1 history of mobile & cellular

A Brief Overview
By
Engr.Abdul Razzaque Memon
MCS (IT/MIS) ; B.E (Electronics) ; PE (PEC)
Web: http://www.uldhdqpia.webs.com
E-Mail : uldhdqpia@yahoo.com

; BA (Arts)

Communication Technologies:
 Acoustical
 Optical
 Mechanical
 Electrical

wired
wireless

By : Engr. Abdul Razzaque Memon

 Use of light as communication
 heliographs, flags (semaphore), ...
 150 BC smoke signals for communication;
(Greece)
 1794, optical telegraph, Claude Chappe
 Electromagnetic Wave:
 1831-79 Faraday and Maxwell demonstrates electromagnetic
induction and theory of electromagnetic fields
 H. Hertz (1857-94): demonstrates the wave character of
electrical transmission through space


Attributes of
Telecommunication
 Speed





- Ability to transmit in real-time
Coverage
- Regional, National and International
Reliability
Cost
- 1860’s: 20 word telegram $5-$100
Security


High Tech of 19th Century
 1850 – First submarine line
 1858 – First transatlantic cable

- breaks after 3 month
 1866 – Higher quality cable
- London to Bombay in 4 ½ mins.
1924 – Telegram around the world in 80 secs.


 1896 Guglielmo Marconi
 first demonstration of wireless

telegraphy
 long wave transmission, high
transmission power necessary ( +200kw)

 1907 Commercial transatlantic connections
 huge ground stations (30 by100m antennas)

 1915 Wireless voice transmission NY - SF
 1920 Discovery of short waves (< 100m) by Marconi
 reflection at the ionosphere
 (cheaper) smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the

invention of the vacuum tube (1906, Lee DeForest and Robert
von Lieben)







1920 First commercial radio broadcast in Pgh.
1928 many TV broadcast trials
1933 Frequency modulation (E. H. Armstrong)
1935 First telephone call around the world
1958, then 1972 A-Netz and B-Netz in Germany
 analog, 160MHz, connection setup from the fixed network too (but

location of the mobile station has to be known)

 1974 FCC allocates 40Mhz for Cellular telephony
 1981 Start of Cellular-specification in Europe (Global

System for Mobile communication)
 1983 Start of the American AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone
System, Analog)
 1984 CT-1 standard (Europe) for cordless telephones

 1986 C-Netz in Germany
 analog voice, 450MHz, hand-over possible, digital signaling,

automatic location of mobile device
 still in use today (as T-C-Tel), services: FAX, modem, X.25, e-mail,
98% coverage

 1991 Specification of DECT
 Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital Enhanced

Cordless Telecommunications)
- ~100-500m range, 120 duplex channels, 1.2Mbit/s data
transmission, voice encryption, authentication

 1992 Start of GSM





fully digital, 900MHz, 124 channels
automatic location, hand-over, cellular
roaming in Europe - now worldwide in more than 100 countries
services: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice, ...

 1994

E-Netz in Germany

 GSM with 1800MHz, smaller cells, supported by 11 countries

 1996

Network)

HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area

 standardization of type 1: 5.15 - 5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s
 recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4 (17GHz) as

wireless ATM-networks (up to 155Mbit/s)

 1997

Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11

 IEEE-Standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz and infrared, 2Mbit/s
 already many products (with proprietary extensions)

 1998

Specification of GSM successors

 for UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) as

European proposals for IMT-2000


cellular phones

satellites

cordless
phones
1980:
CT0

1981:
NMT 450

1982:
Inmarsat-A

1983:
AMPS

1986:
NMT 900

1984:
CT1
1987:
CT1+

1988:
Inmarsat-C
1991:
CDMA

1989:
CT 2

1991:
D-AMPS

1992:
Inmarsat-B
Inmarsat-M

1992:
GSM
1993:
PDC
1994:
DCS 1800

199x:
proprietary

1991:
DECT

1998:
Iridium

analog
digital

wireless LAN

2005?:
UMTS/IMT-2000


1995/96/97:
IEEE 802.11,
HIPERLAN

2005?:
MBS, WATM

Wireless Communication
 Transmitting voice and data using

electromagnetic waves in open space
 Electromagnetic waves
 Travel at speed of light (c = 3x108 m/s)
 Has a frequency (f) and wavelength (λ)
 c=fxλ

 Higher frequency means higher energy photons
 The higher the energy photon the more penetrating
is the radiation

