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‘Nexus Methods’
opening up democracy as rigour
Andy Stirling
SPRU & STEPS Centre
University of Sussex
presentation to conference session on Nexus Methods
ESRC Methods Festival
University of Bath
5th
July 2016
www.steps-centre.org/
www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/
www.multicriteriamapping.com
www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/people/peoplelists/person/7513
How Shall We Play This?
1000
1130
1100
1130
1200
1230
STEPS
Methods
talk then
discussion
Andy
Stirling
Open Space
volunteers
convene
groups
Session1breakSession2
Nexus Methodology
talk then discussion
Andy Stirling
Open Space
volunteers
convene
groups
STEPS
Methods
Andy
Stirling
OPTION 3OPTION 1 OPTION 2
What is ‘the Nexus’?
food
water
energy
What is ‘the Nexus’?
food
water
energy
Substantive imperatives for ‘joined up policy…?
… or instrumental
pressure for policy justification?
What is ‘the Nexus’?
climate
development
food
environment
water
security
globalisation
energy
population
migration
urbanisation
Phenonema Under Scrutiny
•social and material world
•“systems” and “contexts”
•“scales” and “levels”
•“actors” and “networks”
•“values” and “interests”
•“frames” and “narratives”
•“causes” and “effects”
•processes and relations
•“knowledges”,“incertitudes”
•“positives” and “negatives”
•“structures” and “agents”
•“actions” and “reactions”
•“imaginations” and “visions”
•“metrics” and ”indices”
Complexity is not made by pathways methods…
…but addressed by them – brings a need for “reflexivity”
cost-benefit analysis
risk assessment
decision analysis
multiattribute utility theory
technology assessment
life cycle analysis
optimisation modelling
Bayesian networks
extended accounting
data mining
delphi methods
Quantitative Culture Qualitative Culture
A Juicy Opportunity for Appraisal Disciplines!
No shortage of candidate ‘Nexus methods’
scenario workshops
focus groups
participatory appraisal
stakeholder deliberation
ethnomethodology
collaborative design
capabilities assessment
strategic appraisal
action research
cooperative research
study groups
Energy regulation: most mature, sophisticated comparative analysis…
A Key Common Problem: Concealed Ambiguity
0.001 0.1 10 1000
externality’: cUS/kWh (after Sundqvist et al, 2005)low RISK high
coal
oil
gas
nuclear
hydro
wind
solar
biomass
Energy regulation: most mature, sophisticated comparative analysis…
A Key Common Problem: Concealed Ambiguity
0.001 0.1 10 1000
coal
oil
gas
nuclear
hydro
21
wind
solar
biomass
n =
‘externality’: cUS/kWh (after Sundqvist et al, 2005)
minimum maximum25% 75%
low RISK high
Energy regulation: most mature, sophisticated comparative analysis…
A Key Common Problem: Concealed Ambiguity
coal
oil
gas
nuclear
hydro
36
20
wind 18
solar 11
biomass 22
31
21
16
n =
…‘sound science’, ‘evidence based’ Nexus analyses justify many policies
Energy regulation: most mature, sophisticated comparative analysis…
A Key Common Problem: Concealed Ambiguity
All Quantification is Qualitatively Framed
Equally true of qualitative research, but this is better appreciated
under-determined realities
Framing ‘the Nexus’
‘system’
‘focus’
under-determined realitiespicture of problem/solution
Framing ‘the Nexus’
‘scope’
‘system’
‘focus’
under-determined realitiespicture of problem/solution
Framing ‘the Nexus’
‘scope’
‘system’
‘focus’
‘cause’
‘effect’
under-determined realitiespicture of problem/solution
Framing ‘the Nexus’
environment‘scope’
‘system’
‘focus’
subjective framing
‘effect’
under-determined realities
‘cause’view 1
picture of problem/solution
Framing ‘the Nexus’
environment
‘system’
under-determined realitiesdiverse picturesplural frames
‘effect’
‘cause’
‘scope’
‘focus’
view 2
view 1
contending
knowledges
and
values
Framing ‘the Nexus’
plural frames
‘system’
‘cause’
‘effect’
under-determined realitiesdiverse pictures
‘scope’
‘focus’
view 3
view 1
view 2
contending
knowledges
and
values
Framing ‘the Nexus’
view
4
plural frames
‘system’
‘cause’
‘effect’
under-determined realitiesdiverse pictures
‘scope’
‘focus’
contending
knowledges
and
values
view 1
view 2
view 3
Framing ‘the Nexus’
incum
bents
power in knowledge
‘system’
‘cause’
‘effect’
under-determined realities
academic
government
local people
diverse pictures
‘scope’
‘focus’
contending
knowledges
and
values
Framing ‘the Nexus’
“THE
NEXUS”
fundamental
nature
biophysical environments
societies &
economies
cultures &
institutions
Science (of all kinds!)
