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CHAPTER 3
THE
PHYSIOLOGICAL
FOUNDATION
OF
BEHAVIOR
 HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS INFLUENCED BY
MANY FACTOR
 THESE MULTIPLE BASES OF BEHAVIOR,
PHYSIOLOGICALAND PSYCHOLOGICAL,
ARE APPARENT IN ALMOSTALL AREAS OF
HUMAN FUNCTIONING
 UNDERSTANDING MANY BASIC
PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTSANDTHEORIES,
FROM HOWWE SEE AND HEARTO ALTERED
STATESOF CONSCIOUSNESS, DEMANDS
BASIC UNDERSTANDING OF
PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
The most complex and elaborate
system of structures in the human body
Composed of a group of interrelated
and interrelating units that enable man
to receive stimuli from the environment
and to make the necessary and
appropriate responses to such stimuli
Regulates the behaviour of the whole
individual to enable him to survive
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYTEM
Part of the nervous
system outside the
brain and the spinal
cord which includes
all the nerves
CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Composed of the
brain and the spinal
cord
Central Nervous System
SPINAL CORD
Composed mainly of the nerve
connections running between
the brain and the various parts of
the body
There are 31 pairs of spinal
nerves
These nerves are mixed nerves
with both motor and sensory
fibers
Each nerve is attached to the
cord by two roots:
1. Dorsal root
Transmits sensory impulses
2.Ventral root
Transmits motor impulses
BRAIN
Portion of the nervous
system that is encased
in the cranial bones
Weighs 3 lbs and
contains 90 % of the
body’s neurons
The most specialized
organ in the body
THE BRAIN
BRAIN
HINDBRAIN
1. CEREBELLUM
2. PONSVAROLI
3. MEDULLA OBLONGATA
MIDBRAIN FOREBRAIN
1.THALAMUS
2. LIMBIC SYSTEM
3. CEREBRUM
• Situated at the back of and above the medulla
• Composed of hemisphere
• Controls body balance and keeps us right side up
• Assists in coordinating our bodily movements and keeping
them rhythmic and accurate
• Plays an important role in controlling the tonicity of the
skeletal muscles
Cerebellum
• Contains nerve fibers that connects both hemispheres of the
cerebellum with each other as well as with nerve fibers that
transmit neural impulses upward and downward within the
central nervous system
• Portion of the brain with an enlarge ventral portion above the
medulla
PonsVaroli
• The lowest portion of the brain and it connects with the spinal
cord
• Nervous impulses travel through it to and from the higher brain
centers
• It contains centers that regulate heart beat, blood pressure and
breathing and it controls the activities of the internal organs
Medulla
Oblongata
• Brain’s major relay station connecting the lower structure of
the brain and the spinal cord with the cerebrum
• Here lies the cell bodies of important connecting neurons for
the various senses
• These neurons receive messages from the sense organs and
send them to specific centers in the cerebrum
Thalamus
• IncludesAmygdala, Hippocampus, Siptum, and portions of the
Hypothalamus andThalamus
• It performs many functions specially receiving sensory messages from the
visceral organs and helps control their activities
• AMYGDALA-connected with Hypothalamus serves as the main area
involved with emotions and fundamental for self-preservation, when
triggered, it gives rise to fear and anxiety which leads animal to a stage of
alertness
• HIPPOCAMPUS-involved with memory, especially the formation of long-
term memory
Limbic
System
• The largest part of the brain
• Divided into two halves called the Cerebral Hemispheres
• These hemispheres contains centers for sensory integration and
for voluntary motor activity activities
• Also play important roles in governing memory and intelligence
Cerebrum
THE NEURON
 The basic unit of nervous system also known
as nerve cell
 About 100 billion of it in the brain of an
average size
 variety of shape and sizes but all possess
common attributes
 Each of it is composed of a cell body which
contains a nucleus
NERVE
 A compound structure consisting of a number
of neuron fibers bound together
 There may be thousands of fibers in a single
nerve
 Each of these neuron fibers is insulated from
all the others and conduct impulses
independently of the others
CLASSIFICATION OF
NEURONS
ACCORDING TO THEIR FUNCTION
 AFFERENT or Sensory Neurons
