Pharmacognosy and phytochemistry-ll Related all drugs in sem 5

1. CHARACTERISTICS VINCA BELLADONA DIGITALIS OPIUM RAUWLFIA
Chemical class Indole alkaloids Tropane alkaloids Cardiac glycoside Isoquinoline alkaloids Indole alkaloids
Synonyms Catharanthus periwinkle Belladonna leaf, Deadly
night shade
Digitalis leaf, Foxglove
leaves
Raw opium Rauwolfia root, sarpagandha
Biological sources Dried whole plants of
Catharanthus roses
Belladonna herb consist of
dried leafs and other aerial
parts of Atropa belladonna
Dried leaves of digitalis
pupurea
Dried milky exudates obtained
by incising the unripe capsule
of papaver somniferum
Dried roots of Rauwolfia
serpentina
Family Apocynaceae Solanaceae scrophulariaceae Papaveraceae Apocynaceae
Chemical
Constituent
Mainly contain Indole
group with onocytic
action ;ike Vincristine,
Vinblastine, ajmalicine
l-Hyoscyamine, Belladonine,
Scopolamine
Digitalis contains 0.2 to
0.45% of both primary
and secondary glycosides.
Opium contain about 35
alkaloids among which
morphine (10-16%) is the
most important base. The
alkaloids are combined with
mecoic acid. The other
alkaloids isolated from the
drug are codeine (0.8-2.5%),
narcotine, thebain (0.5-2%)
narceine, papaverine.
Morphine contains a
phenanthrene nucleus
About 30 indole alkaloids; range
from 0.7 – 3% on GS.
Mostly in bark, root
Indole, indoline, indolenine,
oxyindole, pseudo indoxyl
alkaloids
Marketed
formulation
-Vin BLAStine sulfate
Injection (USP) 10 mg.
-ONCOVIN (BP)
-Cytocristin
-Aqueous (USP)
-CYTOBLASTINE
-BELLADONNA
-BELLADONNA TINCTURE
-- BELCOMP-PB
--Digoxin oral solution
(USP)
-- Dixin
-- Digoxin injection
-- Opium Tincture (USP)
-- Oxycodone Hcl Tablets
-- Morphium sulphate
injection
--Rauwolfia serpentine MT tablets
--Rauwolfia SERP
Mother tincture (Rauwolfia SERP)
Geographical
sources
It is indigenous to
Madagascar and
cultivated in south Africa,
India, USA, Europe
Central and south Europe,
England, Gemany, America,
India (kulu, Kashmir, simla)
Mostly in easdtern
Eurpoe and also in
Holland and USA
It is mainly found in Turkey,
Russia, Yugoslavia, Tasmania,
India, Pakistan, Iran,
Tropical regions of Asia, America,
and Africa. Commercially, In
India, Shri lanka, Myanmar,
Thailand and and America

2. Afganistan, China, Burma,
Thailands, and Laos.
Color Green (leaves), grey
(Roots)
Green to brownish (leaves)
Purple to yellowish (flower)
Green to brown (fruits)
Dark greyish green Dark brown Greyish yellow to brown (root
bark) and pale yellow (wood)
Odor Characteristics Slight and characteristic Odourless Strong, characteristics Odourless
Taste Bitter Bitter Distinctly bitter Bitter Bitter
Size Leaves- 5 to 25 cm long, 2.5
to 12 cm wide
Flower- corolla 3cm longs 2
cm wide
Fruits- 10cm diameter
Length- 10 to 30 cm
Width – 4 to 10 cm
10-80 cm in length and 1-3cm in
diameter
Leaves Simple, petiolates, ovate Leaves are ovate,
lanceolate, acuminate
Ovate, petiolates
Flower Bracteate, pedicellate,
complete and
hermaphrodite
Campanulate, small
Fruits Follicles with many black
seeds
Berries, subglobular
Roots Sub-cylindrical, slightly tapered,
tortuous
Dose Vincristine-10 to
30mg/body wt. :
Vinblastine 100 µg/body
wt.
0.6-1 ml Belladona tincture
4 times/days
30-125mg
Microscopical *Upper surface is single
layered rectangular in
shape.
*Epidermis consist of
unicellular
*covering trichomes
* Epidermal cells are
slightly anticlinical
* Anisocytic stomata is
present, uniserrate,
covering trichomes also
*It is dorsivental leaf
*It has anomocytic
stomata
*covering and glandular
trichomes on both sides.
*Corlc striated
*Phelloderm
*Narrow phloem: small scattered
sieve tubes
*Secondary phloem:- Calcium
oxalate crystals