is a key means by
which to remind
“the real world”
of politics
about the
“real real world”
of everything else
The Conditionality of Assessment
The Conditionality of Assessment
knowledge
practices
fundamental
nature
biophysical environments
societies &
economies
cultures &
instituions
But knowledge is
produced by people,
with cultures,
pursuing practices
in institutions
So it is jointly
shaped to reflect
both social and
natural orders
KNOWLEDGE PRACTICES
knowledge
practices
fundamental
nature
biophysical environments
societies &
economies
INSTITUTIONS
The Conditionality of Assessment
This leads to a paradox
What is inside…
… is also outside
knowledge
practices
biophysical environments
societies &
economies
INSTITUTIONS
The Knowing-Known Dualism in Assessment
This leads to a paradox
What is inside…
… is also outside
… as in a Klein Bottle,
knowledge is on the
inside and the outside
of human action
KNOWLEDGE PRACTICES
‘Reflexivity’
A capacity for self reflection…
… understanding how answers depend on questions
reflexivity over subjectivity, contingency, contextuality
reflectionoverrobustness,quality,error‘Reflexivity’ is not about ‘Anything Goes’
normatively and/or
epistemically wrong
normatively and/or
epistemically right
CONCEPTUAL SPACE OF ALL
CANDIDATE POSSIBILITIES
FOR WHAT IS NORMATIVELY
OR EPISTEMICALLY ‘RIGHT’
KEY
normatively and/or
epistemically wrong
normatively and/or
epistemically right
naïve realism
“one thing is precisely right”
mainstream fallibilism
“one thing is approximately right”
caricature relativism
“all things are equally right”
conditional plurality
“contrasting things are equally right…
xxxx…but much else is just plain wrong!”
reflexivity over subjectivity, contingency, contextuality
reflectionoverrobustness,quality,error‘Reflexivity’ is not about ‘Anything Goes’
reflexivity: ‘right’ answers & solutions
vary by framings of questions & problems
molecular biologists
ecologists
economists
sociologists
Review of >100 different kinds of ‘Nexus-related method’
Background Approach
- epistemic cultures: quantitative / hybrid / qualitative
- styles of reasoning: deductive / inductive / abductive
- relations & practices: analytic / interactive
- procedural functions: frameworks / techniques / tools
RESEARCH
METHODSprimarily qualitative mostly quantitative
EPISTEMIC CULTURE
explicitly mixed
MODEOFENQUIRY
largelydeductivechieflyabductivemainlyinductive
RESEARCH
METHODS
QUALITATIVE APPREHENSION HYBRID APPRAISAL EMPIRICAL QUANTIFICATION
GROUNDED METHODS
INTERPRETIVE ANALYSIS QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
APPRECIATIVE APPROACHES
MIXED THEORY
EVALUATIVE TECHNIQUES
integrated
assessment
largely qualitative mostly quantitative
EPISTEMIC CULTURE
explicitly mixed
STYLEOFENQUIRY
deductivestyleabductivestyleinductivestyle
QUALITATIVE APPREHENSION HYBRID APPRAISAL EMPIRICAL QUANTIFICATION
GROUNDED METHODS
INTERPRETIVE ANALYSIS QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
social
assessment
longitudinal
methods
cladistic
taxonomy
natural
experiment
value chain
analysis
monitoring
multi-sited
ethnography
scientometrics
surveillance data
mining
econometrics
case
studies
network
analysis
narrative
analysis
historiography
comprehensive
archive research
historical
method
discourse
analysis
process
tracing
situational
analysis
studying up
systems
theory`
soft systems
theory`
information
theory
meta
analysis
life cycle
approaches
optimisation
modelling
Bayesian
models
probabilistic
risk analysis
uncertainty
analysis
APPRECIATIVE APPROACHES
MIXED THEORY
EVALUATIVE TECHNIQUES
environmental
assessment
evaluation
methods
statistical
methods
spatial
analysis
critical
pedagogy
technology
assessment
panel
studies
social
indicators
technometricscontent analysis
social
experiment
randomised
control trials
remote
sensing
agent-based
modelling
needs
analysis
road-
mapping
ethno-
methodology
action
research
counter-
factuals
co-word
analysis
RESEARCH
METHODS
innovation
histories
evidentiary
presumptions
systems
histories`
precautionary
appraisal
critical
accounting
influence
mapping
post-normal
science
resilience
analysis
alternatives
assessment
critical
triangulation
cross-frame
analysis
imaginaries analysis
arts
catalyst
capabilities
assessment
sensitivity
analysis
key: analytic / interactive method
costbenefit
analysis
ecological
footprint
integrated
assessment
largely qualitative mostly quantitative
EPISTEMIC CULTURE
explicitly mixed
STYLEOFENQUIRY
deductivestyleabductivestyleinductivestyle
QUALITATIVE APPREHENSION HYBRID APPRAISAL EMPIRICAL QUANTIFICATION
GROUNDED METHODS
INTERPRETIVE ANALYSIS QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
social
assessment
extended
foresight longitudinal
methods
cladistic
taxonomy
natural
experiment
value chain
analysis
monitoring
multi-sited
ethnography
scientometrics
surveillance data
mining
econometrics
delphi
analysis
photo-
elicitation
case
studies
network
analysis
narrative
analysis
historiography
comprehensive
archive research
historical