 Carry messages towards the central nervous system
from the receptors such as the eyes, ears, and other
sense organs
 EFFERENT or Motor Neurons
 Carry messages from the central nervous system to
the muscles and glands
 CONNECTING or Association Neurons
 Also called as middle me between neurons
 Between the sensory and motor neurons
 Most of it found within the central nervous system
THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
COMPOSED OF NERVESTHAT CONNECTSTHE BRAINANDTHE SPINAL
CORDTOTHE PERIPHERYOFTHE BODY
• Are found outside the central nervous system
• They connect to the skin, muscles and glands
Peripheral
Nerves
• Nerves carrying sensory input to the central
nervous system
Afferent
nerves
• Carrying motor output away from the central
nervous system to muscles and glands
Efferent
nerves
THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
BEYOND OURVOLUNTARY CONTROL AND IT
CONTROLS HEART ACTION, DIGESTION,
EXCRETION, SALIVATION, AS WELL ASTHOSE
INVOLVED WITH SEXUAL ORGASM,
PERSPIRATION
 DIVIDED INTO :
 SYMPATHETIC
 Tends to operate in stress situations
 Example: it increases heart beat when danger threatens
 PARASYMPATHETIC
 Governs regular activities
 Example: it slows down the heart for normal functioning
THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS
1. PITUITARY GLANDS
 Sometimes called the master glands
2. THYROID GLANDS
 Located in the neck and produce the hormone Thyroxin
3. PARATHYROID GLANDS
 Secret Parathormone, a hormone necessary to control balance of
various minerals in the bloodstream especially calcium
4. THYMUS
 Sometimes called the Gland of Childhood
5. ADRENALS
 Composed of two part: the Medulla (inner part) secretes Adrenalin,
and the Cortex (outer part). Adrenalin is referred to as the
emergency hormone because it enables one to cope with
emergency situations
6. ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
 Group of cells in the Pancreas which secrets Insulin that is needed in
the regulation of blood sugar by the cells
7. GONADS
1. Refer to the Ovaries (produce Estrogens and Progesterone) and
Testes ( produce male sex hormone Testosterone)

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Psyche Physiological 5

  • 2.  HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS INFLUENCED BY MANY FACTOR  THESE MULTIPLE BASES OF BEHAVIOR, PHYSIOLOGICALAND PSYCHOLOGICAL, ARE APPARENT IN ALMOSTALL AREAS OF HUMAN FUNCTIONING  UNDERSTANDING MANY BASIC PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTSANDTHEORIES, FROM HOWWE SEE AND HEARTO ALTERED STATESOF CONSCIOUSNESS, DEMANDS BASIC UNDERSTANDING OF PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
  • 3. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM The most complex and elaborate system of structures in the human body Composed of a group of interrelated and interrelating units that enable man to receive stimuli from the environment and to make the necessary and appropriate responses to such stimuli Regulates the behaviour of the whole individual to enable him to survive
  • 4. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYTEM Part of the nervous system outside the brain and the spinal cord which includes all the nerves CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Composed of the brain and the spinal cord
  • 5. Central Nervous System SPINAL CORD Composed mainly of the nerve connections running between the brain and the various parts of the body There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves These nerves are mixed nerves with both motor and sensory fibers Each nerve is attached to the cord by two roots: 1. Dorsal root Transmits sensory impulses 2.Ventral root Transmits motor impulses BRAIN Portion of the nervous system that is encased in the cranial bones Weighs 3 lbs and contains 90 % of the body’s neurons The most specialized organ in the body
  • 6. THE BRAIN BRAIN HINDBRAIN 1. CEREBELLUM 2. PONSVAROLI 3. MEDULLA OBLONGATA MIDBRAIN FOREBRAIN 1.THALAMUS 2. LIMBIC SYSTEM 3. CEREBRUM