3. PHENYL PROPANOIDS AND FLAVONIDS
*palisade is single
layered
*Phloem present in
centre
present paliasaderatio is 5-
7
*Glandular trichomes are
short, unicellular stalk
and unicellular
*Xylem:- vessels, tracheids, wood
parenchym wood parenchyma
and wood fibre
Uses Antineoplastic agents Parasympatholytic,
anticholinergic, saliva,
gastric juice, spasm
In the treatment of
congestive heart failure
In Mfg. of Morphine, codeine,
narcotine, papaverine.
Rescinnamine (anti-
hypertensive), neuropsychiatric
disorder
CHARACTERSTICS TEA RUTA
Synonyms Camellia thea Ruta graveolens, Rue, Herby grass, Garden rue
Biological Sources It consist of prepared leaves of Thea sinensis It consist of dried herb of ruta graveolens
Family Theaceae Rutaceae
Geographical Sources India, Srilanka, China, Indonesia, Japan Southern Europe, India, and Cultivated in Britain
Colour Leaves are dark green, lanceolate, elliptical, blent apex,
margins are tapering
Leaves are bluish green
Flower are green yellow
Fruits are brownish green
Odour Characteristic Characteristic and strong aromatic
Taste Bitter Pungent
Chemical constituents Contain caffeine, theophylline, theobromine, oxidase enzyme
thease and tannins, volatile oil
Rutin and Quercetin (Flavonoids glycoside) gravioline (Alkaloids)
Uses Stimulant, diuretics, source of caffeine Headache, arthritis, cramps, spasm, cold, fever,
Marketed formulation

4. STEROIDS AND TRITERPENOIDS
CHARACTERSTICS Liquorice Digitalis lanata Dioscorea
Synonyms Glycyrrhiza; Liquorice root; Glycyrrhizae
radix
Austrial digitalis, woolly foxglove leaves. Yam, Rhumatism root, Asiatic yam
Biological Sources It is dried, peeled or unpeeled, roots,
rhizomes or stolon of Glycyrrhiza glabra
Linn
Dried leaf of Digitalis lanata Ehrhart It consist of dried tuber of plants
dioscorea deltoidea, D.composita, ,
D.floribunda
Family Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Scrophulariaceae Dioscoreaceae
Geographical Sources Liquorice obtained from wild plants and
from semi wild plants cultivated in Iraq,
Syria, Afganistan, Spain, Sicily and
England
Southern Europe and Central Europe, USA,
Holland, and Equador
It is found in Africa, asia, Europe,
Mexico, South America, USA, China,
and India
Colour Unpeeled liquorice- Externally,
yellowish brown or dark brown; and
internally, yellowish colour
Slightly brown
Odour Faint and Characteristics Odourless
Taste Sweet Bitter
Size Length=20 to 50cm; Diameter=2cm Variable
Shape *Unpeeled Drug- Straight and nearly
cylindrical
*Peeled drug- Mostly angular
Fracture Fibrous in bark; and splintery in the
wood
Chemical constituents *Glycyrrhizin/glycyrrhizic acid (major
glycoside)
*Glycyrrhitic acid (aglycone)
*Glucoronic acid
Liquiritoside; is liquiritoside, liquiritin
*Sugar-glucose, mannitols
Cardiac glycoside like lanatoside A,B,C and E.
Lamatoside A and B are acetyl derivatives of
purpurea glycoside A and B respectively.
Dioscin (major glycoside), Diosgenin
(aglycone), Smilagenin, Epi smilagenin,
Β-Yammogenin, starch, Sapogenase

