Parents are the child's first role model. Children behave, react and imitate same as their parents. Parents play important role in encouraging and motivating their kids to learn. Good parental support helps child to be positive, healthy and good life long learner.The proper role of the parent is to provide encouragement, support, and access to activities that enable the child to master key developmental tasks. A parent is their child's first teacher and should remain their best teacher throughout life. Parental involvement not only enhances academic performance, but it also has a positive influence on student attitude and behavior. A parent's interest and encouragement in a child's education can affect the child's attitude toward school, classroom conduct, self-esteem, absenteeism, and motivation. So, the role of parents and caregivers are very important for every child. Some of the renowned theorist have also have given their views and ideas through research. Let's implement their ideas in our daily life.

2. Introduction
 Parents: A parent is a caregiver of the offspring in their
own species. In humans, a parent is the caretaker of
a child (where "child" refers to offspring, not necessarily
age).
 Care giver: a family member or paid helper who regularly
looks after a child or a sick, elderly, or disabled person.

3. Roles of parents and caregivers:
 provide encouragement and
support
 access to activities that enable
the child to master
 key developmental tasks.
 A parent is their child's first
teacher and should
 remain their best teacher
throughout life
 assist and support the child's
cognitive, emotional,
 physical, and social
development.

4. Relating role of parents and caregivers
according to the Theorist:

5. Jean Piaget
 He was a Swiss psychologist and
genetic epistemologist. He is
most famously known for his
theory of cognitive
development that looked at how
children develop intellectually
throughout the course of
childhood
 Piaget discovered that children
think and reason differently at
different periods in their lives.

6. Ages: 3 to 7 Years
 Major Characteristics and Developmental Changes:
 Children begin to think symbolically and learn to use
words and pictures to represent objects.
 Children at this stage tend to be egocentric and
struggle to see things from the perspective of others.
 While they are getting better with language and
thinking, they still tend to think about things in very
concrete terms.
The Preoperational Stage

7. The concrete operational Stage
Ages: 7 + Years
 Major Characteristics and Developmental Changes
 During this stage, children begin to thinking logically
about concrete events
 They begin to understand the concept of conservation;
that the amount of liquid in a short, wide cup is equal to
that in a tall, skinny glass, for example
 Their thinking becomes more logical and organized, but
still very concrete
 Children begin using inductive logic, or reasoning from
specific information to a general principle

8. Roles of parents and caregivers:
 let children have pretend play /
role play/symbolic
 Children learn to talk so
communicate to them better
 Help the children to pronounce
correctly
 They are ego centric so understand
them
 They have lots of energy so play
with them
 Be consistent in following the rules
 Answer their question and
curiosity

9. Vygotsky's Early Life
 Lev Vygotsky was born November
17, 1896, in Orsha, a city in the western
region of the Russian Empire.
 He attended Moscow State University,
where he graduated with a degree in law
in 1917.
 He studied a range of topics while
attending university, including
sociology, linguistics, psychology, and
philosophy.
 Vygotsky began researching topics such
as language, attention, and memory
with the help of students including
Alexei Leontiev and Alexander Luria.

10. Zone of Proximal Development
Scaffolding
Lev Vygotsky was a
seminal Russian
psychologist who is
best known for his
sociocultural theory.
He believed that
social interaction
plays a critical role in
children's learning.
Through such social
interactions, children
go through a
continuous process
of learning.

11. Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP)
 Developmentally Appropriate Practice is an approach to know
how young children develop and learn at various ages in different
backgrounds and contexts.
 It helps to create their learning environments, which matches
their abilities and developmental task.
 This approach is mainly used by teaching in a way that meets
young children’s.
There are three core consideration of DAP which we apply:
1- Knowing about children development & learning
2-Knowing what is individually appropriate
3- knowing what is culturally appropriate

12. Roles of parents and caregivers:
How we, as parents, can support our children's learning and development
by applying Vygotsky's ZPD:
 Observation
When you see your child struggling with any task, before you jump right
in to fix it, fight that natural urge, and take a moment to observe and
assess the situation.
 Scaffolding
Once you've determined what exactly has your child perplexed, it's time
to gently lift her to a higher ground of understanding.
 Your Whole Child
Keep in mind that as parents, the application of the ZPD is not
exclusively limited to cognitive development.
 Learning as We Go
Continue observing and scaffolding your children's development and you
will find that you too are learning along the way.

13. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
 He was a Viennese doctor .
 He came to believe that the
way parents deal with
children's basic
sexual desires would
determine how their
personalities developed and
whether or not they would
end up well adjusted as
adults.

