2. Introduction
Aminoglycosides are a group of bactericidal antibiotics,
Used to treat aerobic Gram –ve bacteria
Aminoglycosides are called bactericidal antibiotics
because they kill bacteria directly. They accomplish this
by stopping bacteria from producing proteins needed for
their survival.
Because aminoglycosides are normally used to treat
serious infections, they are typically administered into the
veins of the body (intravenously, or IV).
However, some aminoglycosides can be taken orally, or as
ear or eye drops
3. History and Source
Natural products or semisynthetic derivatives of
compounds produced by a variety of soil actinomycetes
Streptomycin was first discovered in 1944 by waksman
Isolated from a strain of Streptomyces griseus
Gentamicin and netilmicin are derived from species of
the actinomycete Micromonospora
5. Mechanism of Action
Aminoglycosides bind to 30s ribosomal units of
bacteria.An oxygen-dependent transport system is
necessary for aminoglycosides to reach their target site;
Pevents the formation of intiation complex,which is the
prerequisite for peptide synthesis
Lack of the formation of intiation complex causes the 30s
sub unit to MISREAD THE GENITIC CODE on mRNA
Incorrect aminoacids are thus incorporated into the
growing peptide chain,which are of no use for bacterial
growth
LEADS TO BACTERIAL DEATH
7. Aminoglycosides also act by Formed improper intiation
complex blocks the movement of ribosomes
Resulting in a mRNA chain attached with single
ribosomes (monosomes)
Thus amino glycoside also interfer in the assemble of poly
somes
Results in the accumulation of non functional ribosomes
8. PHARMACOKINETICS
ABSORPTION:Aminoglycosides are highly polar , so
they have very poor oral bioavailability.
Therefore they are given parenterally or applied locally.
DISTRIBUTION: These are poorly distributed and
poorly protein bound when given parenterally they failed
to reach intraoccular fluid or CSF.
METABOLISM:As they do not penetrate more celluar
compartments they do not under go any significant
metabolism
9. EXCRETION:
Mainly by kidney through glomerular filtration.
Resulting in fairly high urinary concentration.
so they can be used in the treatment of URINARY
TRACT INFECTIONS .
Their excetion is directly proportional to creatinine
clearence .
Though normal half life varies from 1.5-3 hrs,it may
increased to 24-48 hrs in patients with renal insufficiency
10. Dosing regimens
Gentamicin/tobramycin
sisomycin/netilmycin
Streptomycin/kanamycin
amikacin
Single total daily dose regimen for patients with normal
renal function because of:
a. Aminoglycosides have concentration dependent killing
and a long post antibiotic effect
b. b. Plasma concentration remain subthresold for
ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity
3-5mg/kg/day
7.5-15mg/kg/day
11. Single daily dose regimen is not used in:
Patient with abnormal renal function and children
Gentamicin is combined with β-lactam for bacterial
endocarditis
Aminoglycosides exhibit CONCENTRATION
DEPENDENT KILLING i;e their increased
concentration kills an increased proportion of bacteria at
rapid rate
DOSE
OF RENALIN- =
SUFFICIENCY
NORMAL THERAPEUTIC
SERUM CREATININE VALUE
(mg/dl)
12. Post antibiotic effect
Aminoglycosides exhibit concentration dependent killing.
They also possess significant Post-antibiotic effect.
Postantibiotic effect (PAE) is the term used to describe
suppression of bacterial growth that persists after brief
exposure of organisms to antimicrobials. PAE have
clinical impact on antimicrobial dosing regimens.
Single daily dosing at least as effective as and no more
toxic than multiple dosing
13. Mechanism of resistance
Aquisition of cell membrane bound inactivating enzymes
that adenylate/acetylate or phosphorylate drug
Mainly by conjugation and transfer of plasmids
Nosocomial microbes have become rich in such
plasmids, some of which encode for multidrug resistance
Decreased efficiency of transporting mechanismof the
aminoglycosides into bacterial cytosol
Less common • Found in pseudomonas: 2nd phase
active transport defective
Deletion/alteration of receptor protein on 30 S ribosomal
unit by mutation: prevents attachment
Less common , Specific for particular drug , Seen in E.coli
14. Antibacterial spectrum
Primarily against Gm –ve aerobic bacilli
– Proteus, pseudomonas – E.Coli,enterobacter –
Klebsiella – Shigella
Only few Gm +ve cocci: – staph aureus, strepto viridans
Not effective against Gm +ve bacilli, Gm-ve cocci and
anaerobes
17. Ototoxicity
Ototoxicity results in irreversible, bilateral
highfrequency hearing loss and temporary
vestibular hypofunction Impairment of VIII
cranial nerve function , May be irreversible
Cochlear damage
Hearing loss and tinnitus – More with
neomycin , amikacin and kanamycin
Vestibular damage
Vertigo, ataxia, loss of balance
More with Streptomycin, gentamycin
• Tobramycin has both types of toxicity
• Netilimycin claimed to have low ototoxicity
18. Nephrotoxicity
Tubular damage causes: Low g.f.r , Nitrogen retention Albuminuria ,
Casts
High concentration is found in renal cortex and toxicity related to
total amount of drug received
Mechanism
Inhibit various phospholipases, sphingomyelinases, and ATPases, and
they alter the function of mitochondria and ribosomes
↓ PG synthesis and ↓ g.f.r
Incidence: 8-26%
Factor affecting nephrotoxicity
Total amount of drug administered
Duration of drug received
Advanced age, liver disease, diabetes mellitus, and septic shock↑
toxicity
Streptomycin and tobramycin are least nephrotoxic
19.