5. VOLATILE OILS (TERPENOIDS)
Characteristics Mentha Clove Cinnamon Cassia cinnamon Fennel Coriander
Synonyms Peppermint oil,
Oleum, mentha
piperita, mint oil
Clove bud, Laung,
lavang, Caryophyllum
Dalchini, Ceylon
Cinnamon,
Cinnamon bark
Chinese Cinnamon Foeniculum species,
saunf, Fennel fruits
Dhaniya fruits, Coriander
fruits, coriandrum.
Biological sources It is obtained by steam
distillation of
flowering tops of
Mentha Piperita Linn.
Dried flower buds of
Eugenia caryophyllus
(Sprengel) Bullock and
Harrison
Dried bark, freed
from the outer cork
from parenchyma,
Dried stem bark of
Cinnamomum
cassia Blume
Dried ripe fruits
obtained from
cultivated of
Foeniculum vulgare
Miller
Dried ripe fruits of
Coriandrum sativum Linn.
Family Labiatae Myrtaceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Umbelliferae Umbelliferae
Geographical
Sources
It is cultivated in
Japan, England,
France, Italy, USA,
It is native in Mollucca
islands and also in
Tanzania, Madagascar,
Srilanka, Malabar,
Coast of India,
Jamaica, and Brazil
Native of china also
found in Myanmar,
Srilanka
It is cultivated in
Romania, Russia,
It is cultivated in Europe,
Egypt, Morocco, and India
*Resin, volatile oil
Starch
Uses Expectorent, demulcents, flavoring
agents, anti-inflammatory
Commercial source of digoxin, Employed in
the treatment of auricular fibrillation and
congestive heart failure.
Rheumatic arthritis treatment.
 Manufacture of progesterone,
other steroids, contraceptives
Marketed formulation Yaahi madhu powder, Licorice tincture Wild yam root, Dioscorea vilosa
Microscopical *T.S. reveals yellow-brown cork layers,
and a layer of Phelloderm that is 1 to 3
cells thick
* Cortex exhibits medullary rays, and
obliterated sieve portion radiates
alternately.
Trichomes:- 10-14 celled nonglandular
Trichomes and the glandular one.
Epidermis is brown, thin, and scles off
more or less upon drying, especially
when the rhizome is gathered in the
spring, but which is not the case with a
good quality of it, when dug is autumm.
*internal color of dry rhizome is whitish
Identification test When sulphuric acid (80% W/V) is
added to a thick section of the drug or
powder, it instantly produced a color
Baljet Test, Legal Test, Keller Killani Test

6. Bulgaria, USSR and
India
Indonesia, Srilanka,
and India
Germany, France,
Japan, and India
Colour Yellowish in colour or
colourless
Crimson red to brown Externally dull
yellowish brown,
Internally dark
yellowish brown
Earthy brown on
both surfaces
Green to yellow
brown
Brownish yellow
Odour Agreeable, pleasant
and characteristics
Characteristics or
aromatics
Aromatics Sweet, aromatics Sweet, aromatics Sweet, aromatics
Taste Aromatics, pungent Aromatics, pungent Warm and very
refined
Aromatic, slight
sweetish
Aromatic, slight
sweetish
Spicy
Solubility Soluble in 70%
alcohol, ether, and
chloroform insoluble
in water
Size Length (10 to 18 mm),
width (3 to 4 mm), and
thickness (2mm)
Length is about 1
meter, diameter is
nearly 1 cm and
thickness is
approximately
0.5mm
Length 5 to 40
mm, width 12 to 18
mm and thickness
1 to 3 mm
Length 5 to 10 mm
and width 2 to 4 mm
3 to 5 mm in diameter
Shape Flower bud is nail-
shaped, hypanthium-
quadrangular (length
10 to 12 mm X
diameter 2 to 3 mm),
Head-Globules
Compound quill form Single quill Straight or slightly
curved, cremocarpus
fruit, glabrous,
straight with 5
primary ridges and
bifid stylopod
Subsperical, Cremocarpous
fruits
Chemical
Constituents
Volatil oil, menthol,
menthone, Methyl
acetate, cineole,
Limonene, Flavonoids,
Tannins, Resins,
Azulene, Limonene
Volatile oil, Eugenol,
Acetyl Eugenol, α,β-
Caryopyllene, Tannin,
other substance
mainly methyl furfural
and dimethyl furfural
Volatile oil contains:
Cinnamaldehyde,
Eugenol,
Benzaldehyde,
Cuminic aldehyde,
Pinene
Volatile oil contain:
Cassia oil,
mucilage, starch,
calcium oxalate,
and tannin (1-2%)
85%
Cinnamaldehyde
3-7% volatile oil, 20%
fixed oil, 20%
proteins, volatile oils
contains:- 50%
Anethole & 20%
Fenchone,
Phellandrene,
Essential oils (1-2%)
Linalool (major
constituents)

