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ก
    ก

ก           ก    : ก                       ก     ! "#
                   ก      !     $"#
- & '(& )   ' & , ) species     ก          0#   ) 12        3
        ( ) ก     ก & '(& ' & 4
- & '(& ' &      (ก , species         (ก   ก    ) ก     ก
    3 ก( & '(&    ' &
- ก     ) ก   5 ก   ก " 3     ' 0#
  6   & 0




- ก 5 ก       ก " 3 ก'      0 4      &#788
- 5 ก # ก9:     ก
                0
- 5 ก " # ก9:      0ก
2( )# 6             ก     ( Genetic variation )
1.2( )# 6         4 ( Continuous variation ) ก     H
   -"         ) ก2( ) ก " 3 '
   - 2( ) ก I ก               # ก9 #J K 5 4 ก
   - 0ก2(52 1 gene         20
   - & )( 3      & &     ก )        ก
   - 2( ก (I3          3 #&
   - ก M) 2( I ก                ) ก #J 0#123 #ก &
   - (      2( 0 HK ก &#788 2(                 : ก
     : 36 6 &
2. 2( )# 6 "      4 ( Discontinuous variation ) ก
       H
   - 2( ) ก '
   - 0ก2(52 1 gene 3 20
   - & )( 3 6 ก )           ก 3 ก
   - 2( ก (I3       3 2 P
   - ก M2( I ก          ) ก       " 3ก M 0#)
   - (       0 4   ก &H & 0 ก       &H
2K        2( 03
1. Gamete
2. Gene
3. Allele
            P P   homozygous for the dominant allele
            a a   homozygous for the recessive allele

            B b   heterozygous

                  recessive allele , dominant allele
4. Genotype
ก I TT , Tt , tt 4 T/T , T/t , t/t
     Genotype 2 )55 24
   - homozygous genotype ` homozygous dominant
                          - homozygous recessive
   - heterozygous genotype
5. Phenotype
6. Dominant
7. Recessive
ก                 ก     ก5 & )( 3
  & )( 3    & &       ก                 ก       ก ` 3 I!H
 ก5IH      K : 3 ก& ก             H $'
- 3 ก              ก      H     ก (I3 ก5#7
    ก    H 1ก " 35&             &     ก & )( 3     ก ' 2(
    0 &#788 # & ก :           3 HK I 12
- 3 ก              ก    H      #J ก           ก& ก#9&ก& &
  P : e 2( 6& #ก &P             : e & )( 3                & &
     3 ' ก 6&( 64 ก            5          0 4
# ( &) 6   I
Unit factor
           5( ก       $I (       0ก2(52 1      ก 2     (
          ' &I 3 (
1.       H # 0ก 6 ก g ก
2. ก ) ก ก              '
3. 12 3 ก" #h 1 ก : 3 ก 6 I3 3
           2( K g I
1. ก              !ก 0ก2(52 1 gene 1 20
2. ก               !ก ) ก ก         '
3. :'3 4' " 3 4. :'3 ` )      #J      ) 3 5. #J ก2 &
ก   I
( I
     ก                        -)           ก             I              ก    I                ก   H
                                               F1                           F2               : F2
2(       0 K 3        0            H           0               0 787                 H         2.84 : 1
0# I k7ก              (5       )M5             (5              (5 882            )M5           2.95 : 1
0# I              ก           II           ก                  ก 5474             II            2.96 : 1
   g
 I   g                    4    I(                  4           4                 I(            3.01 : 1
 K)           ก   ก ก&         ก                       ก ก&        ก ก&          ก             3.14 : 1