  • 7. • Situated at the back of and above the medulla • Composed of hemisphere • Controls body balance and keeps us right side up • Assists in coordinating our bodily movements and keeping them rhythmic and accurate • Plays an important role in controlling the tonicity of the skeletal muscles Cerebellum • Contains nerve fibers that connects both hemispheres of the cerebellum with each other as well as with nerve fibers that transmit neural impulses upward and downward within the central nervous system • Portion of the brain with an enlarge ventral portion above the medulla PonsVaroli • The lowest portion of the brain and it connects with the spinal cord • Nervous impulses travel through it to and from the higher brain centers • It contains centers that regulate heart beat, blood pressure and breathing and it controls the activities of the internal organs Medulla Oblongata
  • 8. • Brain’s major relay station connecting the lower structure of the brain and the spinal cord with the cerebrum • Here lies the cell bodies of important connecting neurons for the various senses • These neurons receive messages from the sense organs and send them to specific centers in the cerebrum Thalamus • IncludesAmygdala, Hippocampus, Siptum, and portions of the Hypothalamus andThalamus • It performs many functions specially receiving sensory messages from the visceral organs and helps control their activities • AMYGDALA-connected with Hypothalamus serves as the main area involved with emotions and fundamental for self-preservation, when triggered, it gives rise to fear and anxiety which leads animal to a stage of alertness • HIPPOCAMPUS-involved with memory, especially the formation of long- term memory Limbic System • The largest part of the brain • Divided into two halves called the Cerebral Hemispheres • These hemispheres contains centers for sensory integration and for voluntary motor activity activities • Also play important roles in governing memory and intelligence Cerebrum
  • 9. THE NEURON  The basic unit of nervous system also known as nerve cell  About 100 billion of it in the brain of an average size  variety of shape and sizes but all possess common attributes  Each of it is composed of a cell body which contains a nucleus
  • 10. NERVE  A compound structure consisting of a number of neuron fibers bound together  There may be thousands of fibers in a single nerve  Each of these neuron fibers is insulated from all the others and conduct impulses independently of the others
  • 11. CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS ACCORDING TO THEIR FUNCTION  AFFERENT or Sensory Neurons  Carry messages towards the central nervous system from the receptors such as the eyes, ears, and other sense organs  EFFERENT or Motor Neurons  Carry messages from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands  CONNECTING or Association Neurons  Also called as middle me between neurons  Between the sensory and motor neurons  Most of it found within the central nervous system
  • 12. THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM COMPOSED OF NERVESTHAT CONNECTSTHE BRAINANDTHE SPINAL CORDTOTHE PERIPHERYOFTHE BODY • Are found outside the central nervous system • They connect to the skin, muscles and glands Peripheral Nerves • Nerves carrying sensory input to the central nervous system Afferent nerves • Carrying motor output away from the central nervous system to muscles and glands Efferent nerves
  • 13. THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM BEYOND OURVOLUNTARY CONTROL AND IT CONTROLS HEART ACTION, DIGESTION, EXCRETION, SALIVATION, AS WELL ASTHOSE INVOLVED WITH SEXUAL ORGASM, PERSPIRATION  DIVIDED INTO :  SYMPATHETIC  Tends to operate in stress situations  Example: it increases heart beat when danger threatens  PARASYMPATHETIC  Governs regular activities  Example: it slows down the heart for normal functioning
  • 14. THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS 1. PITUITARY GLANDS  Sometimes called the master glands 2. THYROID GLANDS  Located in the neck and produce the hormone Thyroxin 3. PARATHYROID GLANDS  Secret Parathormone, a hormone necessary to control balance of various minerals in the bloodstream especially calcium 4. THYMUS  Sometimes called the Gland of Childhood 5. ADRENALS  Composed of two part: the Medulla (inner part) secretes Adrenalin, and the Cortex (outer part). Adrenalin is referred to as the emergency hormone because it enables one to cope with emergency situations 6. ISLETS OF LANGERHANS  Group of cells in the Pancreas which secrets Insulin that is needed in the regulation of blood sugar by the cells 7. GONADS 1. Refer to the Ovaries (produce Estrogens and Progesterone) and Testes ( produce male sex hormone Testosterone)