With more and more people shifting to urban areas, the management issues of urban areas are getting complex day by day- posing serious challenges to urban planners and city managers. The slides, with the help of the case study of Curitiba(Brazil), discuss how an architect turned politician, through his innovative approaches solved the complex urban issues in most economical way.
How-How Diagram: A Practical Approach to Problem Resolution
Planning and Urban Management-issues & challenges
1. P R O F. S U B O D H S H AN K A R , F I T P
D e a n , F a c u l t y o f A r c h i t e c t u r e & P l a n n i n g , I n t e g r a l U n i v e r s i t y ,
L u c k n o w
F o r m e r C h i e f A r c h i t e c t P l a n n e r , U . P . H o u s i n g & D e v . B o a r d
Planning & Urban Management
Issues and Challenges
2.
3. Urban Planning
Urban Planning means the scientific , aesthetic and orderly disposition
of Land, Resources, Facilities, and Services with a view of securing the
Physical, Economic and Social efficiency, health and well being of
Urban Communities.
Urban Planning integrates land-use, environment, transportation &
services to improve economic and social environment of cities
4. Urban Management
Key Issues
Rapid Urban Growth- PURA (provision of urban facilities in rural areas)
Basic Services- Water Supply, Sewerage, Drainage, Waste Disposal etc
Traffic & Transportation- congestion; safety; parking
Land Acquisition & Management- land pooling; rationalize demand
Environmental Degradation- adoption of green concepts
Participatory Planning
5. Urban Management
Key Challenges
Urban Poverty- employment oriented development
Urban Sprawl- compact urban form; mixed land use
Sustainability – economic; environmental
Urban Administration – Decentralized ; 74 Constitutional Amendment Act
Global Aspirations
Heritage Conservation
Capacity Building- professional city managers
6. Rapid Urban Population Growth- India
Over the last two decades, India's
urban population increased from
217 million to 377 million and this
is expected to reach 600 million, or
40 % of the population by 2031.
In 2011 it was 31.16%
7. Urban Poverty
In 2011-12, the Planning
Commission had estimated 26.4
per cent of urban India’s total
population to be poor as per the
methodology laid down by the
Rangarajan committee.
However, The Tendulkar panel’s
yardsticks put that figure at 13.7
per cent
Urban Inequality increased from
34 %to 38% between 1995-
2005
8. Basic Services: Water Supply
Only 47 % of urban households have individual water
connections.
Currently, it is estimated that as much as 40 to 50
per cent of the water is “lost” in the distribution
system.
Almost half of the urban Indian population still
depends upon groundwater sources which are
contaminated
Only 77 of 393 Class 1 Cities have 100% water
supply coverage.
Mumbai draws water from neighbouring areas and
from sources located as far as 125 km in the
Western Ghats.
Chennai uses water express trains to meets its
growing demand for water.
Delhi meets large part of its water requirements from
Tajiwala in Haryana. Water is also drawn from
Ramganga as far as 180 Km
9. Basic Services: Sanitation
Over 50% of Indians don’t have
access to a toilet, and India
accounts for 59% of the 1.1 billion
people who defecate in the open
worldwide.
All Class I cities and Class II towns
together generate an estimated
30,000 MLD sewage.
Against this, installed sewage
treatment capacity is only 6000
MLD (20%)
Most of the untreated sewage is
discharged into rivers, ponds or
lakes, which is the main source of
municipal water.
10. Basic Services: Solid Waste Disposal
Around 60 million tones of
municipal solid waste (MSW) is
generated in urban India annually
With rapid urbanization and
changing lifestyle and food habits,
the amount of municipal solid
waste will increase significantly
e-Waste is of immediate and long
term concern as the industry is
unregulated and recycling can lead
to major environmental
degradation
11. City Drainage
“Heavy development has destroyed
green spaces and mangrove
forests, its natural flood protection”
Experts say they’d be right: One
runway traverses the Adyar river,
which burst its banks after some of
the heaviest cloudbursts in the area
in over a century swamped
Chennai
“The authorities and the airlines
just have commercial and political
interests in mind. Safety is the last
avenue.”
12. Traffic & Transportation
The annual rate of growth of
vehicle pop.: around 10% during
last decade.
