1. Fascial Spaces
Presented by:Dr Surbhi
Pg 1st year
Dept of OMR
under the guidance of :Dr C. Anand
Dr Archana nagpal
Dr Puneeta vohra
Dr Sanjeev lallar
Dr Mamta malik
2. Fascial Spaces
These areas are either clefts ( potential spaces
between facial layers ) or compartment
containing connective tissue.
Fascial planes offer anatomic highways for
infection to spread from superficial to deep
planes.
3. Classification of Fascial Spaces
Based on mode of involvementPrimary spaces.
Secondary spaces.
Primary maxillary- canine, buccal, infratemporal.
Primary mandibular- submental, sublingual, buccal,
submandibular.
Secondary spaces- masseteric, pterygomandibular,
superficial & deep temporal, lateral pharyngeal,
retropharyngeal, parotid, prevertebral.
4.
Based on clinical significance-
Face- Buccal, canine, parotid, masticatory.
Suprahyoid- Sublingual, submental, submandibular,
lateral pharyngeal, peritonsillar.
Infrahyoid- Pretracheal.
Spaces of total neck- Retropharyngeal, space of
carotid sheath.
7. Canine Space
It is the region between anterior surface of maxilla and
overlying levator muscles of upper lip.
Contains angular artery & vein, infraorbital nerve.
EtiologyMaxillary canine & 1st premolar infection & sometimes
mesiobuccal root of first molars.
Boundaries Superiorly: levator superioris alaque nasi and levator labii
superioris
Inferiorly: caninus muscle
Medially: anterolateral surface of maxilla
Posteriorly: buccinator mucsle.
Anteriorly: orbicularis oris
11. Etiology Infected mandibular & maxillary premolars & molars.
Clinical Features Obliteration of nasolabial fold.
Angle of mouth shifted to opposite side.
Swelling in cheek extending to corner of mouth.
Buccal space associated with temporal space – Dumb bell
shaped appearance due to lack of swelling over zygomatic
arch.
14. Contents Pterygoid plexus of veins.
Internal maxillary artery.
Mandibular nerve & its branches.
Etiology Infected maxillary 3rd molars.
Infected needles or contaminated LA solution.
Clinical Features Extra-oral swelling over sigmoid notch area.
Intra-oral swelling in tuberosity area.
Trismus.
Spread of Infection To temporal space.
Cavernous sinus thrombosis- infection spreads via pterygoid
plexus of veins.
15. Submental Space
Boundaries Roof: mylohyoid muscle.
Inferior: deep cervical fascia, platysma, superficial fascia & skin.
Laterally: anterior belly of digastric.
Posteriorly: submandibular space.
Contents Lymph nodes, anterior jugular vein.
Etiology Infected mandibular incisors.
Anterior extension of submandibular space.
Clinical Features• Chin appears glossy & swollen.
• Pain & discomfort on swallowing.
16.
17. Sublingual Space
Boundaries Superiorly: mucosa of floor of mouth.
Inferior: mylohyoid muscle.
Posteriorly: body of hyoid bone.
Anteriorly & laterally: inner aspect of mandibular body.
Medially: geniohyoid,styloglossus,genioglossus muscle.
Contents Deep part of Submandibular gland.
Wharton’s duct.
Sublingual gland.
Lingual & hypoglossal nerves.
Terminal branches of lingual artery.
18. Etiology Infected mandibular premolar & 1st molar.
Clinical Features Swelling of floor of mouth.
Elevated tongue.
Pain & discomfort on swallowing.
19. Submandibular Space
Boundaries Superiorly: mylohyoid muscle, inferior border of mandible.
Inferior: anterior & posterior belly of digastric.
Laterally: deep cervical fascia, platysma, superficial fascia & skin.
Medially: hyoglossus,styloglossus,mylohyoid muscle.
Posteriorly: to hyoid bone.
Anteriorly: submental space.
Contents Submandibular salivary gland.
Proximal portion of Wharton’s duct.
Lingual & hypoglossal nerves.
Branches of facial artery- palatine,tonsillar,glandular,submental.
20. Etiology Infected mandibular 2nd & 3rd molars.
From submental,sublingual spaces.
Clinical Features• Indurated swelling in submandibular region.
