1. CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA
THE ‘CHYTRIDS’
By SOURADEEP BANERJEE, M.Sc
Lecturer, Dept of Botany
J.K.College

2.  Idea about the origin of chytrids and how are
they related to the higher fungi
 Here ‘mya’ means million years ago
 So accordingly it clearly depicts that chytrid have
originated from a separate lineage/ from
different ancestors than those of it’s higher fungi.
 Though the ancestors of ascomycetes and
basidiomycetes are same but chytrids have
separate ancestors

3. INTRODUCTION
Fungi of this class are called as ‘Chytrids’
Grow aerobically in soil, mud, water. Though some species inhabits estuaries and sea
Reproduce using zoospores with single whiplash type flagellum; exception- Neocallimastigales
have multiflagella
Many members are saprotrophs i.e. utilizes chitin, keratin and cellulose of plants; whilst species of
Caulochytrium grows as mycoparasite on the mycelium and conidia of terrestrial fungi
terrestrial fungi
Some are biotropic parasite of filamentous algae and diatoms and severely deplete their growth;
species of Synchytrium and Olpidium are too biotropic parasite but of vascular plants

4. THALLUS STRUCTURE
Generally the biotropic
parasite have Holocarpic
thalli, but usually they
have Eucarpic thalli.
The former is that type of thallus where the
whole thallus is contained within a single
cell and there is no differentiation between
the vegetative and reproductive structures
The latter Eucarpic thalli, are
differentiated into a reproductive
and vegetative parts- Sporangia
and Rhizoids.
If one sporangia-
monocentric; here
rhizoids radiate from a
single portion
Epibiotic- rhizoids inside
the host cell and
sporangia outside
Endobiotic- both rhizoids
and sporangia inside the
host cell
If many sporangia-
polycentric; here rhizoids
are branched, forming
Rhizomycelium
Some species shows both
mono- and poly- centric
characters.

5. Types of
thallus

6. Allomyces sp.

7. CELL WALL
 X-ray diffraction and other microscopic techniques have shown presence of chitin- a polymer of
NAGA, as well as cellulose.
 As chitin is present in other higher classes of fungi like basidiomycetes and ascomycetes.
Whereas oomycetes have presence of cellulose in their cell wall. This clearly depicts that the
chytrids shows homology with the higher and advanced classes, thus is of evolutionary
importance.
 Members of hypochytrdiomycota like Hypochitrium and Rhizidiomyces shows presence of both
chitin and cellulose in their cell wall.

8. Asexual reproduction
 Zoospore in sporangia
 Autospore in sporangia
 Fragmentation- polycentric and resting spores
 Vegetative stage is generally haploid

9. Septosperma sp. resting spore
Operculate discharge in Operculomyces sp.

10. Inoperculate discharge
1% toluidine blue

11. THE ZOOSPORE
 Round or pear shaped sac containing one or more exit papillae
 Divided into two types: -
 Inoperculate- no operculum; Olpidium, Cladochytrium etc. where the discharge tubes
penetrates the exterior of the host cell and then dissolves
 Operculate- operculum present i.e. a special line of weakness which breaks open at the tip of
the discharge tube. Eg. Chytridium, Nowakoskiella etc.
 Zoospores are though similar in size but sporangia number and sizes varies within species, thus is
of taxonomic importance.

12. pollen
zoospore

13. CONTINUE…
 This varying number of sporangia and their sizes depends upon the nutrition and conditions they
grow around. This conclusion is supported by a study on Rhizophlyctis rozea. It has been seen
that in culture media with less carbs, sporangia containing only one or two zoospores have been
observed. Whereas cellulose rich media contained large sporangia with hundred of such spores.
 The zoospores are separated from each other by a spongy fluid which may absorb water during
maturation and help in the sporangia to burst open
 Structure of the zoospores though vary among different genera but are similar within same
genera (D. J. S. Barr,1990) thus it is of taxonomic importance.