Electromagnetic Spectrum
104

102

100
Radio
Spectrum

104

106

108

10-2

Micro
wave
1010

1MHz ==100m
100MHz ==1m
10GHz ==1cm

< 30 KHz
30Khz - 300KHz
300KHz – 3MHz
3 MHz – 30MHz

10-4

1012

10-6

IR

10-8

UV

1014

10-10

10-12

X-Rays

1016

1018

10-14

Cosmic
Rays

1020

1022

30MHz – 300MHz
300 MHz – 3GHz
3Ghz - 30GHz
> 30 GHz

VHF
UHF
SHF
EHF

Visible light
VLF
LF
MF
HF


10-16

1024

Frequency Carries/Channels
 The information from sender to receiver is carrier

over a well defined frequency band.
 This is called a channel

 Each channel has a fixed frequency bandwidth (in

KHz) and Capacity (bit-rate)
 Different frequency bands (channels) can be used
to transmit information in parallel and
independently.


Frequency & Wavelength of Some
Technologies
 AMPS Phones:
 frequency ~= 800 Mhz
 wavelength ~= 37.5 cm
 GSM Phones:
 frequency ~= 900 Mhz
 wavelength ~= 33 cm
 PCS Phones
 frequency ~= 1800 Mhz (1.8 Ghz)
 Bluetooth:
 frequency ~= 2.4 Gz


Simplex/Duplex Communication
 Normally, on a channel, a station can transmit

only in one way.

 This is called simplex transmision

 To enable two-way communication (called

full-duplex communication)

 We can use Frequency Division Multiplexing
 We can use Time Division Multiplexing


What is Mobility
 Initially Internet and Telephone Networks is designed

assuming the user terminals are static

 No change of location during a call/connection
 A user terminals accesses the network always from a fixed
location

 Mobility and portability
 Portability means changing point of attachment to the

network offline
 Mobility means changing point of attachment to the
network online

Degrees of Mobility
 Walking Users
 Low speed
 Small roaming area
 Usually uses high-bandwith/low-latency access

 Vehicles





High speeds
Large roaming area
Usually uses low-bandwidth/high-latency access
Uses sophisticated terminal equipment (cell phones)

Need for Wireless/Mobile Networking
 Demand for Ubiquitous Computing
 Anywhere, anytime computing and communication

 You don’t have to go to the lab to check your email
 Pushing the computers more into background

 Focus on the task and life, not on the computer
 Use computers seamlessly to help you and to make your life
more easier.
 Computers should be location aware

 Adapt to the current location, discover services


Very Basic Cellular/PCS
Architecture
Public Switched
Telephone Network

Mobility
Database
Base Station
Controller

Mobile
Switching
Center
(MSC)

Radio Network
Base Station
(BS)

Mobile Station

Mobile Communications Network


Major Mobile Radio Standards-USA
Standard

Type

Year
Intro

Multiple
Access

Frequency
Band
(MHz)

Modulation

Channe
l
BW
(KHz)

AMPS

Cellular

1983

FDMA

824-894

FM

30

USDC

Cellular

1991

TDMA

824-894

DQPSK

30

CDPD

Cellular

1993

FH/Packet

824-894

GMSK

30

IS-95

Cellular/PCS

1993

CDMA

824-894
1800-2000

QPSK/BPSK

1250

FLEX

Paging

1993

Simplex

Several

4-FSK

15

1994

TDMA

1850-1990

GMSK

200

1994

TDMA/FDMA

1850-1990

DQPSK

300

DCS-1900 PCS
(GSM)
PACS

Cordless/PC
S


Major Mobile Radio StandardsEurope
Standard

Type

Year
Intro

Multiple
Access

Frequency
Band
(MHz)

Modulation

Channe
l
BW
(KHz)

ETACS

Cellular

1985

FDMA

900

FM

25

NMT-900

Cellular

1986

FDMA

890-960

FM

12.5

GSM

Cellular/PCS

1990

TDMA

890-960

GMSK

200KHz

C-450

Cellular

1985

FDMA

450-465

FM

20-10

ERMES

Paging

1993

FDMA4

Several

4-FSK

25

CT2

Cordless

1989

FDMA

864-868

GFSK

100

DECT

Cordless

1993

TDMA

1880-1900

GFSK

1728

1993

TDMA

1710-1880

GMSK

200

DCS-1800 Cordless/PC
S


World Cellular Subscriber
Growth


Cellular Networks


First Generation (1G)








Second Generation (2G)







2.5G





Analog Systems
Analog Modulation, mostly FM
AMPS
Voice Traffic
FDMA/FDD multiple access
Digital Systems
Digital Modulation
Voice Traffic
TDMA/FDD and CDMA/FDD multiple access
Digital Systems
Voice + Low-datarate Data

