A helpful powerpoint presentation that covers the entire chapter 15 of class 12 NCERT in the form of short bullet points. Extremely informative with pictures and extra information from outside the book to give a more in-depth understanding of the chapter

1. Framing The Constitution
By- Simran Raina XII-H
Vanshika Nag XII-I
Kartik Yadav XII-I

2. A Tumultuous Time

3. Background of the Framing of the Constitution
15th August 1947 – A day of joy, but was tainted with despair because the
country had been divided
Large parts of the two new nations were engulfed by communal riots.
Mass exodus of people from both states across the new border. Food was
scarce and there was fear of administrative breakdown.
This period of elation was accompanied by centuries of backwardness,
prejudice, inequality and ignorance under the colonial rule.
Immediate problem: Territorial and administrative integration of the Princely
States, rehabilitation of nearly 6 million refugees and Communist insurgency.

4. Medium Term problems: Framing a constitution, building a
representative democracy and introducing land reforms.
Long Term problems: Promoting national integration, facilitating rapid
economic development and removing endemic poverty.
Most important task- accession of
Junagadh, Kashmir and
Hyderabad (Princely states) into
the Indian union.
Communal holocaust- Senseless
communal slaughter and atrocities
towards minorities in both nations.

5. Making The Constitution

6. Constituent Assembly
• The Constituent Assembly came into existence on 11th December
1946. Till date, the Constituent Assembly has 145 meetings and
framed a draft Constitution. During the constituent assembly
discussions, the various laws proposed by the British government in
1901, 1919 and 1935, theBristish Parliamentary System, The
American Bill of Rights, the social directive polices of Ireland were
studied and some laws of those were written in the Indian
Constitution
• Finally the Indian Constitution was approved on 26th November
1949 and came into effect on 26th January 1950. this day is
celebrated as Republic Day in India

7. Till the time the constitution was being
made, India was governed by the Govt. Of
India 1935.
The Assembly met in sessions open to the
public, for 166 days, spread over a period of
2 years 11 months and 18 days before
adopting the Constitution. It was finally
passed and accepted on 26th November
1949. In all, the 284 members of the
Assembly signed the official copies of the
Indian Constitution.

8. Prominent Makers of
Indian Constituent
Assembly

9. OBJECTIVES OF CONSTITUENTY
ASSEMBLY
• To set up a Union of India comprising of British India
and Princely States
• To set up a federal form of Government with
separate State and Central Government.
• To set up a democracy in which all power is derived
from the people
• To protect the integrity of India and her sovereign
rights over land, sea and air
• To help India attain its rightful place in the world and
work for peace and welfare

10. Vision of the Constitution

11. Objectives Resolution
Introduced on 13 December 1946 by Jawaharlal
Nehru
Outlined the defining ideals of the Constitution
like equality, sovereignty and justice
Safeguards for minorities like the Depressed
Classes and OBCs

12. Inspiration from Other Democracies
Indian Independence Struggle placed under a
longer history for liberty and freedom; referring to
American and French freedom struggles
some provisions inspired and derived from other
Western nations
Not a direct “copy” - provisions were to be
acceptable and beneficial to Indians

13. Defining Rights
DEBATE #1

14. Issue of Separate Electorates
There was great difference of opinion in the
Constituent assembly on issues like-‘who
could be defined as a minority and what
rights they were to have’. Members like B.
Pocker Bahadur from Madras wanted to
continue the system of separate electorates
for minorities.
But, most other members of the assembly
like- R.V. Dhulekar, Sardar Patel, Govind
Ballabh Pant, etc. were against the demands
of separate electorates.
In view of the experience of the alarming
devastation of partition, most members
opposed the demand for separate electorates
as they thought it would widen the gap of
communal mistrust between Hindus and
Muslims.

15. N.G.Ranga and Jaipal Singh’s Demand for Minorities
Jaipal Singh Munda was a champion of
adivasi politics and empowerment. He
spoke for the first time in the assembly
in 1946 and proudly owned up to his
tribal heritage.
N.G. Ranga held that the real minorities
were the poor and downtrodden who
could not take advantage of their civil
rights.
Both Jaipal Singh and N.G. Ranga did
not ask for separate electorates but for
reservation of seats in legislature and
assimilation of real minorities and tribes
into the affairs of the nation.

16. Reformations for Depressed Castes
Dr. Ambedkar played a significant role in the
upliftment of downtrodden castes, especially
the “untouchables”.
A Harijan Member, J. Nagappa argued for
reservation for the depressed castes, who, he
felt had suffered due to social norms.
K.J. Khanderkar from the Central Provinces
demanded that Harijans be given
representation according to their numerical
strength.
After Partition, the constitution defined official
reservations in legislatures, government
employment and education for members of
underprivileged groups, abolished
untouchability and declared Hindu temples to
be open to all castes.

17. Powers of the State
DEBATE #2

18. Features of Federalism
• Division of power between central and state
government
• Written constitutution
• Independent federal judiciary
• Rigid constitution

19. Unitary Features Of Indian Federalism
• Indestructible union and destructible states
• Strong centre
• Single citizenship
• Single constitution for centre and states
• Single unified judiciary
• Common all india services
• Unitary in emergencies

20. Language of the Nation
DEBATE #3

21. Debate over Hindustani
A blend of Hindi and Urdu- thought to be apt by
1930s.
Easily understandable by a large section, has words
and terms from different sources, multi-cultural
By end of 19th century as Hindi and Urdu grew
apart, hindustani began to change. Hindi
sanskritised while Urdu persianised.

22. One Nation, Multiple Languages
Debate over Hindi - R.S. Dhulekar and G. Durgabai
Recognition of regional languages - L.K.Maitra and
N.G.Ayyangar
Sanskrit as the official language- mother of all
languages, related to every Indian language in some
way
Proposition for Urdu

23. Hindi - The National Language?
By 12 September 1947, the Language Committee of the
Constituent Assembly decided that Hindi - the official
language but the transition would be gradual.
For the first fifteen years, English used for all official purposes
and each province was to be allowed to choose one of the
regional languages for official work within the province.
Hindi as the official rather that the national language- arrive at
a solution that would be acceptable to all.

24. THANK YOU