7. Limonene, Anisic
aldehyde
Fracture Splintery Short and granular
Uses Carminative,
Stimulants, Flavouring
agent, And antiseptics
Headache, toothache,
lozenges
Aromatic stimulants Caraminative,
stimulants
Flavoring agents,
stimulants,
expectorants
Aromatic, stimulants,
purgatives
Marketed
formulation
Mentha Piperita oil,
Menthol crystal IP, BP,
USP
Liquid kazima clove,
Herbins clove oil pure
and nature,
Cinnamon organic
capsule, Ceylon
cinnamon
Cassia fistula,
Cassia Essential oil
Fennel seed oil,
saunf- fennel- sombu
seed skin care
Coriander oil, organic
coriander powder,
TANNINS
Characteristics Catechu Pale Catechu Pterocarpus
Synonyms Kattha, Cutch, Catechu Gambier, Catechu Malbar kino, Indian Kino tree, Cochin kino
Biological source Is an aqueous extract of the heartwood or
Acacia catechu Willdenow, Conc. by boiling
Is an aq. Extract prepared from the leaves and
young shoots of uncaria gambier Roxburgh
It is unorganized drug obtained from dried juice of
pterocarpus marsupium linn.
Family Leguminosae Rubiaceae Leguminosae
Geographical
Sources
Myanmar and India It is cultivated from Singapore, Sumatra It is found in Ceylon and India
Colour Dull Brownish to black Dark reddish brown Transparent or dark ruby red
odour Odourless None None or odourless
Taste Astringent and subsequently sweet First bitter and astringent afterward sweetish Astringent
Size Near about 2.0 cm X 5. cm ---- Grain are 3 to 5 mm in diameter and sometimes
more than 10 min.
Shape Cube like or brick shaped pieces Cubes, slightly concave, break easily, and friable Small, glistering, angular grain
Solubility A brown magma forms with cold water
with Boiling water it dissolves entirely and
crystalline sediment is deposited upon
cooling
Partially soluble in cold water, soluble in hot water
and alcohols

8. Chemical
Constituents
Chief constituents- Catechutannic acid (25-
33%) and acacatechin (10-12% )
Other constituents- catechu red, gum,
quercetin, and quercitrin
Drug contains:- cathchin (7-33%), Catechutannic
acid (22-50%)
Other constituents--- cathechu red, quercetin,
and gambier fluorescin
Chief constituents- kino and kinotannic acid (70-
80 %)
Other constituents- kino red, catechol, tannin and
resin
Uses Astringent, cooling and digestive action Medicinally as an astringent, in treatment of
diarrhoea and local astringent , it also used for
tanning and dyeing purposes
Astringent, in treatment of diarrhea, and
dysentery, bleeding gum and toothache and
diabetes
Marketed
formulation
Acacia catechu powder, Dolvestin-250 Panchaveda Petrocarpus marsupium,
RESINS
Characteristics Benzoin Guggal Ginger Asafoetida Myrrh Colophony
Synonyms Loban, Sumatra Benzoin Gum guggul,
Scented bdellium
Adarak, Zingiber Hing, Ferula Gum Myrrh,
Commiphora,
Bissabol
Rosina, long needle pine,
colophonium, pine resin
Biological sources 2 types of benzoin available
in markets
a. Sumatra benzoin:- it
obtained from styrax
benzoin Dryand
(Family-Styraceae)
b. Siam benzoin:- It
obtained from styrax
tankinesis (family-
Styraceae).
Gum resin obtained
by incision of the
bark of
“Commiphora
mukul”
Family:-
Burseraceae
It belongs to oleo
gum resin category
and is obtained
from the rhizomes
of zingiber
Officinate Roscoe
Family:-
Zingibareceae
It is an oleo gum
resin obtained from
the roots of Ferula
Foetida Regal, F.
Rubricants, Boissier
Family:-
Umbelliferae
It is gum resin
obtained from the
stem of
commiphora
molmol Engier
Family:- Burseracae
Pinus palustris, P. echinata,
P. maritime
Family:- Pinaceae
Geographical
sources
It produce in south Eastern
asia Where Siam benzoin
found in trees grown in
Thailands and vietnam
Distributed
throughout India
It is found in
(Cochin, calicuts),
Chinese, JAmican,
and African
Plants are large,
and grow in
Afganistan, Persia,
and central Asia
It is mainly
collected from
Somaliland in the
north east of Africa
and south Arabia
It is prepared in Pakistan,
south east USA, north
America, South West
France, Europe and India