method
discourse
analysis
process
tracing
situational
analysis
studying up
systems
theory`
soft systems
theory`
information
theory
meta
analysis
life cycle
approaches
optimisation
modelling
Bayesian
models
probabilistic
risk analysis
uncertainty
analysis
APPRECIATIVE APPROACHES
MIXED THEORY
EVALUATIVE TECHNIQUES
environmental
assessment
evaluation
methods
statistical
methods
spatial
analysis
opinion
surveys
attitudinal
scaling
structured
deliberation
dissensus
groups
citizen
science
crowd
sourcing
scenario
workshops
futures
visioning
performative
approaches
focus
groups
semi-structured
interviews
critical
pedagogy
decision
analysis
contingent
valuation
multicriteria
mapping
Q method
gaming
techniques
open
space
technology
assessment
constructive
technology
assessment
interactive
diagrams
panel
studies
social
indicators
technometricscontent analysis
social
experiment
experimental
economics
randomised
control trials
remote
sensing
interactive
visualisation
interactive
modelling
agent-based
modelling
paricipatory
backcasting
needs
analysis
road-
mapping
ethno-
methodology
situational
activism
action
research
biography
counter-
factuals
co-word
analysis
participatory
theatre
RESEARCH
METHODS
social multicriteria
analysis
stakeholder
negotiation
innovation
histories
concurrent
evidence
evidentiary
presumptions
systems
histories`
precautionary
appraisal
critical
accounting
do-it-yourself
juries
influence
mapping
post-normal
science
resilience
analysis
alternatives
assessment
critical
triangulation
cross-frame
analysis
power
tools
imaginaries analysis
deliberative
polling
diversity
mapping
co-operative
research
collaborative
design
arts
catalyst
community
art
participatory
rural appraisal
study
groups
capabilities
assessment
planning
cells
sensitivity
analysis
key: analytic / interactive method
costbenefit
analysis
ecological
footprint
INPUTS
(aspects taken into
account within
practice of research
or appraisal)
problems,
options,
pros / cons,
issues,
uncertainties,
perspectives
INPUTS
(things that are
taken into account)
Pro
blems, options, pros
/ cons, issues,
uncertainties,
perspectives
narrow
broad
closing down opening up
expert / analytic
participatory /
deliberative
OUTPUTS
(aspects that are conveyed
outwards into wider discourse)
’Plural conditional’ conclusions…
… if X then A … if Y then B …
Rigour in Nexus-Focused Methodologies
Combining reflexivity about framing and reflection about error
in informing policy and politics
narrow
broad
closing down opening up
expert / analytic
participatory /
deliberative
decision
analysis
INPUTS
OUTPUTS
sustainability
safety
impacts
Rigour in Nexus-Focused Methodologies
Combining reflexivity about framing and reflection about error
in informing policy and politics
narrow
broad
closing down opening up
expert / analytic
participatory /
deliberative
citizen’s juries
INPUTS
OUTPUTS
Rigour in Nexus-Focused Methodologies
Combining reflexivity about framing and reflection about error
in informing policy and politics
narrow
broad
closing down opening up
expert / analytic
participatory /
deliberative
citizen’s juries
participatory
appraisal
q-method
scientometric
mapping
open
space
multicriteria
mapping
extended
foresight
citizen’s juries
decision
analysis
stakeholder
negotiation
participatory
sensitivity analysis
cost-benefit
analysis
risk
assessment
interactive
modelling
structured
interviews
participant
observation
multi-site
ethnographic-
methods
citizen’s juries
consensus
conference
open
hearings
concurrent
evidence
critical
narratives
intervention
futures
PIPA
plural
photovoice
system
histories
innovation
histories
INPUTS
OUTPUTS
Rigour in Nexus-Focused Methodologies
Combining reflexivity about framing and reflection about error
in informing policy and politics
spot-the-
narrative
narrow
broad
closing down opening up
expert / analytic
participatory /
deliberative
citizen’s juries
decision
analysis
participatory
rural appraisal
stakeholder
negotiation
q-method
sensitivity
analysis
deliberative
mapping
scientometric
mapping
open
space
cost-benefit
analysis
risk
assessmen
t
interactive
modelling
structured
interviews
narrative-based
participant
observation
multi-site
ethnographic-
methods
citizen’s juries
consensus
conference
open
hearings
dissenting
opinions
multi-criteria
mapping
extended
foresight
stakeholder
negotiation
cost-benefit
analysis
risk
assessment
INPUTS
OUTPUTS
Power Closes Down Nexus Research and Appraisal
Pressure to command authority, foster trust, secure acceptance, manage blame
expert / analytic
participatory /
deliberative
Challenges for Research and Appraisal
Reflexively means actively balancing bias in conventional appraisal
narrow
broad
closing down opening up
participatory
appraisal
q-method open
space
multicriteria
mapping
participatory
sensitivity
analysis
intervention
futures PIPA
plural
photovoice
system
histories
innovation
histories
INPUTS
OUTPUTS
narrow
broad
closing down opening up
expert / analytic
participatory /
deliberative
