6. In some cases the stem of a word also changes when conjugating as well as the ending.
(Nosotros and Vosotros do not change)
almorzar
to eat lunch
contar Examples: morir
cuento to die
aprobar
cuentas to approve
cuenta mostrar
contamos to show
colgar
contáis to hang
cuentan mover
to move (an
object)
7. In some cases the stem of a word also changes when conjugating as well as the ending.
(Nosotros and Vosotros do not change)
acertar
cerrar Examples: to guess, get
cierro right
encender
cierras
to light, kindle
cierra advertir
cerramos to advise, warn
cerráis entender
cierran to understand
cerrar
to close, shut
8. In some cases the stem of a word also changes when conjugating as well as the ending.
(Nosotros and Vosotros do not change)
bendecir
repetir to bless
repito Examples: impedir
repites to impede
repite colegir
repetimos to deduce
repetĂs maldecir (*)
repiten to curse
competir
to compete
medir
to measure
9. Another specific type of “ yo
In irregular yo verbs only the “yo” form
irregular” includes verbs whose
changes when conjugated but the rest
yo form ends in -go even though
remain the same.
there is not a single g in the
infinitive. The simplest and most
common -go verbs are regular in
all forms except yo, so only the
irregular yo form is listed below.
hacer (to make, to do)
yo form: hago
poner (to put)
yo form: pongo
valer (to be worth)
yo form: valgo
salir (to leave)
yoform: salgo
caer (to fall)
yo form: caigo
raer(to scrape, rub off)
yo form: raigo
traer (to bring)
yo form: traigo
11. A verb is reflexive when the subject
and the object are the same.
Example:
I wash myself.
subject: I
verb: wash
object: myself
Since the subject and object are the
same, the verb is reflexive. The purpose of the reflexive object
pronouns is to show that the action of
When a verb is reflexive, the the verb remains with the subject.
infinitive ends in "se.“ Example:
Example: Juan se lava la cara.
lavar Juan washes his face. (reflexive)
to wash (non-reflexive) Juan lava su carro. (non-reflexive)
lavarse Juan washes his car.
to wash oneself (reflexive) Note: When referring to body parts, use
rascar the definite article, thus "la cara" not "su
to scratch (non-reflexive) cara."
rascarse
to scratch oneself (reflexive)
12. se is used in an
Se maneja rápidamente en
impersonal Lima.
sense with People drive fast in Lima.
singular verbs
to indicate that Se puede encontrar cocos en
people in el mercado.
You can find coconuts in the
general, or no
market.
person in
particular, Muchas veces se tiene que
performs the estudiar para aprender.
action. Often you have to study to
learn.
13. The vowels a, e, and o are strong in Spanish. They always form their own syllable wherever they appear. The
vowels u and i are weak, and only form their own syllable when they are separate from other vowels. When a
weak vowel is next to a strong vowel or another weak vowel, they AUTOMATICALLY form a diphthong,
that is, just one syllable.
Strong vowels (a, e, o) always form their own syllables:
o - tor - gar (3)
Weak vowels (i, u) form a their own syllable if they are "surrounded" by
consonants:
tri - bu (2)
Otherwise, weak vowels form a diphthong with the strong vowel that is
next to them:
lue - go (2
16. Imperfect
• Imperfect: regular ir/er
• -Ăa
-Ăas
-Ăa
The imperfect is
• -Ăamos used for past
-Ăais
• -Ăan actions that are
• Imperfect ar not seen as
• aba
abas completed
aba
ábamos
abais
aban
18. • a menudo
often
frecuentemente
a veces frequently
sometimes
cada dĂa generalmente
every day usually
cada año
every year muchas veces
many times
con frecuencia
frequently mucho
de vez en cuando a lot
from time to time
• todos los dĂas por un rato
every day for awhile
todo el tiempo
all the time siempre
always
varias veces
several times todas las semanas
every week
21. DAR- to give VER- to see
IR- to go SER- to
I Imos
be
Fui Fuimos Iste IsteĂs
Fuiste FuisteĂs Io Ieron
Fue Fueron
HACER…. TO MAKE
OR DO
Hice Hicimos
Hiciste HicisteĂs
Hito Hicieron
22. • Endings for all are the same:
-e -imos
-iste -isteis
-o -ieron
24. 9. Snake
• In the 3rd person, the stem change occurs.
• The stem change is to opposite vowel with the
first vowel.
Dormi Dormimos
Dormiste Dormisteis
Durmio Durmierion
25. 10. Snakeys
• Follows same concept as SNAKE, but is more
specific.
• In the 3rd person the stem change is the vowel
“I” to the vowel “y”.
Lei Leimos
Leiste Leisteis
Leyo Leyeron
26. TRIGGERS
ayer preterito
pasado(a) preterito
esta preterito
entonces preterito
ayer preterito
anoche preterito
27. SUPERLATIVES
• There are two types of superlative: relative and absolute.
• Relative: John is the smartest boy in the class.
Absolute: John is very smart.
The relative superlative describes a noun within the context of some larger group.
• John is the smartest boy in the class.
Mary is the youngest person in the room.
Of the three, Moe is the meanest.
•
The absolute superlative does not describe the noun in the context of a larger group.
• John is very smart.
The book is extremely expensive.
The food is indescribably tasty.
The absolute superlative for adjectives has three possible forms.
• muy + adjective
sumamente + adjective
adjective + Ăsimo (-a, -os, -as)
28. Comparatives
• If two things are not equal, they are unequal.
• We are not the same height.
You are taller than I.
• The two items do not cost the same.
The camera is more expensive than the television.
•
In Spanish, inequality is expressed by using one of the following formulae:
• más (menos) + adjective + que
más (menos) + adverb + que
más (menos) + noun + que
• Here are some examples:
• Tú eres más alto que yo. You are taller than I. Mónica habla más lentamente que
Carmen. Monica speaks more slowly than Carmen. Tengo menos libros que
Arsenio. I have fewer books than Arsenio
•