9. Sumatra benzoin
Colour Grey or greyish brown Brown or pale
yellow or dull green
Buff or earthy
brown
Dull yellow or grey
colour which
change into reddish
brown on storage
Reddish brown Amber coloured or
sometimes yellowish to
yellowish brown
Odour Characteristics and
aromatics
Aromatics,
balsamic and
pleasant
Characteristics,
agreeable, and
Aromatics
Intense,
Penetrating,
persistent,
alliaceous smell
Agreeable aromatic Faint
Taste Sweet and slight acrid Bitter and
Characteristics
Pungent Bitter, acrid and
alliaceous
Unpleasant,
aromatic, bitter,
acrid
Angular, Translucent masses
Form Lump or tear form Ginger is a rhizome Paste, tear and
mass bulk
Size Varying size 1 to 2.5 cm in
diameter
Rhizomes are 5 to
15 cm in length and
2 to 6 cm in width
0.5-4cm in
diameter
2.5 to 10 cm in
diameter
Varies in size
Shapes Circular, irregular
masses or
agglomerated tears
Rhizomes are
laterally
compressed, bears
short, flat, ovate,
branches, and bud
at apex
Tears are separate,
rounded or
flattened
Irregular rounded
tears
Solubility Forms white
emulsions with
water, partly
soluble in alcohols
Texture Uneven Rough, dull and
dusty surface
Siam Benzoin
Colour Rusty-brown or yellowish-
brown
Odour Pleasant and vanilla flavor

10. Taste Sweet and slight acrid
Form Hard and brittle masses
Size Varying Size
Fracture Brittle Fibrous, short Brittle, granular
fracture
Chemical
constituents
1. It contains free
balsamic acids 25%
(benzoic and cinnamic
acid (20%) and ester
derived from them
2. Siam benzoin differs
from Sumatra variety
that it contain
insufficient cinnamic
acid to give an odour of
benzaldehyde when
warmed with
potassium permagnate
solution.
32%gum,
1.45%Essential oil,
sterols, sugar,
Ellagic acid, Amino
acids, Flavonoids
Gingerol, shagol,
zingiberol,
Phellandrene,
bisabilone, starch
Redsin, gums,
Ferulic acid,
umbelliferone,
asaresinotannols,
asaresinol, volatile
oil, pinene,
coumarin
Resin(25%), volatile
oil (2.5—6.5%) and
gum (60%) along
with these
compound, three
free resin acids.
It contains unsaturated resin
acids principally abietic acid,
ester of oleic acid, volatile
oil, resenes, sapenic acid,
pimaric acids etc. The
unsaponifiable matter of
colophony contains high
molecular weight alcohols
and hydrocarbons
Uses 1. Used as irritant,
expectorant,
carminative, and
diuretics
Lower serum
triglycerides,
cholesterols, LDL,
VLDL, and raise
HDL
1. Anti-bacterial
2. Used in
contiments
3. Decrease in
cholestrol level
Carminative,
antispasmodic,
expectorants,
sedative, diuretics,
Antiviral
Stimulants,
antiseptics
property, uterine
stimulants,
emmenagogue
Diuretics, stimulant,
ointment preparation,
varnishes manufacturing
etc.
Marketed
formulation
1. Benzoin compound
Tincture
Diakof (Himalaya
Co.),
Arogyavardhini
gutika (Dabur)
Buderim ginger,
Hotta coffe with
ginger, Alcoholic
ginger beer
Heeng oil Murrh gum, myrrh
oils
J.P. Nikhar oils, Purina