• Usually bulges over lower border of mandible.
Spread of Infection Across midline to contralateral space.
To contiguous pharyngeal spaces.
22. Pterygomandibular Space
Boundaries Superiorly: lower head of lateral pterygoid muscle.
Laterally: medial surface of ramus.
Medially: medial pterygoid muscle.
Posteriorly: deep part of parotid.
Anteriorly: pterygomandibular raphe.
Contents Inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle.
Lingual & auriculotemporal nerves.
Mylohyoid nerve & vessels.
23. Etiology Infected mandibular 3rd molars(mesioangular/horizontal)
Pericoronitis.
Infected needles or contaminated LA solution.
Clinical Features Absence of extra-oral swelling.
Severe trismus.
Difficulty in swallowing.
Anterior bulging of half of soft palate & tonsillar pillars with
deviation of uvula to unaffected side.
Spread of Infection Superiorly to infratemporal space.
Medially to lateral pharyngeal space.
To submandibular space.
24. Masseteric Space
Boundaries Superiorly: zygomatic arch.
Inferiorly: inferior border of mandible.
Laterally: masseter muscle.
Medially: ramus of mandible.
Posteriorly: parotid gland & its fascia.
Anteriorly: buccal space & buccopharyngeal fascia.
Contents Masseteric artery & vein.
Etiology Mandibular 3rd molars(pericoronitis).
28. Lateral Pharyngeal Space
Boundaries Shape of an inverted cone or pyramid, the base is at sphenoid
bone and the apex at hyoid bone.
Anteriorly: pterygomandibular raphe.
Posteriorly: extends to prevertebral fascia.
Laterally: fascia covering medial pterygoid muscle, parotid &
mandible.
Medially: buccopharyngeal fascia on lateral surface of
superior constrictor muscle.
Styloid process divides the space into anterior muscular and
posterior vascular compartment.
29.
30. Contents Anterior compartment: fat, muscle, lymph nodes and
connective tissue.
Posterior compartment: carotid sheath(carotid artery,internal
jugular vein,vagus nerve), cranial nerves IX through XII.
Etiology Infected mandibular 3rd molars.
Tonsillar infections.
Pharyngitis.
Parotitis.
Spread of Infection To retropharyngeal space.
To peritonsillar space.
31. Clinical Features Anterior compartment:
Trismus.
Induration & swelling at angle of jaw.
Fever.
Pharyngeal bulging.
Posterior compartment:
Posterior tonsillar pillar deviation.
Neurological involvement.
Thrombosis of internal jugular vein.
Erosion of carotid vessels may occur.
32. Retropharyngeal Space
Posteromedial to lateral pharyngeal space and anterior to the
prevertebral space .
Boundaries Anterior: posterior pharyngeal wall.
Posterior: prevertebral fascia.
Superior: skull base.
Inferior: mediastinum.
Laterally: lateral pharyngeal space.
Etiology Nasal & pharygeal infections.
Spread from odontogenic infections.
33.
34. Clinical Features Stiffness of neck.
Dysponea.
Dysphagia.
Bulging of posterior pharyngeal wall.
Complications Airway obstruction.
Aspiration pneumonia.
Acute mediastinitis.
Can spread to Danger space.
35. Prevertebral Space
Potential space between two layers of prevertebral
fascia (alar and prevertebral layers).
Extends from skull base superiorly to the diaphragm
inferiorly.
Mediastinitis is concern with prevertebral space
infections similarly to retropharyngeal space
infections.
36. Objectives
Understand the microbiology of odontogenic
infections.
Understand the signs symptoms and findings
in patients with odontogenic infections.
Review the various pathways of spread with
odontogenic infections.
Understand the medical and surgical
management of odontogenic infections.
37. MICROBIOLOGY OF
ODONTOGENIC INFECTIONS
Usually caused by endogenous bacteria.
Most odontogenic infections due to mixed flora.
Streptococcus species(alpha hemolytic) are
usually the etiologic organisms if aerobic bacteria
present.
Anaerobes- prevotella, bacteroids, fusobacterium
also involved.
38. Factors affecting Spread of Infection
General factors-
1.
Microbial factorsLevel of virulence.
No. of organisms introduced.
Host factorsGeneral state of health.
