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Preparing Students for the Knowledge
              Economy
Session Objectives
1. Define and discuss competency and expertise
development
2. Synthesize and apply the concepts of
competency and expertise development to your
educational context.
3. Construct digital content based on the
principles of expertise development, and with
appropriate metrics to measure competency.
Education, and the Knowledge Economy
                           By Sage Ross (Own work) [CC-BY-SA]
Author               Generation    Name              Evidence
                     Birth Years

Tapscott, 1997       1977-1997     Media             Online chat with 28 teens
                                   Generation

Howe, 2000           1982 - 2000   Millenials        500 high school seniors in southeastern U.S.

Prensky, 2001        unspecified   Digital Natives   Exposure to media

Beck and Wade,       1975 - 2004   Gaming            Playing video games
2004                               Generation        Survey business leaders

Rideout et al.,      “young        Gen M             1999 report: 2,065 children aged 8-18
1999, Rideout et     people aged                     2004 report: 2,032 students ages 8-18
al., 2005, Rideout   8 to 18”                        2009 report: 2002 students ages 8–18
et al., 2010

Dede, 2005           unspecified   Neomillenials     Exposure to media

Oblinger and         1982–1991     Net Generation    Exposure to media
Oblinger, 2005

Ito, M. 2009         “Under the    Digital Youth     659 semi-structured interviews, 28 diary studies, focus
                     age of 25”                      group
                     in 2005                         interviews with 67 participants; 78 interviews; 363 survey
                                                     respondents; 5,194 observation hours;
                                                     10,468 profiles on social sites; 15 online discussion group
                                                     forums, and more than 389 videos.

Kent, 2004           “young        Young people      Survey in 2001: n=1818
                     people ages                     Survey in 2003: n= 1471
                     9 – 18”                         Group semi-structured interviews: n=192
                                                     Family interviews: n=19 (representing 11 families)
•   Attitudes
 •   Career cycle
 •   Gender
 •   Geographic location
 •   Educational achievement
 •   Economic (“digital divide”)
 •   Net Neutrality

Barron, 2004; Caison et al, 2008; Hargittai, 2008; DiMaggio, Hargittai, Celeste, and Shafer,
2004; Meng et al, 2010; Parasuraman, 2001; Slater, Crichton and Pegler, 2010; Statistics
Canada, 2009; US Bureau of Commerce, 2010; US Statistics Branch, 2010; Warschauer,
2000
Message #1:
Students vary in their skills & experiences
Message #2: Knowing isn’t enough

“There’s no competitive
advantage today in
knowing more than the
person next to you.
The world doesn’t care
what you know.
What the world cares
about is what you can
do.”
            - Tom Wagner
Knows

                                       Knows How
       Shows How
                                           Does
                   Synthesizes
                                              Applies

An educated and skilled population
that can create, share, and use
knowledge well.
            - The Knowledge Economy         Innovate
         Framework, World Bank, 2009
“We can teach new hires
  the content, and we will
     have to because it
continues to change, but we
  can’t teach them how to
  think — to ask the right
  questions — and to take
          initiative.”

   - Thomas L Friedman, New York
           Times, March 30, 2013
Message #3: We need to help students
          build expertise.




                                 Klein, 1999
Expertise follows a developmental curve



                                                        Master
                                        Expert

                           Proficient

               Competent


      Novice

                                           Dreyfus and Dreyfus, 1980
10,000 Hours
Deliberate Practice




                      Ericsson, 2003
Deliberate Practice




                      Ericsson, 2003
Adaptive Learning - Benefits
     Adaptive Learning - Benefits

• feel more confident in class discussions and on
  exams
• helps them learn lessons faster
• understand difficult concepts
• get better grades.
Adaptive Learning Needs to be Tailored
    Adaptive Learning - Benefits

 “Benefits of the system tested only accrue
 when the course learning objectives closely
 match those of the textbook and adaptive
 learning system.”
 Griff, E. R., & Matter, S. F. (2013). Evaluation of an adaptive online
 learning system. British Journal of Educational Technology, 44(1), 170-
 176.
Adaptive Learning Needs to be Tailored

 Missing and poorly developed knowledge
 construction processes impair students’ ability
 to transfer to new situations, and to problem
 solve.
Learners need a solution




    www.getsparkworks.com

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Building expertise for the knowledge economy