 I        ก           (        I(              (                    (             I(           3.15 : 1
 I k7ก            I(                   4   I(                      I(                    4     2.82 : 1
#ก            I
1.                          P = Parential generation
            ก       ,,     F1 = first filial generation
         %&         ,,     F2 = second generation
2.   *+,- .,/ 0/ 1ก234 &- 1 5ก 6 6 6 . ก factor
3.      ก F1 84 . 1ก234 .,9 &ก:6% ; ก1 %
4.      ก6ก+ 8&กก& =1 > - gene 8&ก                 &- 4/ ?,-
5.   6 . ก 1ก234 .,9 &ก:A F1 & Dominant
     6 . ก 1ก234 .,9 &ก:A F2 & Recissive
6.     1ก234 .,9 &ก:A        F1 : 1ก234 .,9 &ก:A F2 = 3 : 1
กnI
1. Law of segregation
           P                TT x tt
                        T T      t    t
          gamete

            P               Tt x Tt
          gamete        T    t   T    t
2. Law of independent assortment
e 45      ) ก กก '( ก      3 e     45
( ก : " 3     &      H
       P     Tt x Tt
    gamete T t     T t


 F1         TT Tt Tt tt
Test ` cross
#J ก 6        4        5 genotype I & '(& ( #J
     ) 3 4          1 K "#6 ก5 Homozygous recessive
       H
         g ก - RR 4 Rr
          g ก     x rr             g ก     x rr
                g ก                  g ก : g II
  . . g ก = RR                              1: 1
                                       g ก = Rr
Back cross
#J ก 6          1 ก     K 0ก6   F1 ก 5"#6 ก5
     4 )
ก           ก           ก      ก       (
                ( Monohybrid cross )
ก& I&       1ก234 1 5ก      2 1ก234( Dihybrid cross )
- #J ก          ก                ก 1 &       ก
  I & '(& 2 ก            3 ก
-: ก &              ( genotype ,phenotype K " 3 2 (&
       H 1. Punnet Squares
: 3 R = gene 2(52 ก         g ก
    r = gene 2(52 ก          g II
   Y = gene 2(52 ก            g    4
   y = gene 2(52 ก              g I(
P I1, 6 O ก *.6% ; - x I1, 6 O > > 4*.6>.
           RRYY             rryy
gamete       Ry               ry
F1                  RrYy
F1xF1      RrYy       x     RrYy
Gamete R Y - RY                R Y - RY
           y - Ry                y - Ry
         r Y - rY              r Y - rY
           y - ry                y - ry
RY      Ry     rY     ry

RY   RRYY   RRYy   RrYY   RrYy

Ry   RRYy   RRyy   RrYy   Rryy

rY   RrYY   RrYy   rrYY   rrYy

ry   RrYy   Rryy   rrYy   rryy
Phenotype       Genotype          (         (
                            genotype   phenotype
                  RRYY        1 / 16
g ก -    4        RRYy        2 / 16     9 / 16
                  RrYY        2 / 16
                  RrYy        4 / 16
g ก -I(           RRyy        1/ 16      3 / 16
                   Rryy       2 / 16
g II -       4    rrYY        1 / 16     3 / 16
                   rrYy       2 / 16
g II -I(           rryy       1 / 16     1 / 16
# 1. genotype 9 ' &
  2.       ( genotype 1 : 2 : 2 : 4 : 1 : 2 : 1 : 2 : 1
  3. phenotype 4 ' &
  4.       ( phenotype 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
2. Branching system
    P I1, 6 O ก 6% ; - x I1, 6 O > > 4 - 6>.
                RRYY                     rryy
gamete            RY                       ry
F1                          RrYy
F1 x F1          RrYy                  RrYy
                 RrRr                  YyYy
gamete ¼ RR : 2/4 Rr : ¼ rr    ¼ YY : 2/4 Yy : ¼ yy
1ก234 ., 1    1ก234 ., 2   1= &*     genotype
              ¼ YY           1 / 16    RRYY
1 / 4 RR      2 / 4 Yy       2 / 16    RRYy
              1/4 yy         1 / 16    RRyy
              ¼ YY           2 / 16    RrYY
2 / 4 Rr      2 / 4 Yy       4 / 16    RrYy
              1/4 yy         2 / 16     Rryy
              ¼ YY           1 / 16    rrYY
1 / 4 rr      2 / 4 Yy       2 / 16     rrYy
              1/4 yy         1 / 16     rryy
ก      1              ก      2            (       Phenotype
3/ 4 ก               3/4 4          9 / 16    g   ก - 4
                    1/4 I (         3 / 16    g   ก -I(
1/4I I              3/4    4        3 / 16    g   II - 4
               1/4 I (              1 / 16    g   II -I(
  3. 1    ก     :'3 0
-K (     ' &     gamete      = 2n
-K (     ' &     genotype    = 3n
-K (     ' &     phenotype   = 2n
1. Aa BB Cc
2. Aa Bb Cc DD Ee FF
0#)55ก        ก          ก
      1.        ก )55 Complete Dominant
#J ก          ก 1 gene           I gene 3 " 3
   50 #J "# กn          H
           F1 #J ก
           F2 #J ก      : ก      3 =3:1
                                    =9:3:3:1
2.           ก    )55 Incomplete Dominant
2.1 ก            ก         ก5 g




