it describe about GMO and its benefits on aquaculture and fisheries

1. By: N.Vithursha, Piume,
P.Shobiya,S.Saruga & C.Shobana
University of Jaffna

2.  Introduction
 Why are GMOs produced?
 GMOs in aquatic species
 Benefits arising from the use of GMOs
 Aquaculture
 Other uses of transgenic in aquatic species
 Commercial significance
 Conclusion

3.  A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism
whose genetic material has been altered using genetic
engineering techniques.
 The aim is to introduce a new trait to the which does not occur
naturally in the species.
• Genetically modified fish are used for scientific
research and as pets, and are being considered for
use as food and as aquatic pollution sensors

4.  Increasing growth rates
 Improving feed utilization
 Increasing environmental tolerances
 Resistance to diseases
 Controlling reproduction
 Improving food quality characteristics

5. Source : www.businessinsider.com

6.  Atlantic salmon
 Coho salmon
 Chinook salmon
 Tilapia
 Medaka
 Zebra fish
 Common carp
 Channel catfish
 African catfish
 Rainbow trout
 Cutthroat trout
 Goldfish
 Northern pike
 Loach
 Sea bream
 Red sea bream
 Blunt snout bream

7.  Brine shrimp
 Seaweed
 Sea Urchin
 Abalone
Brine
shrimp
Source: https://www.google.lk/#hl=en&tbm=isch&q=GM+brineshrimp+and+regular+brineshrimp&imgrc=p_Q26rdR76nI5M%3A

8.  Maximum potential harvest and catch of wild
fish
 Increasing demand for marine protein
 Potential to tailor fish species for cost efficient
aquacultural production of fish proteins
 Gain specific desired characters of fishes

9.  Gene of interest is identified
 Gene is isolated
 The gene is amplified to produce many copies
 The gene is then associated with an appropriate promoter and poly A sequence and inserted
into plasmids
 The plasmid is multiplied in bacteria and the cloned construct for injection is recovered
 The construct is transferred into the recipient tissue, usually fertilized eggs
 Gene is integrated into recipient genome
 Gene is expressed in recipient genome; inheritance of gene through further generations.

10. Fig: Transgenic fish production process

11.  Research
 Recreation
 Food
 AquAdvantage salmon
 Conservation
 Detecting aquatic pollution

12.  Fish is an important source of animal protein for humans. So it
is of great significance to cultivate fast growing fish to satisfy
the growing needs of the people.
 The demand for fish is increasing year on year and
the yield from capture fisheries is declining.
 Aquaculture production is increasing the market ,for further
expansion in aquaculture production is likely to be very good
for many years to come.

13.  Transgenic technology can be used for transferring
growth hormone genes into the fish in order to obtain
fast-growing, high yield “super-fish.”
 Increase in growth rates can be achieved by genetic
engineering is typically 200%-600% depending on the
species, the structure of the gene construct and the
nature of insertion.

14.  The economic gains to be made from use of such GMOs are
obvious and transgenic must ,therefore be considered as a route for
providing superior strains along with selective breeding .
 The use of GH transgenic in aquaculture for maintenance of
broodstock.
 There are also a number of other target phenotypes for which
transgenic offer considerable potential. These include salinity
tolerance, sterility, control of sexual phenotype, disease resistance to
specific pathogens and behavioral modifications.

15.  One particularly interesting possibility is that of modifying the
genome to allow greater production of omega-3 fatty acids
which could bring substantial benefits to aquaculture.
 Ornamental Japanese carp Work exploiting AFPs generated by
transgenic fish could become most useful in hatcheries in
future in order to preserve transgenic lines and to supply new
hatcheries and farms with suitable stocks.