Power Closes Down Research and Appraisal
A responsibility for neutrality means independent innovation research and
policy appraisal should deliberately counter pressures for closure
MONODISCIPLINARITY
eg:
Q-method comes out of social psychology
INPUTS
OUTPUTS
narrow
broad
closing down opening up
expert / analytic
participatory /
deliberative
Power Closes Down Research and Appraisal
A responsibility for neutrality means independent innovation research and
policy appraisal should deliberately counter pressures for closure
MONODISCIPLINARITY
- enquiry is structured by community practices
- institutionalised as “normal science” within paradigm
- authority through self-confident coherence
eg:
in Q-method analysis is subject to
particular assumptions and conventions
INPUTS
OUTPUTS
MONODISCIPLINARITY
- enquiry is structured by community practices
- institutionalised as “normal science” within paradigm
- authority through self-confident coherence
Participatory methods can
also be monodisciplinary
eg:
participatory panel
follows particular rules
narrow
broad
closing down opening up
expert / analytic
participatory /
deliberative
Power Closes Down Research and Appraisal
A responsibility for neutrality means independent innovation research and
policy appraisal should deliberately counter pressures for closure
INPUTS
OUTPUTS
narrow
broad
closing down opening up
expert / analytic
participatory /
deliberative
Power Closes Down Research and Appraisal
A responsibility for neutrality means independent innovation research and
policy appraisal should deliberately counter pressures for closure
CROSS-DISCIPLINARITY
- task- and context-specific
- allows cross-critique and triangulation
- authority through juxtaposition
eg:
participatory panel provides
complement to discourse analysis
INPUTS
OUTPUTS
MULTIDISCIPLINARITY
- enquiry structured hierarchically
- impressive scope, reassuring applicability
- authority through integration
eg:
integrated assessment
global panels
narrow
broad
closing down opening up
expert / analytic
participatory /
deliberative
Power Closes Down Research and Appraisal
A responsibility for neutrality means independent innovation research and
policy appraisal should deliberately counter pressures for closure
INPUTS
OUTPUTS
INTERDISCIPLINARITY
- enquiry structured by collaboration
- attention targeted on focal problem
- authority thro’ fidelity in addressing complexity
eg:
collaborative networks
multiple partnerships
narrow
broad
closing down opening up
expert / analytic
participatory /
deliberative
Power Closes Down Research and Appraisal
A responsibility for neutrality means independent innovation research and
policy appraisal should deliberately counter pressures for closure
INPUTS
OUTPUTS
TRANSDISCIPLINARITY
- enquiry reflects wider extant framings
- flexible to divergent contexts
- authority thro’ salience and legitimacy
eg:
co-designed with
stakeholders
narrow
broad
closing down opening up
expert / analytic
participatory /
deliberative
Power Closes Down Research and Appraisal
A responsibility for neutrality means independent innovation research and
policy appraisal should deliberately counter pressures for closure
INPUTS
OUTPUTS
Mapping Perspectives for Deliberation
Multicriteria Mapping ‘opens up’ politics and power in expertise
Analysis of 12 UK government GM advisors (2001)
Mapping Perspectives for Deliberation
Multicriteria Mapping ‘opens up’ politics and power in expertise
Analysis of 12 UK government GM advisors (2001)
organics
low input
intensive
GM 1
GM 2
GM 3
organics
low input
intensive
GM 1
GM 2
GM 3
UK Government
ecology chair
organics
low input
intensive
GM 1
GM 2
GM 3
organics
low input
intensive
GM 1
GM 2
GM 3
UK Government
safety chair
GM industry
research executive
Green NGO
scientist
Acknowledging assumptions, values, uncertainties ‘plural & conditional’
approach is rigorous & democratic
… if A, then x; … if B, then y
Multicriteria Mapping ‘opens up’ politics and power in expertise
Mapping Perspectives for Deliberation

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Andy Stirling - nexus methods

  • 1. ‘Nexus Methods’ opening up democracy as rigour Andy Stirling SPRU & STEPS Centre University of Sussex presentation to conference session on Nexus Methods ESRC Methods Festival University of Bath 5th July 2016 www.steps-centre.org/ www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/ www.multicriteriamapping.com www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/people/peoplelists/person/7513
  • 2. How Shall We Play This? 1000 1130 1100 1130 1200 1230 STEPS Methods talk then discussion Andy Stirling Open Space volunteers convene groups Session1breakSession2 Nexus Methodology talk then discussion Andy Stirling Open Space volunteers convene groups STEPS Methods Andy Stirling OPTION 3OPTION 1 OPTION 2
  • 3. What is ‘the Nexus’? food water energy
  • 4. What is ‘the Nexus’? food water energy Substantive imperatives for ‘joined up policy…? … or instrumental pressure for policy justification?