F1 genotype = Aa ' 0
F2 genotype AA : Aa : aa = 1 : 2 : 1
   phenotype ) : ' 0 : I ( = 1 : 2 : 1
2.2 ก   I I "ก   Andalusion blue
2.3 ก   ก   I I 12
2.4 ก   ก     ก &H ก
3. ก            ก    )55 Co ` dominant
: ก H gene H       2(52 ก              " I e! ก )
ก )          ) 2(           " 3 $ก ! # ก9
 ก         ก ( ก '          0 4 ABO
   allele ก (I3 IA , IB ) i
#ก & gr A genotype IA IA, IA i
      gr B    ,,   I B IB , IB i
      gr AB ,,     I A IB        gr ii genotype ii
4. ก         ก   )55 Over dominant
ก& ก allele : P heterozygous )         ก
Phenotype 4 ก( allele : P homozygous I
   `) ' P            TT 0 3 M tt 0 1 M
              F             Tt 0 6 M
Multiple allele
ก allele gene ก& ก( 2 )55I!H "# 2(52 ก
)       กI ก : ก                ! 1 gene ก (
   K)       05 chromosome #J homologous ก .
             1.    ก I         0 4 ABO
   0 4 ABO gene 2(52 3 allele 24 IA, IB ) ii
IA = allele 2(52 ก 3 antigen A
IB = allele 2(52 ก 3 antigen B
P1