11. GLYCOSIDE
Characteristics Senna Aloes Bitter Almond
Synonyms Tinnevelly Senna, Indian Senna Aloe, Ghitkumari Amygdala amara
Biological source Dried leaflets of Cassia Aungustifolia Dried juice collected by incision from the
bases of the leaves of various species of
Aloe. Aloe bardadenis (Curacao aloes), Aloe
spicata (Cape aloes), Aloe perryi (Socotrine
aloes), Aloe ferox
It consist of dried ripe seeds of plants prunus
amygdalus Batsch var amara
Family Leguminosae Liliaceae Rosaceae
Geographical Sources It is found in india (Tamil nadu, Andhra
Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharastra)
It is indigenous to eastern and southern
Africa and cultivated for commercial purpose
in west India, islands off the north coast of
south America
It is indigenous to Iran and Asia and cultivated
in Sicily, Italy, Protugal, Morocco and South
France.
Colour Yellowish-green Depends upon variety dark brown, brownish
black, or black
Brown
Odour Slightly Characteristics none
Taste Mucilaginous, bitter and characteristics Intensely bitter and nauseating Bitter
Size 7 to 8mm in width & 25 to 60mm in
length
Masses of various sizes 20mm length, 120 mm width and 10mm
thickness
Shape Lanceolate, entire, apex is acute with
spine at the top
Flat, Oblong, Ovoid having marks on testa
Chemical constituents Contain Anthraquinone derivatives. 1.
Active constituents are: Sennoside
A,B,C,D
Other chemical constituents are:
Rhein, Aloe-emodin, Myricyl alcohol,
Salicylic acid, Resin, Kaempferol,
Isorhamnetin, Phytosterol, Mucilage,
Calcium oxalate
1. Contain 30% Aloin which is a mixture of
3 isomers: Barbaloin, Beta barbaloin,
Isobarbaloin, Aloninoside A, B,
capaloresinotannol with p-coumaric
acid, Resin of curaco variety contain
Barbaloresino-tannol
Bitter almond contains fixed oil (40-50
percent). Protein (20 percent), enzyme
emulsin and bitter glycoside amygdalin (2-3
percent). It also contains volatile oil (0.5
percent). Amygdalin gives benzaldehyde and
hydrocyanic acid upon hydrolysis. Bitter
almond oil contains 80 percent benzaldehyde
and 2-6 percent hydrocyanic acid.
Uses Laxative, Irritant purgative Strong purgatives, Irritation and malignancy Sedative, Skin lotion, Perfume industry
Manufactured by Senna syrup, Senna-Tab Alo vera Gel, Alo vera cream Bitter Almond Oil, Baqais liquid, Roghan
Badam Shirin.

12. Iridoids and Naphthaquinones
Characteristics Gentian Artemisia Taxus
Synonymns Gentian root, Gentiana, Radix Gentianae Worm seeds, santonica Yew, Himalayan yew, talispatra
Biological sources Gentian consist of dried fermented roots and
rhizomes of Gentiana lutea, the yellow gentian
It is unexpanded flowering heads of
Artemisia brevifolia wall, Artemisia cing Berg
and A. maritima Linn and its other species
Taxus consist of dried roots, bark,
and leaves of various taxus species
i.e. Taxus brevifolia, Taxus baccata,
Taxus cuspidata, Taxus canadenisis
Family Gentianaceae Compositae Taxaceae
Geographical sources In hilly areas in southern and central Europe,
Yugoslavia and Turkey
It widely grown in Pakistan, India, And turkey Mainly found in India, America, and
Canada
Colour Rhizomes are yellowish brown Flowers are yellowish, other part are whitish
grey
Odour Special brown Aromatic, sweet
Taste Sweet taste followed by intensely bitter taste Bitter, camphor like
Shape Cylindrical rhizomes Oval
Size Diameter is about 4 cm and more than 1m in
length
Fracture Brittle, tough
Chemical test Extract shows blue fluorescence under UV light Take powdered drug (1gm) and boil it with
alcohol (10ml), filter it. Add sodium
hydroxide to the filtrate and warm it until,
red colour appear
Uses Bitter tonic, Hypertension, muscle spasm, fever,
wounds, cancer, malaria
Strong Anthelmintic especially for round
worms
Lung caracinoma, Gastric and
cervical cancers
Adulterant / Substituents 1. Rhizome of Rumex alpines
2. Veratrum album
3. Gentiana purpurea
4. Gentiana Pannonica
Artemisia vulgaris Linn