  • 5. What is ‘the Nexus’? climate development food environment water security globalisation energy population migration urbanisation
  • 6. Phenonema Under Scrutiny •social and material world •“systems” and “contexts” •“scales” and “levels” •“actors” and “networks” •“values” and “interests” •“frames” and “narratives” •“causes” and “effects” •processes and relations •“knowledges”,“incertitudes” •“positives” and “negatives” •“structures” and “agents” •“actions” and “reactions” •“imaginations” and “visions” •“metrics” and ”indices” Complexity is not made by pathways methods… …but addressed by them – brings a need for “reflexivity”
  • 7. cost-benefit analysis risk assessment decision analysis multiattribute utility theory technology assessment life cycle analysis optimisation modelling Bayesian networks extended accounting data mining delphi methods Quantitative Culture Qualitative Culture A Juicy Opportunity for Appraisal Disciplines! No shortage of candidate ‘Nexus methods’ scenario workshops focus groups participatory appraisal stakeholder deliberation ethnomethodology collaborative design capabilities assessment strategic appraisal action research cooperative research study groups
  • 8. Energy regulation: most mature, sophisticated comparative analysis… A Key Common Problem: Concealed Ambiguity
  • 9. 0.001 0.1 10 1000 externality’: cUS/kWh (after Sundqvist et al, 2005)low RISK high coal oil gas nuclear hydro wind solar biomass Energy regulation: most mature, sophisticated comparative analysis… A Key Common Problem: Concealed Ambiguity
  • 10. 0.001 0.1 10 1000 coal oil gas nuclear hydro 21 wind solar biomass n = ‘externality’: cUS/kWh (after Sundqvist et al, 2005) minimum maximum25% 75% low RISK high Energy regulation: most mature, sophisticated comparative analysis… A Key Common Problem: Concealed Ambiguity
  • 11. coal oil gas nuclear hydro 36 20 wind 18 solar 11 biomass 22 31 21 16 n = …‘sound science’, ‘evidence based’ Nexus analyses justify many policies Energy regulation: most mature, sophisticated comparative analysis… A Key Common Problem: Concealed Ambiguity
  • 12. All Quantification is Qualitatively Framed Equally true of qualitative research, but this is better appreciated
  • 14. ‘system’ ‘focus’ under-determined realitiespicture of problem/solution Framing ‘the Nexus’
  • 18. environment ‘system’ under-determined realitiesdiverse picturesplural frames ‘effect’ ‘cause’ ‘scope’ ‘focus’ view 2 view 1 contending knowledges and values Framing ‘the Nexus’
  • 19. plural frames ‘system’ ‘cause’ ‘effect’ under-determined realitiesdiverse pictures ‘scope’ ‘focus’ view 3 view 1 view 2 contending knowledges and values Framing ‘the Nexus’
  • 20. view 4 plural frames ‘system’ ‘cause’ ‘effect’ under-determined realitiesdiverse pictures ‘scope’ ‘focus’ contending knowledges and values view 1 view 2 view 3 Framing ‘the Nexus’
  • 21. incum bents power in knowledge ‘system’ ‘cause’ ‘effect’ under-determined realities academic government local people diverse pictures ‘scope’ ‘focus’ contending knowledges and values Framing ‘the Nexus’ “THE NEXUS”
  • 22. fundamental nature biophysical environments societies & economies cultures & institutions Science (of all kinds!) is a key means by which to remind “the real world” of politics about the “real real world” of everything else The Conditionality of Assessment
  • 23. The Conditionality of Assessment knowledge practices fundamental nature biophysical environments societies & economies cultures & instituions But knowledge is produced by people, with cultures, pursuing practices in institutions So it is jointly shaped to reflect both social and natural orders
  • 24. KNOWLEDGE PRACTICES knowledge practices fundamental nature biophysical environments societies & economies INSTITUTIONS The Conditionality of Assessment This leads to a paradox What is inside… … is also outside
  • 25. knowledge practices biophysical environments societies & economies INSTITUTIONS The Knowing-Known Dualism in Assessment This leads to a paradox What is inside… … is also outside … as in a Klein Bottle, knowledge is on the inside and the outside of human action KNOWLEDGE PRACTICES
  • 26. ‘Reflexivity’ A capacity for self reflection… … understanding how answers depend on questions
  • 27. reflexivity over subjectivity, contingency, contextuality reflectionoverrobustness,quality,error‘Reflexivity’ is not about ‘Anything Goes’ normatively and/or epistemically wrong normatively and/or epistemically right CONCEPTUAL SPACE OF ALL CANDIDATE POSSIBILITIES FOR WHAT IS NORMATIVELY OR EPISTEMICALLY ‘RIGHT’ KEY
  • 28. normatively and/or epistemically wrong normatively and/or epistemically right naïve realism “one thing is precisely right” mainstream fallibilism “one thing is approximately right” caricature relativism “all things are equally right” conditional plurality “contrasting things are equally right… xxxx…but much else is just plain wrong!” reflexivity over subjectivity, contingency, contextuality reflectionoverrobustness,quality,error‘Reflexivity’ is not about ‘Anything Goes’ reflexivity: ‘right’ answers & solutions vary by framings of questions & problems molecular biologists ecologists economists sociologists