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P1

  • 1. ก ก ก : ก ก ! "# ก ! $"# - & '(& ) ' & , ) species ก 0# ) 12 3 ( ) ก ก & '(& ' & 4 - & '(& ' & (ก , species (ก ก ) ก ก 3 ก( & '(& ' &
  • 2.
  • 3. - ก ) ก 5 ก ก " 3 ' 0# 6 & 0 - ก 5 ก ก " 3 ก' 0 4 &#788 - 5 ก # ก9: ก 0 - 5 ก " # ก9: 0ก
  • 4. 2( )# 6 ก ( Genetic variation ) 1.2( )# 6 4 ( Continuous variation ) ก H -" ) ก2( ) ก " 3 ' - 2( ) ก I ก # ก9 #J K 5 4 ก - 0ก2(52 1 gene 20 - & )( 3 & & ก ) ก - 2( ก (I3 3 #& - ก M) 2( I ก ) ก #J 0#123 #ก & - ( 2( 0 HK ก &#788 2( : ก : 36 6 &
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7. 2. 2( )# 6 " 4 ( Discontinuous variation ) ก H - 2( ) ก ' - 0ก2(52 1 gene 3 20 - & )( 3 6 ก ) ก 3 ก - 2( ก (I3 3 2 P - ก M2( I ก ) ก " 3ก M 0#) - ( 0 4 ก &H & 0 ก &H
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10. 2K 2( 03 1. Gamete 2. Gene 3. Allele P P homozygous for the dominant allele a a homozygous for the recessive allele B b heterozygous recessive allele , dominant allele
  • 11. 4. Genotype ก I TT , Tt , tt 4 T/T , T/t , t/t Genotype 2 )55 24 - homozygous genotype ` homozygous dominant - homozygous recessive - heterozygous genotype 5. Phenotype 6. Dominant 7. Recessive
  • 12. ก ก5 & )( 3 & )( 3 & & ก ก ก ` 3 I!H ก5IH K : 3 ก& ก H $' - 3 ก ก H ก (I3 ก5#7 ก H 1ก " 35& & ก & )( 3 ก ' 2( 0 &#788 # & ก : 3 HK I 12 - 3 ก ก H #J ก ก& ก#9&ก& & P : e 2( 6& #ก &P : e & )( 3 & & 3 ' ก 6&( 64 ก 5 0 4
  • 13. # ( &) 6 I
  • 14. Unit factor 5( ก $I ( 0ก2(52 1 ก 2 ( ' &I 3 ( 1. H # 0ก 6 ก g ก 2. ก ) ก ก ' 3. 12 3 ก" #h 1 ก : 3 ก 6 I3 3 2( K g I 1. ก !ก 0ก2(52 1 gene 1 20 2. ก !ก ) ก ก ' 3. :'3 4' " 3 4. :'3 ` ) #J ) 3 5. #J ก2 &
  • 15. I
  • 16. ( I ก -) ก I ก I ก H F1 F2 : F2 2( 0 K 3 0 H 0 0 787 H 2.84 : 1 0# I k7ก (5 )M5 (5 (5 882 )M5 2.95 : 1 0# I ก II ก ก 5474 II 2.96 : 1 g I g 4 I( 4 4 I( 3.01 : 1 K) ก ก ก& ก ก ก& ก ก& ก 3.14 : 1 I ก ( I( ( ( I( 3.15 : 1 I k7ก I( 4 I( I( 4 2.82 : 1
  • 17. #ก I 1. P = Parential generation ก ,, F1 = first filial generation %& ,, F2 = second generation 2. *+,- .,/ 0/ 1ก234 &- 1 5ก 6 6 6 . ก factor 3. ก F1 84 . 1ก234 .,9 &ก:6% ; ก1 % 4. ก6ก+ 8&กก& =1 > - gene 8&ก &- 4/ ?,- 5. 6 . ก 1ก234 .,9 &ก:A F1 & Dominant 6 . ก 1ก234 .,9 &ก:A F2 & Recissive 6. 1ก234 .,9 &ก:A F1 : 1ก234 .,9 &ก:A F2 = 3 : 1
  • 18. กnI 1. Law of segregation P TT x tt T T t t gamete P Tt x Tt gamete T t T t
  • 19. 2. Law of independent assortment e 45 ) ก กก '( ก 3 e 45 ( ก : " 3 & H P Tt x Tt gamete T t T t F1 TT Tt Tt tt
  • 20. Test ` cross #J ก 6 4 5 genotype I & '(& ( #J ) 3 4 1 K "#6 ก5 Homozygous recessive H g ก - RR 4 Rr g ก x rr g ก x rr g ก g ก : g II . . g ก = RR 1: 1 g ก = Rr
  • 21. Back cross #J ก 6 1 ก K 0ก6 F1 ก 5"#6 ก5 4 ) ก ก ก ก ( ( Monohybrid cross )