20. Neuromuscular blockade
Cause N-M junction blockade by
– Displacing Ca2+ from NM
junction
– By blocking post synaptic NM
receptors
– Inhibiting Ach release from
motor nerve
Neomycin & streptomycin:
more propensity
Tobramycin least likely to
produce it
Myasthenic weakness increases
by these drugs
21. Contraindications
Pregnancy: foetal ototoxicity
With other ototoxic drugs: furosemide, minocycline
With nephrotoxic drugs: vancomycin ,cisplatin
Elderly patients
Those with kidney disease
Cautious use of muscle relaxants
Do not mix with any other drug in same syringe
22. Gentamicin
Cheapest and first line antibiotic
3rd systemically antibiotic obtained from
micromonospora purpurea in 1964
Spectrum
Gram-ve bacilli like: E.coli, Klebsillea, Enterobacter,
H.Influenzae, proteus, serrratia, and pseudomonas
Many strain of brucella, campylobacter citrobacter,
Fransisella and yersinia are sensitive
Uses
23. USE
Use restricted to serious Gm-ve bacillary infections
Septicaemia, sepsis, fever in immunocompromised
patients – Used with penicillins
Pelvic infections : with metronidazole
SABE: with Penicillin G or ampicillin or vancomycin
Coliform infection: with ampicillin or ceftriaxone
Pseudomonal infections: with ticarcillin
Meningitis by Gm-ve bacilli : III generation
cephalosporin alone or with gentamicin
24. Streptomycin
Oldest aminoglycoside obtained from sreptomyces griseus
Spectrum
H.Ducreyi, Brucella, Yersinia, Nocardia, Campylobacter
granulomatis, Francisella tularensis, M. Tuberculosis
Uses
Tuberculosis :Tuberculocidal
Acts only on extracellular bacilli
Use: in 2nd category T.B. for first two months
Dose:15 mg/kg i.m. thrice a week for 2 month
Subacute bacterial endocarditis
Plague: rapid cure within 7-12 days but tetracycline is drug of
choice
Tularemia: Streptomycin is drug
25. Streptomycin dependence:
Certain mutant grown in presence of streptomycin
dependent on it
Seen in tuberculosis
Toxicity
Lowest nephrotoxicity
Hypersensitivity reaction are rare: rashes, eosinophillia,
exfoliative dermatitis, and fever are reported
Anaphylaxis is very rare
26. Kanamycin
Obtained frorn S. kanamyceticus :in 1957
Similar to streptomycin in all aspects
Toxicity and narrow spectrum not used now
Occasionally used in 2nd line drug in tuberculosis
Tobramycin
Similar to gentamycin
Used pseudomonas and proteus resistant to gentamycin
Ototoxicty and nephrotoxicity is less
Sisomicin
Identical to gentamicin
More potent on pseudomonas and -hemolytic streptococci
Used interchangeably with gentamicin
27. Amikacin
Less toxic semisynthetic derivative of kanamycin
Resistant to enzymes that inactivate gentamicin and
tobramcyin
Widest spectrum of activity
Uses:
– Same as gentamicin
– Reserve drug for hospital acquired Gm-ve bacillary
infections
– Multidrug resistant TB along with other drugs Dose :
15mg/kg/day in 1-3 doses
28. Netilmicin
Semisynthetic derivative of gentamycin
Broader spectrum
Relatively resistant to aminoglycoside inactivating
enzymes
More active against klebsilla, Enterobacter and
styphylococcus
Less active against pseudomonas
Less ototoxic
29. Neomycin
Wide spectrum
Use
Topically combine with polymixin and bacitacin) ,Infected
wound ,Ulcers , Burns , External ear infections
,Conjuctivitis
Orally
Preparation for bowel surgery:3 doses of 1g along with
metronidazole 0.5 g on day before surgery reduce
postoperative infection
Hepatic coma: By suppressing intestinal flora it decrease
NH3 production
Because of toxicity lactulose is used
30. Side effects
Malabsorption syndrome with diarrhoea and
stetorrhoea
Hypersensitivity reactions, primarily skin rashes,
occur in 6-8% of patients –with topical therapy
Superinfection with candida
Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity
Neuromuscular blockade with respiratory paralysis
Framycetin
Very similar to neomycin
Too toxic for systemic administration
Used topically on skin, eye ear
31. REFERENCES
• Tripathi K.D. Essentials Of Medical Pharmacology. 7th
ed. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2014:[182-191]
• Rang H.P ,Dale M.M, Ritter J.M, Flower
R.J.Pharmacology. 6th ed.Elsevire: Churchill
livingstone;2008:[226-237
• http://www.medindia.net/articles/aminoglucosides.htm
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aminoglycosides