  • 29. Review of >100 different kinds of ‘Nexus-related method’ Background Approach - epistemic cultures: quantitative / hybrid / qualitative - styles of reasoning: deductive / inductive / abductive - relations & practices: analytic / interactive - procedural functions: frameworks / techniques / tools
  • 30. RESEARCH METHODSprimarily qualitative mostly quantitative EPISTEMIC CULTURE explicitly mixed MODEOFENQUIRY largelydeductivechieflyabductivemainlyinductive RESEARCH METHODS QUALITATIVE APPREHENSION HYBRID APPRAISAL EMPIRICAL QUANTIFICATION GROUNDED METHODS INTERPRETIVE ANALYSIS QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT APPRECIATIVE APPROACHES MIXED THEORY EVALUATIVE TECHNIQUES
  • 31. integrated assessment largely qualitative mostly quantitative EPISTEMIC CULTURE explicitly mixed STYLEOFENQUIRY deductivestyleabductivestyleinductivestyle QUALITATIVE APPREHENSION HYBRID APPRAISAL EMPIRICAL QUANTIFICATION GROUNDED METHODS INTERPRETIVE ANALYSIS QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT social assessment longitudinal methods cladistic taxonomy natural experiment value chain analysis monitoring multi-sited ethnography scientometrics surveillance data mining econometrics case studies network analysis narrative analysis historiography comprehensive archive research historical method discourse analysis process tracing situational analysis studying up systems theory` soft systems theory` information theory meta analysis life cycle approaches optimisation modelling Bayesian models probabilistic risk analysis uncertainty analysis APPRECIATIVE APPROACHES MIXED THEORY EVALUATIVE TECHNIQUES environmental assessment evaluation methods statistical methods spatial analysis critical pedagogy technology assessment panel studies social indicators technometricscontent analysis social experiment randomised control trials remote sensing agent-based modelling needs analysis road- mapping ethno- methodology action research counter- factuals co-word analysis RESEARCH METHODS innovation histories evidentiary presumptions systems histories` precautionary appraisal critical accounting influence mapping post-normal science resilience analysis alternatives assessment critical triangulation cross-frame analysis imaginaries analysis arts catalyst capabilities assessment sensitivity analysis key: analytic / interactive method costbenefit analysis ecological footprint
  • 32. integrated assessment largely qualitative mostly quantitative EPISTEMIC CULTURE explicitly mixed STYLEOFENQUIRY deductivestyleabductivestyleinductivestyle QUALITATIVE APPREHENSION HYBRID APPRAISAL EMPIRICAL QUANTIFICATION GROUNDED METHODS INTERPRETIVE ANALYSIS QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT social assessment extended foresight longitudinal methods cladistic taxonomy natural experiment value chain analysis monitoring multi-sited ethnography scientometrics surveillance data mining econometrics delphi analysis photo- elicitation case studies network analysis narrative analysis historiography comprehensive archive research historical method discourse analysis process tracing situational analysis studying up systems theory` soft systems theory` information theory meta analysis life cycle approaches optimisation modelling Bayesian models probabilistic risk analysis uncertainty analysis APPRECIATIVE APPROACHES MIXED THEORY EVALUATIVE TECHNIQUES environmental assessment evaluation methods statistical methods spatial analysis opinion surveys attitudinal scaling structured deliberation dissensus groups citizen science crowd sourcing scenario workshops futures visioning performative approaches focus groups semi-structured interviews critical pedagogy decision analysis contingent valuation multicriteria mapping Q method gaming techniques open space technology assessment constructive technology assessment interactive diagrams panel studies social indicators technometricscontent analysis social experiment experimental economics randomised control trials remote sensing interactive visualisation interactive modelling agent-based modelling paricipatory backcasting needs analysis road- mapping ethno- methodology situational activism action research biography counter- factuals co-word analysis participatory theatre RESEARCH METHODS social multicriteria analysis stakeholder negotiation innovation histories concurrent evidence evidentiary presumptions systems histories` precautionary appraisal critical accounting do-it-yourself juries influence mapping post-normal science resilience analysis alternatives assessment critical triangulation cross-frame analysis power tools imaginaries analysis deliberative polling diversity mapping co-operative research collaborative design arts catalyst community art participatory rural appraisal study groups capabilities assessment planning cells sensitivity analysis key: analytic / interactive method costbenefit analysis ecological footprint