  • 22. ก& I& 1ก234 1 5ก 2 1ก234( Dihybrid cross ) - #J ก ก ก 1 & ก I & '(& 2 ก 3 ก -: ก & ( genotype ,phenotype K " 3 2 (& H 1. Punnet Squares : 3 R = gene 2(52 ก g ก r = gene 2(52 ก g II Y = gene 2(52 ก g 4 y = gene 2(52 ก g I(
  • 23. P I1, 6 O ก *.6% ; - x I1, 6 O > > 4*.6>. RRYY rryy gamete Ry ry F1 RrYy F1xF1 RrYy x RrYy Gamete R Y - RY R Y - RY y - Ry y - Ry r Y - rY r Y - rY y - ry y - ry
  • 24. RY Ry rY ry RY RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy Ry RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy rY RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy ry RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy
  • 25. Phenotype Genotype ( ( genotype phenotype RRYY 1 / 16 g ก - 4 RRYy 2 / 16 9 / 16 RrYY 2 / 16 RrYy 4 / 16 g ก -I( RRyy 1/ 16 3 / 16 Rryy 2 / 16 g II - 4 rrYY 1 / 16 3 / 16 rrYy 2 / 16 g II -I( rryy 1 / 16 1 / 16
  • 26. # 1. genotype 9 ' & 2. ( genotype 1 : 2 : 2 : 4 : 1 : 2 : 1 : 2 : 1 3. phenotype 4 ' & 4. ( phenotype 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
  • 27. 2. Branching system P I1, 6 O ก 6% ; - x I1, 6 O > > 4 - 6>. RRYY rryy gamete RY ry F1 RrYy F1 x F1 RrYy RrYy RrRr YyYy gamete ¼ RR : 2/4 Rr : ¼ rr ¼ YY : 2/4 Yy : ¼ yy
  • 28. 1ก234 ., 1 1ก234 ., 2 1= &* genotype ¼ YY 1 / 16 RRYY 1 / 4 RR 2 / 4 Yy 2 / 16 RRYy 1/4 yy 1 / 16 RRyy ¼ YY 2 / 16 RrYY 2 / 4 Rr 2 / 4 Yy 4 / 16 RrYy 1/4 yy 2 / 16 Rryy ¼ YY 1 / 16 rrYY 1 / 4 rr 2 / 4 Yy 2 / 16 rrYy 1/4 yy 1 / 16 rryy
  • 29. 1 ก 2 ( Phenotype 3/ 4 ก 3/4 4 9 / 16 g ก - 4 1/4 I ( 3 / 16 g ก -I( 1/4I I 3/4 4 3 / 16 g II - 4 1/4 I ( 1 / 16 g II -I( 3. 1 ก :'3 0 -K ( ' & gamete = 2n -K ( ' & genotype = 3n -K ( ' & phenotype = 2n
  • 30. 1. Aa BB Cc 2. Aa Bb Cc DD Ee FF
  • 31. 0#)55ก ก ก 1. ก )55 Complete Dominant #J ก ก 1 gene I gene 3 " 3 50 #J "# กn H F1 #J ก F2 #J ก : ก 3 =3:1 =9:3:3:1
  • 32. 2. ก )55 Incomplete Dominant 2.1 ก ก ก5 g F1 genotype = Aa ' 0 F2 genotype AA : Aa : aa = 1 : 2 : 1 phenotype ) : ' 0 : I ( = 1 : 2 : 1
  • 33. 2.2 ก I I "ก Andalusion blue
  • 34. 2.3 ก ก I I 12 2.4 ก ก ก &H ก
  • 35. 3. ก ก )55 Co ` dominant : ก H gene H 2(52 ก " I e! ก ) ก ) ) 2( " 3 $ก ! # ก9 ก ก ( ก ' 0 4 ABO allele ก (I3 IA , IB ) i #ก & gr A genotype IA IA, IA i gr B ,, I B IB , IB i gr AB ,, I A IB gr ii genotype ii
  • 36. 4. ก ก )55 Over dominant ก& ก allele : P heterozygous ) ก Phenotype 4 ก( allele : P homozygous I `) ' P TT 0 3 M tt 0 1 M F Tt 0 6 M
  • 37. Multiple allele ก allele gene ก& ก( 2 )55I!H "# 2(52 ก ) กI ก : ก ! 1 gene ก ( K) 05 chromosome #J homologous ก . 1. ก I 0 4 ABO 0 4 ABO gene 2(52 3 allele 24 IA, IB ) ii IA = allele 2(52 ก 3 antigen A IB = allele 2(52 ก 3 antigen B