14. The flagellar structure t.s.
 The concentration of mitochondria is high towards the base of the kinetosome
 Another complex which helps in the movement and directing the flagella of zoospore is known as
MLC (microbody lipid complex) consisting of a large lipid granule, microbodies, mitochondria,
smooth cisternae and Rumposome (fenestrated cisternae)
 Dormant kinetosome is also found in many members of this family

15.  The flagella is of whiplash type as similar as those of eukaryotes (study the structure in details of
eukaryotic flagella)
 a smooth membrane enclosing the cylindrical shaft, along with the long axoneme with 9 doublets
and two centrally placed singlet microtubular rings
 The flagellum consists of three main portions- the flagellum proper, the kinetosome and the
transitional zone.
 The evolutionary significance of the dormant kinetosome is that, maybe the ancestors of chytrids
were biflagellate and during the course of evolution they might have lost it
 Sometimes along with the doublets of A- and B- rings there maybe a presence of third ring or the
C- ring of microtubule.

16.  FC- fenestrated cisternae
 Mt- microtubule
 K- kinetosome
 F- flagella
 TP- terminal plate
 P/KP- kinetosome props
 FB- fibrillar body
 NFC- non-flagellated kinetosome
 Va- vesiculated area
 L- lipid body
 Mb- microbodies

18. The zoospore germination:
 Generally the zoospore either absorbs or cut off it’s flagella from their body before encysting
themselves.
 Holocarpic parasites encyst on the host surface and injects its cytoplasmic content inside the host cell
 In monocentric parasites the zoospore forms cyst and develops rhizoids from one point. The cyst itself
matures and enlarges to form zoosporangium. Sometimes prosporangium also develops.
 In polycentric parasites, the zoospores forms limited rhizomycelium, which again later on give rise to
more swollen structure which ultimately gives rise to more rhizomycelium. Germination maybe from
one point monopolar (Chytridiales) and bipolar (Blastocladiales).

19.  Isomorphic alternation of generation
 The gametothallic(haploid) and sporothallic(diploid) bodies morphology is same.
 The sexual reproduction are of two types- Gametogamy and Gamentangio-gametangiogamy
 Gametogamy are of: -
 Isogamy
 Anisogamy
 Oogamy
 Somatogamy

20. Oogamy

21. A proper diagram illustrating the sexual and asexual reproduction of Allomyces

22.  Somatogamy process: -
 Rhizoids from uninucleate contributing thallus together fuses and forms anastomosis.
 Cytoplasm and nuclei from both these contributing thallus comes to the point of anastomosis,
which ultimately becomes a globular resting body
 These resting body is binucleate and full of cytosol causing the contributing thalli to become
empty
 Two nuclei later fuses to form a diploid body which ultimately gives rise to a sporangium which
are not genetically dissimilar than their parents.

23. Somatogamy (Chytrimyces hyalinus)

24.  Conjugation takes place only when a small donor produces a conjugation tube to a larger recipient
gametangium.
 Following the nuclear fusion between the two gametangium, the larger recipient forms a thick
covering outside forming a diploid resting sporangium.
 After maturation the sporangium forms presporangium and gives rise to thin walled
meiosporangium, where obviously the meosis takes place, giving rise to haploid spores.
 A variant of this type of sexual diferrentiation (gametangio-gametangigamy) is seen in
Rhizophydium, where copulation between the gametangium of a rhizoid forming thallus and a
forming thallus and a motile gamete that encyst directly on the gametangium.

25. Conjugation
Meiosporangium

27.  Members of Chytridiomycetes and their hosts: -
 Synchitrium endobioticum- black wart of potato
 Olpidium brassicae- zoospores are vectors for virus causing big vein disease of lettuce
lettuce
 Colleomyces spp.- pathogen of freshwater invertebrates such as copepods and mosquito larvae
mosquito larvae
 Neocallimastigales- present in gut of herbivorous mammals, and feed the herbage

28. Referances: -
Webster, J., & Weber, R. W. S. (2007). Introduction to fungi 3 ed.