  • 33. INPUTS (aspects taken into account within practice of research or appraisal) problems, options, pros / cons, issues, uncertainties, perspectives INPUTS (things that are taken into account) Pro blems, options, pros / cons, issues, uncertainties, perspectives narrow broad closing down opening up expert / analytic participatory / deliberative OUTPUTS (aspects that are conveyed outwards into wider discourse) ’Plural conditional’ conclusions… … if X then A … if Y then B … Rigour in Nexus-Focused Methodologies Combining reflexivity about framing and reflection about error in informing policy and politics
  • 34. narrow broad closing down opening up expert / analytic participatory / deliberative decision analysis INPUTS OUTPUTS sustainability safety impacts Rigour in Nexus-Focused Methodologies Combining reflexivity about framing and reflection about error in informing policy and politics
  • 35. narrow broad closing down opening up expert / analytic participatory / deliberative citizen’s juries INPUTS OUTPUTS Rigour in Nexus-Focused Methodologies Combining reflexivity about framing and reflection about error in informing policy and politics
  • 36. narrow broad closing down opening up expert / analytic participatory / deliberative citizen’s juries participatory appraisal q-method scientometric mapping open space multicriteria mapping extended foresight citizen’s juries decision analysis stakeholder negotiation participatory sensitivity analysis cost-benefit analysis risk assessment interactive modelling structured interviews participant observation multi-site ethnographic- methods citizen’s juries consensus conference open hearings concurrent evidence critical narratives intervention futures PIPA plural photovoice system histories innovation histories INPUTS OUTPUTS Rigour in Nexus-Focused Methodologies Combining reflexivity about framing and reflection about error in informing policy and politics
  • 37. spot-the- narrative narrow broad closing down opening up expert / analytic participatory / deliberative citizen’s juries decision analysis participatory rural appraisal stakeholder negotiation q-method sensitivity analysis deliberative mapping scientometric mapping open space cost-benefit analysis risk assessmen t interactive modelling structured interviews narrative-based participant observation multi-site ethnographic- methods citizen’s juries consensus conference open hearings dissenting opinions multi-criteria mapping extended foresight stakeholder negotiation cost-benefit analysis risk assessment INPUTS OUTPUTS Power Closes Down Nexus Research and Appraisal Pressure to command authority, foster trust, secure acceptance, manage blame
  • 38. expert / analytic participatory / deliberative Challenges for Research and Appraisal Reflexively means actively balancing bias in conventional appraisal narrow broad closing down opening up participatory appraisal q-method open space multicriteria mapping participatory sensitivity analysis intervention futures PIPA plural photovoice system histories innovation histories INPUTS OUTPUTS
  • 39. narrow broad closing down opening up expert / analytic participatory / deliberative Power Closes Down Research and Appraisal A responsibility for neutrality means independent innovation research and policy appraisal should deliberately counter pressures for closure MONODISCIPLINARITY eg: Q-method comes out of social psychology INPUTS OUTPUTS
  • 40. narrow broad closing down opening up expert / analytic participatory / deliberative Power Closes Down Research and Appraisal A responsibility for neutrality means independent innovation research and policy appraisal should deliberately counter pressures for closure MONODISCIPLINARITY - enquiry is structured by community practices - institutionalised as “normal science” within paradigm - authority through self-confident coherence eg: in Q-method analysis is subject to particular assumptions and conventions INPUTS OUTPUTS
  • 41. MONODISCIPLINARITY - enquiry is structured by community practices - institutionalised as “normal science” within paradigm - authority through self-confident coherence Participatory methods can also be monodisciplinary eg: participatory panel follows particular rules narrow broad closing down opening up expert / analytic participatory / deliberative Power Closes Down Research and Appraisal A responsibility for neutrality means independent innovation research and policy appraisal should deliberately counter pressures for closure INPUTS OUTPUTS
  • 42. narrow broad closing down opening up expert / analytic participatory / deliberative Power Closes Down Research and Appraisal A responsibility for neutrality means independent innovation research and policy appraisal should deliberately counter pressures for closure CROSS-DISCIPLINARITY - task- and context-specific - allows cross-critique and triangulation - authority through juxtaposition eg: participatory panel provides complement to discourse analysis INPUTS OUTPUTS
  • 43. MULTIDISCIPLINARITY - enquiry structured hierarchically - impressive scope, reassuring applicability - authority through integration eg: integrated assessment global panels narrow broad closing down opening up expert / analytic participatory / deliberative Power Closes Down Research and Appraisal A responsibility for neutrality means independent innovation research and policy appraisal should deliberately counter pressures for closure INPUTS OUTPUTS