Integrity of surface defence.
Level of immunity.
Capacity for inflammatory & immune response.
Impact of medical intervention.
Combination of both factors.
2.
3.
39. Routes of Spread
Direct spread-
a)
Spread into superficial soft tissues asAbscess- pathological thick walled cavity filled with pus.
Cellulitis- diffuse subcutaneous/submucous inflammation of
soft tissues. Tends to spread along fascial
planes.
Spread into adjacent fascial spaces.
Into deep medullary spaces of bone- osteomyelitis
b)
c)
Indirect spread-
a)
Lymphatic routes to regional nodes.
b)
Hematogenous route to other organs such as brain.
40. Pathway of Odontogenic Infection
Intraoral soft
tissue abscess
Cellulitis
Bacteremiasepticemia
Acute-chronic
periapical infection
Deep fascial
space infection
Medullary spaces of
bone-osteomyelitis
Sinus or
Fistula
Ascending
fascial cerebral
infection
41. Sites of Localization of Dental Infection
Involved teeth
Usual exit
from bone
Relation of muscle to Site of localization
root apices
Upper central
incisor
Labial
Above
Oral vestibule
Upper lateral
incisor
Labial
Palatal
Above
Oral vestibule
Palate
Upper canine
Labial
Above
Below
Oral vestibule
Canine space
Upper
premolars
Buccal
Palatal
Above
Oral vestibule
Palate
Upper molars
Buccal
Above
Below
Oral vestibule
Buccal space
Palate
Palatal
42. Involved teeth
Usual exit
from bone
Relation of muscle
to root apices
Site of localization
Lower incisors
Labial
Above
Below
Submental space
Oral vestibule
Lower canine
Labial
Below
Oral vestibule
Lower premolars
Buccal
Below
Oral vestibule
Lower 1st molar
Buccal
Below
Above
Below
Oral vestibule
Buccal space
Sublingual space
Below
Above
Below
Above
Oral vestibule
Buccal space
Sublingual space
Submandibular
space
Above
Submandibular or
pterygomandibular
space
Lingual
Lower 2nd molar
Buccal
Lingual
Lower 3rd molar
Lingual
43. Clinical Features
Rubor- (redness) cutaneous surface involved due to vasodilatation
effect of inflammation.
Tumor-(swelling) due to the accumulation of pus or fluid exudate.
Calor-(heat) is the result of increased blood flow to the area due to
the vasodilatation.
Dolor-(or pain) results from pressure on sensory nerve endings from
tisssue distention caused by edema or infection.
Functiolaesa-(loss of function) problems with function.
44.
Lymphadenopathy- nodes enlarged,soft & tender in acute
infection. Firm & enlarged in chronic.
Halitosis.
Fever & headache. Repeated chills.
Presence of draining sinuses/fistulae.
Increased salivation.
Trismus.
Difficulty in swallowing.
Changes in phonation.
Difficulty in breathing.
45. Investigations
Routine laboratory investigations.
Special laboratory investigations.
Radiological examination- helpful in locating offending teeth or
other underlying cause.
IOPA
OPG
Lateral oblique view mandible.
A-P & Lateral view of neck for soft tissues can be useful in
detecting retropharyngeal space infection.
Ultrasound of swelling.
CT scan, MRI help in diagnosing extension of infection beyond
maxillofacial region.
46. Management of Odontogenic Infections
Goals of management of odontogenic infection:
1.
Airway protection.
2.
Surgical drainage.
3.
Identification of etiologic bacteria.
4.
Selection of appropriate antibiotic therapy.
5.
Medical & supportive therapy.
47. Selection of Antibiotic therapy
Parenteral penicillin.
Metronidazole in combination with penicillin can be used
in severe infections.
Clindamycin for penicillin-allergic patients.
Cephalosporins (1st & 2nd generation cephalosporins).
Antibiotics do not substitute for incision and drainage in
cases of significant odontogenic infections.
Causes for clinical failure include inadequate drainage or
antibiotic resistance.
48. Surgical Management
Surgical treatment may range from simply opening
tooth & extirpation of pulp to complex incision &
drainage.
Primary goal in surgical management is to remove
cause of infection.
Secondary goal is to provide drainage of accumulated
pus & necrotic debris.