  • 1. Preparing Students for the Knowledge Economy
  • 2. Session Objectives 1. Define and discuss competency and expertise development 2. Synthesize and apply the concepts of competency and expertise development to your educational context. 3. Construct digital content based on the principles of expertise development, and with appropriate metrics to measure competency.
  • 3. Education, and the Knowledge Economy By Sage Ross (Own work) [CC-BY-SA]
  • 4. Author Generation Name Evidence Birth Years Tapscott, 1997 1977-1997 Media Online chat with 28 teens Generation Howe, 2000 1982 - 2000 Millenials 500 high school seniors in southeastern U.S. Prensky, 2001 unspecified Digital Natives Exposure to media Beck and Wade, 1975 - 2004 Gaming Playing video games 2004 Generation Survey business leaders Rideout et al., “young Gen M 1999 report: 2,065 children aged 8-18 1999, Rideout et people aged 2004 report: 2,032 students ages 8-18 al., 2005, Rideout 8 to 18” 2009 report: 2002 students ages 8–18 et al., 2010 Dede, 2005 unspecified Neomillenials Exposure to media Oblinger and 1982–1991 Net Generation Exposure to media Oblinger, 2005 Ito, M. 2009 “Under the Digital Youth 659 semi-structured interviews, 28 diary studies, focus age of 25” group in 2005 interviews with 67 participants; 78 interviews; 363 survey respondents; 5,194 observation hours; 10,468 profiles on social sites; 15 online discussion group forums, and more than 389 videos. Kent, 2004 “young Young people Survey in 2001: n=1818 people ages Survey in 2003: n= 1471 9 – 18” Group semi-structured interviews: n=192 Family interviews: n=19 (representing 11 families)
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7. Attitudes • Career cycle • Gender • Geographic location • Educational achievement • Economic (“digital divide”) • Net Neutrality Barron, 2004; Caison et al, 2008; Hargittai, 2008; DiMaggio, Hargittai, Celeste, and Shafer, 2004; Meng et al, 2010; Parasuraman, 2001; Slater, Crichton and Pegler, 2010; Statistics Canada, 2009; US Bureau of Commerce, 2010; US Statistics Branch, 2010; Warschauer, 2000
  • 8. Message #1: Students vary in their skills & experiences
  • 9. Message #2: Knowing isn’t enough “There’s no competitive advantage today in knowing more than the person next to you. The world doesn’t care what you know. What the world cares about is what you can do.” - Tom Wagner
  • 10. Knows Knows How Shows How Does Synthesizes Applies An educated and skilled population that can create, share, and use knowledge well. - The Knowledge Economy Innovate Framework, World Bank, 2009
  • 11. “We can teach new hires the content, and we will have to because it continues to change, but we can’t teach them how to think — to ask the right questions — and to take initiative.” - Thomas L Friedman, New York Times, March 30, 2013
  • 12. Message #3: We need to help students build expertise. Klein, 1999
  • 13. Expertise follows a developmental curve Master Expert Proficient Competent Novice Dreyfus and Dreyfus, 1980
  • 15. Deliberate Practice Ericsson, 2003
  • 16. Deliberate Practice Ericsson, 2003
  • 17. Adaptive Learning - Benefits Adaptive Learning - Benefits • feel more confident in class discussions and on exams • helps them learn lessons faster • understand difficult concepts • get better grades.
  • 18. Adaptive Learning Needs to be Tailored Adaptive Learning - Benefits “Benefits of the system tested only accrue when the course learning objectives closely match those of the textbook and adaptive learning system.” Griff, E. R., & Matter, S. F. (2013). Evaluation of an adaptive online learning system. British Journal of Educational Technology, 44(1), 170- 176.
  • 19. Adaptive Learning Needs to be Tailored Missing and poorly developed knowledge construction processes impair students’ ability to transfer to new situations, and to problem solve.
  • 20. Learners need a solution www.getsparkworks.com

Editor's Notes

  1. Names: not the same. To those that “what’s in a name” matters, you can appreciate there is variability in the literature that has not been reconciled. For those who are not sticky on the name, let’s move on to this idea that exposure to media matters. Just by having technology, I’m different than you. This is based on the assumption that more technology is related to your birth year, ergo you are digitally savvy. This is problmeatic: it assumes the whole generation is the same, it assumes an end to the generation. But let’s be good critical appraisers of research and look at the evidence. Some is opinion. Notably, Prensky – video game company owner. Some is research –based. Variety of results. Focus in on big studies – even big studies don’t say “media = media savvy user”
  2. But this lit only looks at part of the picture
  3. There is a bigger picture
  4. Technology use is actually complexLet’s widen gaze, look at other researchCitations at bottom relate to various areas of research – business, education, economics, population statisticsShows that there are multiple factors in media adoption that cut across populations and generations – not just a generation issue!
  5. acquire content knowledge and achieve proficiency with its use
  6. Assumes developmental process