Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a medical condition characterized by persistently elevated blood pressure in the arteries. Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood against the walls of the blood vessels as the heart pumps it around the body. When the blood pressure consistently remains high, it puts extra strain on the heart and blood vessels, increasing the risk of various health complications. Hypertension is often referred to as the "silent killer" because it typically does not cause noticeable symptoms. However, over time, untreated or poorly controlled hypertension can lead to serious health problems such as heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, and vision problems. There are two main types of hypertension: Primary or essential hypertension: This is the most common type, accounting for about 90-95% of cases. The exact cause is often unknown, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic factors, lifestyle choices, and environmental factors. Secondary hypertension: This type of hypertension is caused by an underlying medical condition, such as kidney disease, hormonal disorders, or the use of certain medications. Treating the underlying cause can often help in managing secondary hypertension. Several risk factors contribute to the development of hypertension, including advancing age, a family history of hypertension, being overweight or obese, an unhealthy diet high in sodium and low in potassium, lack of physical activity, excessive alcohol consumption, and chronic stress. Diagnosis of hypertension is made by measuring blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer, which provides two numbers: systolic pressure (the top number) and diastolic pressure (the bottom number). A reading consistently above 130/80 mmHg is generally considered indicative of hypertension. Management of hypertension involves a combination of lifestyle modifications and, in some cases, medication. Lifestyle changes include adopting a healthy diet (such as the DASH diet), engaging in regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, reducing sodium intake, limiting alcohol consumption, and quitting smoking. Medications, such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, or other antihypertensive drugs, may be prescribed to help lower blood pressure. Hypertension is a chronic condition that requires ongoing management. Regular monitoring of blood pressure, adherence to treatment plans, and regular follow-ups with healthcare professionals are essential to keep blood pressure under control and reduce the risk of complications associated with hypertension.