16. Species Genetic
modificatio
n
Potential
benefit
Actual
benefit
Mud loach Triploidy To induce sterility Accelerated growth,
gigantism and likely
sterility
Atlantic
salmon
AFP(Anti-freeze
Protein)
Increase low
temperature
tolerance
Precursor AFP has only
70%
activity of AFP.
AFP promoter has
potential
as a construct for
transgenic
studies.
Carp GH(Growth
Hormone)
To enhance growth Higher growth rates
than the
non-transgenic
controls
Tilapia GH To enhance growth
transgenic
line
Stable germ line
transmission
in a fast growing

17. Species Genetic
modificatio
n
Potential
benefit
Actual
benefit
Salmon GH with all
salmon
construct
To enhance growth Accelerates growth by
over
11 fold
Catfish and
carp
Coinjection of
reporter gene
with GH gene
To enhance
integration
Rate of cointegration
higher
than expected for
independent events
Tilapia GH To enhance growth Growth enhancement
in F1
animals
Zebrafish
.
Luciferase
gene
Use of luciferase as a
reporter of expression
Method compared
favourably with
southern
blotting and PCR
Tilapia Lac Z gene To report on
expression
levels
Expression of reporter
gene
indicated that carp
promoter
was 10 times more
efficient
than rat promoter
Trout Chromosome
manipulation
and monosex
To increase
production
Increased production

18. Species Genetic
modification
Potential
Benefit
Actual benefit
Tilapia GH To enhance
growth
To enhance growth Up to 30
times > than nontransgenics
Tilapia GH To enhance
growth
Homozygous transgenic fish
produced, growth enhanced,
fertility reduced
Seabass DNA Vaccine To manage
viral diseases
in farmed fish
Foreign gene transferred by
injection into the muscles
Atlantic
salmon
GH Transgenic
fish may have
different
respiratory
and
swimming
performance
than non-
transgenics
Oxygen demand of
transgenics 1.6 times higher
than non-transgenics.
Swimming speed no
different.
Tilapia YPGH( Yellowfin Porgy Growth
Hormone)
To enhance
growth
Transgenics heavier and
grew faster than
nontransgenics
Zebrafish Triploidy
induction
To induce
sterility
Expression confirmed

19. Species Genetic
modificat
ion
Potential
benefit
Actual
benefit
Rainbow trout Carp
alpha
globin
7/30 progeny from
one of the
alpha globin gene
transgenic males
carried 1 of this
seven had 50
copies
integrated into the
g
Medaka AFP To increase cold
tolerance
To increase cold
tolerance
Atlantic
salmon
AFP To increase cold
tolerance
To increase cold
tolerance
24/137 progeny
carried the
AFP gene
Goldfish Neomycin
resistance gene
To assess use of
gene as a
marker for
expression
Successful in one
fish
Carp
GH To enhance growth 20/365 showed
integration
and expression

20. The advantages of GMO in aquaculture

21.  GH is normally produced only in the pituitary gland of animals, and it
circulates at relatively low levels in the blood. Insertion of an extra GH gene
broadens the range of tissues producing the hormone.
 Various promoters are used in transgenic fish to drive growth hormone genes.
 Some promoters from viruses have also been used in transgenic fish.
 Recently some promoters from fish have been isolated and it is thought that the
marketplace will better accept these than viral or rodent promoters3 .
Antifreeze protein (AFP) promoter genes are naturally occurring in some fish
and have proven effective in driving expression of the GH gene in transgenic
fish

22.  Other fish promoters used include: trout and salmon metallothionein, carp
B actin, salmon histone, and protamine from fish species

23.  The low water temperature in winter can cause considerable stimulation to
many fish, for example, most fish cannot tolerate temperatures as low as
−1.4 to −19°C.
 which is a serious problem in the aquaculture industry.
 Increasing the temperature tolerance of fish would expand the options for
aquaculture.

24.  A common gene transplant is that of antifreeze protein genes where the
intent is to develop fish that have an increased adaptability (particularly
salmonids) to very cold waters.
 To avoid freezing, several fish species are able to produce antifreeze
proteins (AFPs) or antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) that can interact with
ice crystals and effectively lower the freezing temperature

25.  These proteins can also protect membranes from cold damage2, 12. So a
common gene transplant is that of antifreeze protein genes where the intent
is to develop fish that have an increased adaptability (particularly
salmonids) to very cold waters
 Atlantic salmon cannot tolerate low temperatures due to the absence of the
AFP or AFGP gene in its genome, which is a problem for sea pen culture in
cold waters, eg. in the Northwest Atlantic. Therefore, there is great interest
in developing a new strain of freeze tolerant salmon in these areas.