Mixed Traffic
Dwindling share of Non-motorised
Transportation
Acute shortage of parking spaces
both on and off the streets
Heavy encroachment at major
roads and junctions.
10 percent of the world’s road
fatalities (130,000) occur in India
alone.
13. Environmental Degradation
India is the fourth largest emitter
of CO2
627,000 people die every year of
particulate air pollution
Native forests in India are
disappearing at a rate of up to 2.7
percent per year
14. Air Quality Index (AQI)
December 3, 2015
City AQI
Agra 333
Bangalore 59
Delhi 321
Hyderabad 91
Jaipur 41
Lucknow 408
Mumbai 126
Pune 211
Varanasi 302
Ground-level ozone,
Particle pollution
Carbon monoxide,
Sulfur dioxide,
Nitrogen dioxide.
15. Green Cover
Sq M per inhabitant
Gandhinagar 162.80
Chandigarh 54.45
Delhi 21.52
Bangalore 17.32
Jaipur 02.30
Mumbai 00.60
Chennai 01.92
Kolkata 32.50
Singapore 13.60
London 21.90
16. Slums
13.8 million households – about 64
million people – located in city
slums nationwide.
17.4 % of all urban households -
roughly one-third of India's 1.2
billion people.
More than one-third of slum homes
have no indoor toilets and 64
percent were not connected to
sewerage systems.
About half of the households lived
in only one room or shared with
another family.
17. Urban Land Crunch
Developed Land- Shortage and high pricing
Land Acquisition Act – 1894 and 2011/2014?
Land Development Norms- Density, FAR
Compact City form
18. Coordination of Civic Affairs through 74 Constitutional
Amendment Act-1992 ???
The people to take part in the issues that affected them directly.
The municipalities to be made responsible for urban planning, land use, water
supply, roads, bridges, health sanitation slum improvement etc. in addition
irrigation, libraries, cultural activities etc added to the local government’s share
of responsibilities.
The authority to take decisions on these subjects was to be transferred by the
state governments to the municipalities.
20. Urban Management-Curitiba (Brazil)
Innovative managerial skills of Architect Turned 3 time Mayor
Jaime Lerner
“Fewer Cars and Separated Garbage”
Trinary System- Integration of mass transit access roads and Land Use together
(Dense development along traffic corridors)
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)- carries 2.6 million people per day
Overnight conversion of busy though fares in -to pedestrianized Public Spaces with
the help of students art work etc
Expanded Parks and Public Space for Greener Future- Increased green space from 1
Sq.M. To 52 Sq.M. per each inhabitant- Sheeps grazed the grass and produced
manure, also gave wool fibre.
Turned Rubbish into opportunity- Bus or Movie tickets in exchange
GDP of Curitiba increased by 48% more than that of Brazil
21. Curitiba- BRT system
• 351 tube stations on the
main bus line
• Tube stations sleek and
modern
• Passengers pay when they
enter the station
• Bus doors correspond with
station doors
25. Curitiba- Garbage Recycling through Complementary Currency
Anyone who deposited a bag full of pre-sorted garbage received a bus token.
Plastic chits for paper & carton collectors, exchangeable for parcels of seasonal fresh
fruits and vegetables.
For every 4 pounds of recycling garbage a pound of fruits, vegetable and eggs,
In addition, a school-based garbage collection program supplied poorer students with
notebooks.
More than 70% of Curitiban households became involved in the programs.
The 62 poorer neighborhoods alone exchanged 11,000 tons of garbage for nearly a
million bus tokens and 1,200 tons of food
28. Jaime Lerner- Architect- Planner turned Politician
Born December 17, 1937
Mayor of Curitiba- 1971-75, 1979-84 and 1989-92
Governor of the state of Paraná, Brazil
o Helped create the Institute of Urban Planning and Research of Curitiba
o Past President- International Union of Architects-UIA(2002-05)
o Recipient of U.N. Environmental Award(1990)
Transformed Curitiba into one of the greenest cities in the world
Introduced BRT system in Curitiba
Introduced concept of “ Garbage that is not Garbage”
Achieved Pedestrianisation of the main shopping thoroughfare within 72 hours
Made possible Increasing of green space from 1 Sq.M. To 52 Sq.M.