14. In his model of the child's
psychosexual development,
Sigmund Freud describes five
stages. Freud believed that the
child discharges his/her libido
(sexual energy) through a distinct
body area that characterizes each
stage.
 The stages are:
 the oral phase (first stage)
 the 'anal phase (second stage)
 the 'phallic phase (third stage)
 the 'latency phase (fourth stage)
 the genital phase (fifth stage).

15.  In the Phallic stage, the focus
moves to genital stimulation
and the sexual identification.
 During this phase, Freud
thought that children turn their
interest and love toward their
parent of the opposite sex.
 In latency phase, when the
child's begin to realizes that
his/her wishes and longings for
the parent of the opposite sex
cannot be fulfilled and will turn
away from these desires.

16. Applying Freud's Theories to Childrearing:
 Most parents and caregivers naturally try to guide their children
toward moderation in all things, but of course, if you believe
Freud's theories, it seems logical that parents will certainly be
limited by their own fixations left over from childhood.
 The bottom line then, must be that parents should make every
effort to educate themselves about what is considered normal and
healthy for their children and then balance the advice of child
development professional.
 staying actively and directly involved in their children's lives,
parents will be able to judge the progress that their children are
making along the way.
 During phallic stage, child may have complicated relation with
either of parents . So they may show behavioral change.
 During latency period , the child used the energy for developing
the self. It is the period of enabling the child for a successful
transition to a primary school learning environment.

17. Erik Homburger Erikson
 was a German-American
developmental psychologist
and psychoanalyst known for
his theory on psychological
development of human
beings. He may be most
famous for coining the phrase
identity crisis. His son, Kai T.
Erikson, is a noted American
sociologist

18. 3- 6 years(Initiative VS Guilt)
 Learning through playing
 Takes initiation
 Leadership and decision making skills
development
 Encouragement from parents (caregiver) boost
up their confidence
 Discouragement leads to guilt and dependency
 Phase of trust build up to start independency
 Initiates and accomplishes or face challenges and
learns.

19. 6- 8 years (Industry VS Inferiority)
Prone towards Independency
Ready for academic learning
Showcase skills and talents, create hobbies
Encouragement and discouragement shown
by parents shapes one’s self concept
Achievement of positive self concept helps
in building up emotional control
Negative self concept leads to inferiority

20.  Increase in parent-child interaction time
 Parents as source of encouragement and acceptance
 Parents should understand basic concept of ECD
 Parents role as a facilitator in appropriate decision
making and problem solving
 Act as a support system rather than piling up parent’s
expectations on child and no comparison
 Responsive parenting in order to build up a bond of trust
among parent-child
 Praise one’s child to make him feel special and unique in
his own ways, teaching him empathy side by side.
Roles of parents and caregivers

21. Friedrich Wilhelm August
 He was a German pedagogue, a
student of Johann Heinrich
Pestalozzi, who laid the
foundation for modern education
based on the recognition that
children have unique needs and
capabilities. He created the
concept of the "kindergarten" and
coined the word, which soon
entered the English language as
well. He also developed the
educational toys known
as Froebel gifts

22. Roles of parents and caregivers
 Give children the opportunity to play
 Through play child learns to social imitation
 Give opportunity to sing and dance
 Help to explore the environment
 Provide time and space to the children
“Children are tiny flowers; they are varied and need care, but each is
beautiful alone and glorious when see in a community of peers”

23. Maria Montessori
 She was an Italian physician,
educator, and innovator,
acclaimed for her educational
method that builds on the way
children learn naturally.
 She opened the first Montessori
school—the Casa dei Bambini, or
Children’s House—in Rome on
January 6, 1907. Subsequently,
she traveled the world and wrote
extensively about her approach to
education, attracting many
devotees. There are now
thousands of Montessori schools
in countries worldwide.

24. Roles of parents and caregivers:
 To observe child at home and at school,
 To deepen your awareness of Montessori tenets, and to
collaborate with your child's teacher in his or her
education.
 Provide the safe environment for exploration and
learning
 Express high (but not unrealistic) expectations for their
children’s achievement and future careers
 Become involved in their children’s education at school
and in the community
 Support creativity, Maintain order, Let kids do things on
their own
 Keep children closer to nature, Teach kids through
modelling
 Use encouragement, not rewards

25. Conclusion:
The finding of the
theorist are very
much helpful for the
parents.
Knowing the theories
will help parents to
know more about
their children and
guide to deal with the
situations properly.