26.  Diseases are the main cause of economic loss in the fish farming industry.
 The application of transgenic technology can effectively improve the
disease resistance of fish to substantially reduce economic losses.
 The high densities in which fish are farmed make them susceptible to
diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa.

27.  Improving the natural disease resistance of farmed fish would increase
profitability15. Yet no gene transfers to resist disease and parasitism have
been reported for fishes.
 However, research is under way on the relevant major genes.
 one such example is the antibacterial enzyme lysozyme14. This enzyme is
effective in the mucous of fish against a range of bacterial pathogens19 and
attempts to increase its concentration might prove beneficial.

28.  There are also a number of other target phenotypes for which transgenic
offer considerable potential. These include salinity tolerance, sterility,
control of sexual phenotype, disease resistance to specific pathogens and
behavioural modifications.
 possibility is that of modifying the genome to allow greater production of
omega-3 fatty acids

29.  The demand for fish is increasing year on year and the yield from capture
fisheries is declining. Thus, although aquaculture production is increasing
the market for further expansion in aquacultural production is likely to be
very good for many years to come.
 An OECD (1995) view was that the time scale from 1995 for GMOs in
salmon to be commercialized would be 15 years and that for tilapia would
be five years

30.  the use of the single step genetic change represented by monosex
genetically male tilapia (GMT) in Nile tilapia (though this is not a GMO)
increased production by almost 30 percent and effectively doubled the net
income, from this source, of Philippine farmers growing it21

31.  Raising marine fish in fresh water
 Manipulating the length of reproductive cycles
 Increasing the tolerance of aquaculture species to wider
ranges of environmental conditions
 Enhancing nutritional qualities and taste
 Controlling sexual maturation to prevent carcass
deterioration as fish age

32.  Using transgenic fish as pollution monitors.
 Creating fish that act as pollution monitors.
 Enabling fish to use plants as a source of protein.
 Using fish to produce pharmaceutical products.
 Improving host resistance to a variety of pathogens, such as
Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV),
Bacterial Kidney Disease (BKD) and furunculosis.

33.  Gene technology can provide many potential benefits for the aquaculture
industry, including increased growth rates, increased temperature tolerance,
and improved disease resistance,and offer in terms of improvements in
aquaculture production, food security and generating economic benefits.
 It is anticipated that further interest will develop in the future for using this
tool to improve economic efficiency for the aquaculture industry as well as
reduce pressures on wild stocks.

34.  There are, however, some associated risks with the application of gene
technology in aquaculture.
 Therefore, before the application of gene technology in aquaculture can be
readily endorsed, the potential risks need to be thoroughly assessed and the
necessary risk aversion measures developed and applied.

35.  GMOs shows that the technology has the potential to affect a wide range of
plant and animal products and could have many consequences. It also
implies that the application of GMOs can extend beyond the food
production
 the speed of genetic change made possible by genetic engineering may
represent a new potential impact on the biosphere.

36.  Scientists, governments and the aquaculture industry have now realized the
need to inform the public about GMOs, yet there is relatively little
information available to enable the lay person to make decisions.
 Widely communicated, accurate and objective assessments of the benefits
and risks associated with the use of genetic technologies should involve all
stakeholders.
 Even where access to information exists, this does not guarantee that the
lay person will have sufficient knowledge and training to interpret and
make use of the technical documents.

37.  The risks attached to the use of GMOs need to be analysed and
quantified in more realistic and reliable ways than so far is the case.
 Some ethics should be consider in GMO.
Animals have the ability to suffer.
Animals have lack of moral standing, as they are irrational
Using animals in genetic engineering degrades them as creatures.
 Regulatory frameworks for the exploitation of GMOs are necessary
but should be based upon reliable, objective criteria.

38.  Hew, C.L. and Fletcher, G. L. “The role of aquatic
biotechnology in aquaculture” Canadian Journal of
Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 197, 2001, 191-204.
 Rahman, M. A. and Maclean, N. “Growth
performance of transgenic tilapia containing an
exogenous piscine growth hormone gene”.
Aquaculture, 173, 1999, 333-346.
 Maclean, N. and Laight, R. J. “Transgenic fish: an
evaluation of benefits and risks”. Fish and Fisheries,
1, 2000, 146-172.