Third Generation (3G)




Digital
Voice + High-datarate Data
Multimedia Transmission also


Data Rates of 1G, 2G, 3G:
 2nd Generation

GSM -9.6 Kbps (data rate)
 2.5 Generation
HSCSD (High Speed ckt Switched data)
Data rate : 76.8 Kbps (9.6 x 8 kbps)
GPRS (General Packet Radio service)


Data rate: 14.4 - 115.2 Kbps
EDGE (Enhanced data rate for GSM Evolution)
Data rate: 547.2 Kbps (max)
 3 Generation

WCDMA(Wideband CDMA)

Data rate : 0.348 – 2.0 Mbps

Upgrade Paths for 2G
Technologies
IS-95

2G

IS-136
PDC

GSM

2.5G

GPRS
IS-95B

HSCSD
EDGE

3G

cdma200-1xRTT
W-CDMA
cdma2000-1xEV,DV,DO
TD-SCDMA
cdma200-3xRTT


EDGE

2G Technologies
cdmaOne (IS95)

GSM, DCS-1900

IS-54/IS-136
PDC

Uplink Frequencies
(MHz)

824-849 (Cellular)
1850-1910 (US PCS)

890-915 MHz (Eurpe)
1850-1910 (US PCS)

800 MHz, 1500 Mhz
(Japan)
1850-1910 (US PCS)

Downlink
Frequencies

869-894 MHz (US
Cellular)
1930-1990 MHz (US
PCS)

935-960 (Europa)
1930-1990 (US PCS)

869-894 MHz
(Cellular)
1930-1990 (US PCS)
800 MHz, 1500 MHz
(Japan)

Deplexing

FDD

FDD

FDD

Multiple Access

CDMA

TDMA

TDMA

Modulation

BPSK with
Quadrature
Spreading

GMSK with BT=0.3

π/4 DQPSK

Carrier Seperation

1.25 MHz

200 KHz

30 KHz (IS-136)
(25 KHz PDC)

Channel Data Rate

1.2288 Mchips/sec

270.833 Kbps

48.6 Kbps (IS-136)
42 Kbps (PDC)

Voice Channels per
carrier

64

8

3

Speech Coding

CELP at 13Kbps
EVRC at 8Kbps

RPE-LTP at 13 Kbps

VSELP at 7.95 Kbps


2G and Data
 2G is developed for voice communications
 You can send data over 2G channels by using modem
 Provides adat rates in the order of ~9.6 Kbps
 Increased data rates are requires for internet

application
 This requires evolution towards new systems: 2.5 G


2.5 Technologies
 Evolution of TDMA Systems
 HSCSD for 2.5G GSM
 Up to 57.6 Kbps data-rate

 GPRS for GSM and IS-136
 Up to 171.2 Kbps data-rate

 EDGE for 2.5G GSM and IS-136
 Up to 384 Kbps data-rate

 Evolution of CDMA Systems
 IS-95B
 Up to 64 Kbps

3G Systems
 Goals
 Voice and Data Transmission
 Simultanous voice and data access
 Multi-megabit Internet access
 Interactive web sessions
 Voice-activated calls
 Multimedia Content

 Live music


3G Systems
 Evolution of Systems
 CDMA sysystem evaolved to CDMA2000





CDMA2000-1xRTT: Upto 307 Kbps
CDMA2000-1xEV:
CDMA2000-1xEVDO: upto 2.4 Mbps
CDMA2000-1xEVDV: 144 Kbps datarate

 GSM, IS-136 and PDC evolved to W-CDMA (Wideband
CDMA) (also called UMTS)




Up to 2.048 Mbps data-rates
Future systems 8Mbps
Expected to be fully deployed by 2010-2015

 New spectrum is allocated for these technologies


Interest to 3G Applications

Emails
City maps/directions
Latest news
Authorize/enable payment
Banking/trading online
Downloading music
Shopping/reservation
Animated images
2.4
Chat rooms, forums
Interactive games
Games for money

Western
Europe
4.5
4.3
4.0
3.4
3.5
3.1
3.0

Eastern
Europe
4.7
4.2
4.4
3.8
3.4
3.4
3.1
2.7

2.3
2.0
1.8

USA
4.3
4.2
4.0
3.0
3.2
3.2
2.9
2.6

2.9
2.2
1.8

2.2
2.4
1.8

(Means based upon a six-point interest scale, where 6 indicates high interest and 1 indicates low interest.)


GSM Subscriber Growth


1 history of mobile & cellular

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