensions are also called as “Big Five”
Factors, and the model is referred to as Five
Factor Model also abbreviated as FFM. The
Five Factor Model was initially proposed by
Costa & McCrae in the year 1992 and often
describes the relation between an individual’s
personality and various behaviours.

62. Openness to experience
• Openness is a general appreciation for art, emotion,
adventure, unusual ideas, imagination, curiosity, and
variety of experience. People who are open to
experience are intellectually curious, open to
emotion, sensitive to beauty and willing to try new
things. They tend to be, when compared to closed
people, more creative and more aware of their
feelings. They are also more likely to hold
unconventional beliefs.

63. Conscientiousness
• Conscientiousness is a tendency to
display self-discipline, act dutifully, and strive
for achievement against measures or outside
expectations. It is related to the way in which
people control, regulate, and direct their
impulses. High conscientiousness is often
perceived as being stubborn and focused. Low
conscientiousness is associated with flexibility
and spontaneity, but can also appear as
sloppiness and lack of reliability.

64. • High scores on conscientiousness indicate a
preference for planned rather than spontaneous
behavior. The average level of
conscientiousness rises among young adults
and then declines among older adults.

65. Extraversion
• Extraversion is characterized by breadth of
activities (as opposed to depth), urgency from
external activity/situations, and energy
creation from external means. The trait is
marked by pronounced engagement with the
external world. Extraverts enjoy interacting
with people, and are often perceived as full of
energy.

66. • They tend to be enthusiastic, action-oriented
individuals. They possess high group visibility,
like to talk, and assert themselves. Extroverted
people may appear more dominant in social
settings, as opposed to introverted people in
this setting.

67. Agreeableness
• The agreeableness trait reflects individual
differences in general concern for social
harmony. Agreeable individuals value getting
along with others. They are generally
considerate, kind, generous, trusting and
trustworthy, helpful, and willing to
compromise their interests with
others. Agreeable people also have an
optimistic view of human nature.

68. Neuroticism
• Neuroticism is the tendency to experience
negative emotions, such as anger, anxiety, or
depression. It is sometimes called emotional
instability, or is reversed and referred to as
emotional stability. According to Eysenck's
(1967) theory of personality, neuroticism is
interlinked with low tolerance for stress or
aversive stimuli. Neuroticism is a classic
temperament trait that has been studied in
temperament research for decades, before it was
adapted by the FFM.

69. • Those who score high in neuroticism are
emotionally reactive and vulnerable to stress,
they also tend to be flippant in the way they
express emotion. They are more likely to
interpret ordinary situations as threatening, and
minor frustrations as hopelessly difficult. Their
negative emotional reactions tend to persist for
unusually long periods of time, which means
they are often in a bad mood.

70. ROLE OF A NURSE IN
PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT

71. Understanding and empathy
• Understanding and empathy from psychiatric nurses
reinforces a psychological balance for patients.
Conveying an understanding is important because it
provides patient with sense of importance. The
expression of thoughts and feelings should be
encouraged without blaming, judging. Empowering
patients with feeling of importance will bring them
closer to the normality they had before the onset of
their disorder.

72. Individuality
• Individualized care becomes important when nurses
need to get to know the patient. To obtain this
knowledge psychiatric nurse must see patient an
individual with life beyond his mental illness. Seeing
people as individuals with lives beyond their mental
illness is imperative in making patient feel valued and
respected.

73. Providing support
• Successful therapeutic relationship between nurses
and patients need to have positive support. Different
methods of providing patient with support include
many active responses. Minor activities such as
shopping, reading the newspaper together and also
physical support may also be used and is manifested
through the use of touch.

74. Promoting equality
• Equal interaction are established when psychiatric
nurses to patient are one –on –one . Participating in
activities that do not make one person more dominant
over the other, such as talking about mutual interest
or getting lunch together strengthen the level of
equality shared between professionals and patient.

75. Demonstrating respect
• To develop a quality therapeutic relationship
psychiatric or mental health nurses need to
make patients feel respected and important.
Accepting patient’s faults and problems is vital
to convey respect; helping the patients to see
themselves as worthy and worth while

76. Demonstrating clear boundaries
• Boundaries are essential from protecting both
the patient and psychiatric nurse and
maintaining a functional therapeutic
relationship. Limit setting helps to shield the
patient from embarrassing behaviour and
instills the patient with feeling of safety and
containment.

77. Evidence based practice

78. The Relationship Between Job Stress, Personality Traits and the
Emotional Intelligence of Midwives Working in Health Centers
of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences in 2017.
Kheirkhah M1, Shayegan F2, Haghani H3, Jafar Jalal E4.
Abstract
• Introduction and Objective: Job stress is one of the major threats to
health and it is associated with many diseases and family problems.
Midwives experience high job stress due to the management of delivery
emergencies. Personality traits and emotional intelligence can be helpful in
confronting environmental pressures and selecting the strategy of coping
with useful stress. Thus, the current research was conducted to evaluate the
relationship between job stress, personality traits and emotional intelligence
in midwives of Lorestan health care centers.

79. • Methodology: This research was a cross-sectional
and correlational study. Midwives working in all
cities of the Lorestan province were randomly
selected and they completed the job stress,
emotional intelligence and personality traits
questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16
software and a significance level of p <0.05 was
considered.
• Conclusion: A negative correlation was found
between emotional intelligence and job stress, so
emotional intelligence can reduce midwives'
workplace stress.

80. CONCLUSION
• The behaviour of people falls within a range with
some behaviour being common, some unusual, some
acceptable, and some outside acceptable limits. In
sociology, behaviour is considered as having no
meaning , being not directed at other people and thus
is the most behaviour, which is more advanced action,
as social behaviour specialty evaluated relative norms
and regulated by various mean of social control.

81. Thank you