Extraction provides both removal of cause of infection
and drainage of pus & debris.
49. Incision & Drainage
Incision & drainage helps To get rid of toxic purulent material.
To decompress odematous tissues.
To allow better perfusion of blood, containing antibiotics &
defensive elements.
To increase oxygenation of infected area.
Removal of the cause; such as infected tooth, a segment of
necrotic bone, a foreign body should be done at the time of
I & D procedure.
50. Hilton’s method of I & D
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Topical anesthesia achieved with spray or infiltration.
Stab incision given through skin & s/c tissue.
If pus is not encountered, further deepening of surgical site
done with sinus forceps.
Abscess cavity is entered and forceps opened in direction
parallel to vital structures.
Explore the entire cavity for additional loculi.
Cavity irrigated with saline & antiseptic solutions.
Placement of drain.
Dressing.
51. Drainage of Fascial Spaces
Canine, Sublingual and Vestibular abscesses are drained
intraorally.
Masseteric, Pterygomandibular, Buccal and Lateral
Pharyngeal space abscesses can be drained with
combination of intraoral and extraoral drainage.
Temporal, Submandibular, Submental, Retropharyngeal and
Parotid space abscesses may mandate extraoral incision and
drainage.
52. Medical & Supportive Therapy
Administration of antibiotics.
Hydration of patient by I/V route.
Soft or liquid diet rich of high proteins.
Analgesics & NSAIDs.
Antiseptic mouthwashes.
Complete bed rest.
53. LUDWIG’S ANGINA::
DEFINITION– IT IS A FIRM, ACUTE,TOXIC CELLULITIS OF THE
SUBMANDIBULAR,SUBLINGUAL SPACES BILATERLLY
& OF THE SUBMENTALIS SPACE.
-- FRIST DISCRIBED BY WILHELM FREDREICH VON LUIDWIG IN 1836
ETIOLOGY:
1. PERIAPICAL,PERICORONAL OR PERIODONTAL INFECTION OF
A LOWER THIRD MOLAR
2. TRAUMATIC INJURIES & INFECTED LESIONS
3. INFECTIVE CONDITIONS SUCH AS OSTEOMYELITIS MAY
MENIFEST AS LUDWIG’S ANGINA
4. CYSTS OR TUMORS IN THIRD MOLAR REGION
PATHOLOGY:
1. INFECTION FROM LOWER THIRD MOLAR REACHES
THE SUBMANDIBULAR SPACES
2. FROM HERE INFECTION SPREADS ALONG THE
SUMANDIBULAR SALIVARY GLANDS ABOVE THE MYLOHYIOD
MUSCLE TO REACH THE SUBLINGUAL SPACE
54. CLINICAL FEATURES SYSTEMIC FEATURES- PYREXIA , DEHYDRATION , DYSPHAGIA ,
DYSPNOEA , HOARSENESS OF VOICE AND STRIDOR
EXTRA ORAL FEATURES – HARD TO FIRM BROWNY INDURATED SWELLING
SKIN OVER THE SWELLING APPEARS
ERYTHMATOUS AND STRETCHED
SWELLING IS TENDER WITH LOCAL RISE IN
TEMPERATURE
Difficulty in closing the mouth and drooling of saliva
Respiratory distress
INTRA ORAL FEATURES –
Trismus , floor of the mouth is raised , tongue raised upwards ,
increased salivation
55. MANAGEMENT 1.Airway maintainence- Tracheostomy and Cricothyroidectomy
is advisable
2. Parentral antibiotics - Penicillin antibiotic of choice
Amoxycillin + Cloxacillin
Metronidazole in anaerobic infection
3.Surgical decompression – performed under L.A
Decompression improves vascularity and potentiates the action of antibiotics.
Bilateral submandibular incision with a midline submental incision pus
should be drained
4.Hydration of the patient –
It is necessary to put the pt on i.v. fluids
5. Removal of cause The offending tooth is removed
56. COMPLICATIONS –
• Death due to airway compromise
•
•
•
septicemia
mediastinitis
carotid blow out
57. References
Textbook of oral & maxillofacial surgery :
Neelima Malik.
Oral & maxillofacial Infections : Topazian
Textbook of oral & maxillofacial surgery :
Laskin