  • 44. INTERDISCIPLINARITY - enquiry structured by collaboration - attention targeted on focal problem - authority thro’ fidelity in addressing complexity eg: collaborative networks multiple partnerships narrow broad closing down opening up expert / analytic participatory / deliberative Power Closes Down Research and Appraisal A responsibility for neutrality means independent innovation research and policy appraisal should deliberately counter pressures for closure INPUTS OUTPUTS
  • 45. TRANSDISCIPLINARITY - enquiry reflects wider extant framings - flexible to divergent contexts - authority thro’ salience and legitimacy eg: co-designed with stakeholders narrow broad closing down opening up expert / analytic participatory / deliberative Power Closes Down Research and Appraisal A responsibility for neutrality means independent innovation research and policy appraisal should deliberately counter pressures for closure INPUTS OUTPUTS
  • 46. Mapping Perspectives for Deliberation Multicriteria Mapping ‘opens up’ politics and power in expertise Analysis of 12 UK government GM advisors (2001)
  • 47. Mapping Perspectives for Deliberation Multicriteria Mapping ‘opens up’ politics and power in expertise Analysis of 12 UK government GM advisors (2001) organics low input intensive GM 1 GM 2 GM 3 organics low input intensive GM 1 GM 2 GM 3
  • 48. UK Government ecology chair organics low input intensive GM 1 GM 2 GM 3 organics low input intensive GM 1 GM 2 GM 3 UK Government safety chair GM industry research executive Green NGO scientist Acknowledging assumptions, values, uncertainties ‘plural & conditional’ approach is rigorous & democratic … if A, then x; … if B, then y Multicriteria Mapping ‘opens up’ politics and power in expertise Mapping Perspectives for Deliberation

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. roland: analytic believe in method, intuitive believe in results Abstract The governance of science and technology is conditioned by some pervasive fallacies and fantasies. None are more extensive or deeply embedded, than those concerning the ability of human agency deliberately to control key features of interest in the world. Aspects and implications of the associated dilemmas arise both in the ways knowledge itself is understood, as well as the styles of intervention that society seeks to undertake. Common to both areas, are the neglected dynamics of power - encouraging exaggeration both of the quality of knowledge and the tractability of action. Focusing on the example of energy systems, this talk will quickly review some of the practical policy implications. It will argue for attention to a range of neglected 'broader based' methods for 'opening up' policy appraisal of energy systems. It will also conclude for greater attention to governance strategies that do not depend on claims and aspirations to control. Again, some practical implications will be discussed relating to resilience rather than stability in energy systems and transformation rather than deterministic transition. In all these respects, a concrete energy policy strategy that repeatedly comes to the fore is that of deliberate diversification.
  2. Here we will refer to other quantitative appraisal methods like risk analysis, decision analysis, environmental assessment, lifecycle assessment, wellbeing appraisal which is quite precise, where comparing the various options, you can get clear, objective distinctions. Here you see the ordering of choices in a single study through risk analysis which is scientific and evidence based, and which gives a clear picture of the best and worst case scenario
  3. Dynamic Sustainabilities’ and earlier STEPS work outlines case for: ‘broadening out the inputs of appraisal’ (options, issues, scenarios, uncertainties, methods, values, perspectives); ‘opening up the outputs of appraisal’ (moving from ‘unitary prescriptive’ to ‘plural and conditional’ representations of the issues to policy making and wider political debates. This is a novel and fundamental distinction, transcending conventional divides between expert and participatory, quantitative and qualitative, deliberative and analytic, natural and social scientific methods. There exists a wide diversity of different aspects and dimensions of appreciation – styles of method and stages and tasks in appraisal – in which this can be undertaken . A STEPS Methodology thus needs to address this complexity in a clear, practical, flexible, interdisciplinary way – sensitive to contrasting contexts and perspectives.
  4. As practised in the complex, diverse and dynamic realities of academic research and policy appraisal, each individual coinventionally-named method typically displays considerable latitude in the ways in which it is implemented in practise – spanning contrasting dimensions & degrees of ‘opening up’ and ‘closing down’. So it is difficult to generalise.
  5. As practised in the complex, diverse and dynamic realities of academic research and policy appraisal, each individual coinventionally-named method typically displays considerable latitude in the ways in which it is implemented in practise – spanning contrasting dimensions & degrees of ‘opening up’ and ‘closing down’. So it is difficult to generalise.